SiRNA抑制柯萨奇B3病毒的复制和表达

目的 研究观察体外合成siRNA对培养HELA细胞中柯萨奇B3病毒（Coxsackievirus B3,CVB3）的影响。方法根据siRNA靶序列设计原则,针对编码CVB3病毒聚合酶、VP1蛋白和5’非编码区基因组,特异性地体外合成三对siRNA,同时合成一对与CVB基因组序列无关的阴性对照siRNA。利用脂质体转染进入Hela细胞,用CVB3感染培养HELA细胞,观察转染后HELA细胞病变;采用RT-PCR技术检测感染CVB3各组的病毒RNA;用免疫荧光技术检测各组CVB3蛋白的表达;并用培养细胞上清液再感染HELA细胞观察病毒滴度。结果针对CVB3病毒聚合酶的siR-NA能有效的抑制病毒的复制和CVB3蛋白的表达,并能抑制病毒的再感染;而针对VP1蛋白和5’非编码区的siRNA能部分抑制病毒的复制和CVB3蛋白的表达。结论我们设计合成针对编码CVB3病毒聚合酶基因组的siRNA能有效抑制CVB3病毒复制和表达。     

RNA干扰在柯萨奇病毒致心肌炎小鼠模型中的抗病毒研究

为了研究慢病毒介导的shRNA(Short hairpin RNA,shRNA)在柯萨奇B组3型病毒(Coxsackievirus B3,CVB3)导致的心肌炎小鼠模型中的抗病毒作用,合成针对CVB3基因组3753～3771区域的慢病毒Lenti-sh3753,感染HeLa细胞后感染CVB3病毒,通过荧光显微镜观测shRNA的表达和病毒致细胞病变效应,并测定培养上清中的病毒滴度,将慢病毒Lenti-sh3753感染BALB/c小鼠后感染CVB3病毒,观察小鼠的存活率,心脏组织中的病毒滴度和病理变化。结果发现Lenti-sh3753能在HeLa细胞中表达shRNA,并能有效抑制细胞中病毒RNA的复制。在小鼠模型上,Lenti-sh3753能提高小鼠的存活率,降低心脏中的病毒含量,从而减轻病理反应。这些结果提示,Lenti-sh3753在细胞和动物模型中能针对性地降解CVB3病毒RNA,明显降低病毒滴度,有效控制病毒感染。     

MiR-107对柯萨奇病毒B3感染细胞糖原合成酶激酶-3β蛋白及β-连环蛋白表达的影响

【背景】MiR-107异常表达可引起肿瘤细胞中Wnt/β-catenin信号通路主要蛋白表达发生改变,但其能否在柯萨奇病毒B3（coxsackievirus B3,CVB3）感染的人宫颈癌细胞（HeLa cells）中发挥同样作用却未见报道。【目的】探讨miR-107能否影响CVB3感染HeLa细胞中的糖原合成酶激酶-3β（GSK-3β）蛋白、P-GSK-3β蛋白和β连环蛋白（β-catenin）的表达水平。【方法】体外培养HeLa细胞,感染CVB3不同时间,通过显微镜观察HeLa细胞的形态学变化、实时荧光定量PCR实验检测HeLa细胞中miR-107表达量、免疫印迹实验检测HeLa细胞中的GSK-3β、P-GSK-3β、β-catenin蛋白及病毒衣壳蛋白（VP1）的表达水平。【结果】CVB3感染HeLa细胞6 h后,细胞病变效应明显,miR-107表达量及GSK-3β、P-GSK-3β和VP1蛋白的表达水平随CVB3感染时间（0—8 h）的延长逐渐增加,而β-catenin蛋白的表达水平逐渐减少。过表达miR-107的CVB3感染6 h的HeLa细胞死亡细胞增多,GSK-3β、P-GSK-3β和VP1蛋白表达水平增加（P<0.05）,β-catenin蛋白表达水平减少（P<0.001）;抑制miR-107的CVB3感染6 h的HeLa细胞GSK-3β、P-GSK-3β及VP1蛋白表达水平明显减少（P<0.05）,β-catenin蛋白表达水平明显增加（P<0.05）。【结论】MiR-107异常表达可影响CVB3感染HeLa细胞中Wnt/β-catenin信号通路蛋白和病毒衣壳蛋白的表达水平。     

受miRNA-205调控的重组柯萨奇病毒B3的构建及其复制

本研究在柯萨奇病毒B3(coxsackievirus B3,CVB3)基因组P1编码区与P2编码区之间插入一段has-miRNA-205-3p和has-miRNA-205-5p(简称miR-205)的靶序列,得到重组病毒v205T,并比较分析了它在人宫颈癌细胞系HeLa细胞(miR-205低水平表达)和非小细胞肺癌细胞系A549细胞(miR-205高水平表达)中的复制情况。结果表明,插入的miR-205靶序列不影响病毒在HeLa细胞中的复制水平,但抑制了病毒在A549细胞中的复制,病毒滴度为对照的1%以下。为探讨v205T在2株细胞中复制差异的原因,进一步加入miR-205的类似物和抑制物。miR-205类似物可抑制v205T在HeLa细胞中复制和杀伤细胞的水平,而miR-205抑制物可提高v205T在A549细胞中的复制和杀伤细胞的水平。结果表明,v205T的复制确实受miR-205的调控。本研究为开发基于CVB3载体的溶瘤病毒和针对CVB3的减毒活疫苗提供了依据。     

针对2B区域的短双链RNA抑制柯萨奇B3病毒感染HeLa细胞的特性研究

为了研究短双链RNA(Small interfering RNA,siRNA)对柯萨奇B组3型病毒(CVB3)复制的影响及其作用特性,合成针对CVB3基因组2B区的siRNA-2B,脂质体法转染HeLa细胞后感染CVB3病毒,观测转染效率及存留时间、毒性作用、病毒致细胞病变效应、病毒滴度、病毒RNA含量、siRNA-2B对重组基因的特异性降解及培养上清有限稀释后再感染情况.结果发现siRNA-2B能高效转染入HeLa细胞并存留长达48h,高剂量的siRNA-2B对培养细胞无明显毒性,siRNA-2B能特异性针对2B区有效地降解病毒RNA,能明显抑制病毒RNA的复制.随着转染浓度的增加,siRNA-2B的抗病毒作用逐渐增强.siRNA-2B还能明显降低CVB3的再感染能力.这些结果提示,针对基因组2B区的siRNA-2B可以明显抑制CVB3基因复制,有效控制病毒再感染,并具有高效性、特异性和量效关系等特点.为siRNA可能成为预防和治疗CVB3感染的新途径奠定基础.     

细胞自噬促进柯萨奇病毒B3复制的研究

本研究探索柯萨奇病毒B3(Coxsackievirus B3,CVB3)感染引起的自噬与病毒复制之间的关系。CVB3感染HeLa细胞,并在病毒感染后6 h、8 h和10 h时检测LC3-Ⅰ蛋白、LC3-Ⅱ蛋白和p62蛋白的表达水平。结果显示CVB3病毒感染促使LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值升高,同时降低p62蛋白的表达。分别将自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素(Rapamy-cin)、自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-Methyladenine,3MA)或溶酶体抑制剂阿洛司他丁(Aloxistatin,E46D)预处理HeLa细胞2 h,CVB3感染药物处理细胞并在病毒感染6 h后收集细胞、检测CVB3病毒VP1蛋白的表达。结果显示雷帕霉素和E64D促使CVB3病毒VP1蛋白表达增加,而3MA降低CVB3病毒VP1蛋白的表达。本研究得出结论 CVB3病毒感染诱导自噬进而促进病毒复制。     

短双链RNA在病毒性心肌炎小鼠模型中的抗病毒研究

目的:通过在小鼠病毒性心肌炎动物模型研究短双链小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)对病毒感染和复制的抑制作用,研究RNAi在治疗病毒性疾病的可行性.方法:利用质粒载体将siRNA转染至HeLa细胞和Balb-c小鼠后感染病毒,荧光显微镜现察GFP表达量观察细胞内质粒转染效率和持续时间,通过病毒致细胞病变作用(CPE)保护实验病毒空斑形成实验检测病毒受抑制程度,动物模型中观察动物死亡率和易感组织病理变化评价siRNA的保护作用.结果:在HeLa细胞中针对CVB3 2B区的siRNA能显著抑制柯萨奇病毒B3的感染和复制,抑制率可达90%.动物模型中sigNA质粒可改善动物存活率(30%),并降低易感脏器中病毒含量,减轻病理反应.结论:针对CVB3基因组2B区的siRNA在病毒性心肌炎动物模型中具有保护作用.     

表达红荧光蛋白的重组柯萨奇病毒B组3型基因组稳定性分析

本文旨在分析含红荧光蛋白mCherry基因的重组柯萨奇病毒B组3型（coxsackievirus B3,CVB3）基因组的稳定性。用重组质粒pCVB3-mCherry转染HeLa细胞,观察细胞病变和mCherry的表达。收获病毒后,用噬斑实验纯化病毒并测定病毒毒力。将重组病毒CVB3-mCherry在HeLa细胞中连续传代,提取第2~6代重组病毒总RNA,经反转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）扩增出报告基因mCherry及CVB3部分序列,进行测序分析。结果表明, CVB3-mCherry转染的HeLa细胞出现细胞病变并表达红荧光蛋白mCherry;从第2代开始, CVB3-mCherry出现报告基因mCherry及部分CVB VP4基因序列丢失,基因序列丢失导致病毒开放读码框架移位。本研究表明,mCherry基因序列的插入导致CVB3基因组不稳定,随着病毒的传代逐渐丢失插入的报告基因mCherry及CVB3基因组的部分序列,病毒读码框移位,产生致死性突变株。因此,应用CVB3-mCherry时,病毒的传代次数应不超过2代,否则应重新从重组质粒中收获病毒,并对每代重组病毒进行纯化和毒力测定。     

鸢尾苷元磺酸钠对柯萨奇B3型病毒诱导细胞固有免疫的初步研究

柯萨奇B组3型（Coxsackievirus B3,CVB3）病毒目前仍严重危害人类健康,目前没有批准的用于CVB3治疗的特效药,亟需开发新的抗CVB3药物。鸢尾苷元磺酸钠（Tectorigenin sodium sulfonate,TSS）是中药川射干化学成分鸢尾苷元的修饰物,本研究应用细胞感染模型评估了TSS体外抗CVB3作用。实验中,以CVB3感染的HT-29细胞为体外模型,在最大无毒浓度（TC0）情况下观察不同浓度药物作用于HT-29细胞后,在72h收集细胞,采用相对荧光定量RT-PCR法检测细胞中CVB3病毒核酸量,TLR3、TRIF mRNA表达水平;收集上清液,采用ELISA法测定上清液NF-κB,TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-β含量。结果显示TSS对HT-29细胞的TC0为15.625μg/mL。与模型组比较,15.625μg/mL剂量的鸢尾苷元磺酸钠能有效增加HT-29细胞活性,降低CVB3病毒滴度（P<0.001）,能明显降低细胞内转导和转录活化因子TLR3、TRIF、NF-κB的表达水平（P<0.05）,降低炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-β的含...     

高压力制备柯萨奇病毒疫苗

以HeLa细胞和BALB／c小鼠为模型,研究了高压力对柯萨B组病毒（CVB）感染活性和免疫原性的影响,发现在230MPa压力下,结合其他相应的物理条件,CVB的感染活性可完全消失。该CVB仍具有抗原性,可诱导小鼠产生CVB特异性抗性,效价可达1：1500。用高压力处理的CVB免疫小鼠,再用正常CVB攻击,其生存率为67％,具有疫苗的特性。这些结果表明,高压力处理的CVB具有免疫保护作用,可作为一种具有潜在应用前景的病毒疫苗。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.