针对2B区域的短双链RNA抑制柯萨奇B3病毒感染HeLa细胞的特性研究

为了研究短双链RNA(Small interfering RNA,siRNA)对柯萨奇B组3型病毒(CVB3)复制的影响及其作用特性,合成针对CVB3基因组2B区的siRNA-2B,脂质体法转染HeLa细胞后感染CVB3病毒,观测转染效率及存留时间、毒性作用、病毒致细胞病变效应、病毒滴度、病毒RNA含量、siRNA-2B对重组基因的特异性降解及培养上清有限稀释后再感染情况.结果发现siRNA-2B能高效转染入HeLa细胞并存留长达48h,高剂量的siRNA-2B对培养细胞无明显毒性,siRNA-2B能特异性针对2B区有效地降解病毒RNA,能明显抑制病毒RNA的复制.随着转染浓度的增加,siRNA-2B的抗病毒作用逐渐增强.siRNA-2B还能明显降低CVB3的再感染能力.这些结果提示,针对基因组2B区的siRNA-2B可以明显抑制CVB3基因复制,有效控制病毒再感染,并具有高效性、特异性和量效关系等特点.为siRNA可能成为预防和治疗CVB3感染的新途径奠定基础.     

siRNA干扰马赛病毒潜在翻译起始因子ORF314显著抑制病毒复制

马赛病毒是继拟菌病毒之后被发现的第2类阿米巴巨型病毒,拥有庞大的双链DNA基因组。基因组分析显示,马赛病毒上海株(Mar-SH2016)编码4种潜在翻译因子。其中,ORF314基因与真核翻译起始因子eIF2/eIF5的氨基酸同源性约为60%,但其在马赛病毒复制中的作用还有待揭示。本研究设计了3对靶向Mar-SH2016 ORF314基因的siRNA,通过转染宿主卡氏棘阿米巴细胞,分析siRNA对ORF314基因表达水平和病毒复制的影响。用荧光标记的siRNA转染卡氏棘阿米巴细胞,结果显示约1/3阿米巴细胞成功转染。实时定量聚合酶链反应(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)和蛋白免疫印迹实验证实,在Mar-SH2016感染宿主的过程中siRNA能使ORF314基因表达水平显著下降。siRNA干扰后病毒毒力测定结果显示,Mar-SH2016的毒力降低约30%(P<0.01)。结果表明,降低ORF314基因的表达水平能显著抑制Mar-SH2016复制。     

短双链RNA在病毒性心肌炎小鼠模型中的抗病毒研究

目的:通过在小鼠病毒性心肌炎动物模型研究短双链小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)对病毒感染和复制的抑制作用,研究RNAi在治疗病毒性疾病的可行性.方法:利用质粒载体将siRNA转染至HeLa细胞和Balb-c小鼠后感染病毒,荧光显微镜现察GFP表达量观察细胞内质粒转染效率和持续时间,通过病毒致细胞病变作用(CPE)保护实验病毒空斑形成实验检测病毒受抑制程度,动物模型中观察动物死亡率和易感组织病理变化评价siRNA的保护作用.结果:在HeLa细胞中针对CVB3 2B区的siRNA能显著抑制柯萨奇病毒B3的感染和复制,抑制率可达90%.动物模型中sigNA质粒可改善动物存活率(30%),并降低易感脏器中病毒含量,减轻病理反应.结论:针对CVB3基因组2B区的siRNA在病毒性心肌炎动物模型中具有保护作用.     

柯萨奇病毒B3型感染引起HeLa细胞内源性小干扰RNA的变化

探究柯萨奇病毒B3型(Coxsackie virus type B3, CVB3)感染的细胞是否诱导内源性小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)的产生。以CVB3接种HeLa细胞,在细胞培养箱(5% CO2、37 ℃)孵育1 h。随后加入含2%血清的细胞维持液,继续培养3 h和6 h后收集细胞。用高通量测序(二代测序) 试剂盒提取细胞RNA,并反转录合成cDNA,构建文库,上机测序。过滤数据,去除插入片段过长的序列、低质量序列、poly A序列和小片段序列,与已知的小RNA数据库比对鉴定siRNA。通过茎-环反转录-聚合酶链反应,证实内源性siRNA在感染CVB3后的表达。结果显示,感染CVB3 3 h和6 h后,HeLa细胞产生了多种内源性siRNA。其中内源性siRNA(novel_sir3502和novel_sir2806)在感染后3 h和6 h均可持续表达。经比对,novel_sir3502和 novel_sir2806均可以识别45S和28S核糖体前体RNA。结果提示,CVB3感染可能干扰核糖体成熟。     

细胞自噬促进柯萨奇病毒B3复制的研究

本研究探索柯萨奇病毒B3(Coxsackievirus B3,CVB3)感染引起的自噬与病毒复制之间的关系。CVB3感染HeLa细胞,并在病毒感染后6 h、8 h和10 h时检测LC3-Ⅰ蛋白、LC3-Ⅱ蛋白和p62蛋白的表达水平。结果显示CVB3病毒感染促使LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值升高,同时降低p62蛋白的表达。分别将自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素(Rapamy-cin)、自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-Methyladenine,3MA)或溶酶体抑制剂阿洛司他丁(Aloxistatin,E46D)预处理HeLa细胞2 h,CVB3感染药物处理细胞并在病毒感染6 h后收集细胞、检测CVB3病毒VP1蛋白的表达。结果显示雷帕霉素和E64D促使CVB3病毒VP1蛋白表达增加,而3MA降低CVB3病毒VP1蛋白的表达。本研究得出结论 CVB3病毒感染诱导自噬进而促进病毒复制。     

表达红荧光蛋白的重组柯萨奇病毒B组3型基因组稳定性分析

本文旨在分析含红荧光蛋白mCherry基因的重组柯萨奇病毒B组3型（coxsackievirus B3,CVB3）基因组的稳定性。用重组质粒pCVB3-mCherry转染HeLa细胞,观察细胞病变和mCherry的表达。收获病毒后,用噬斑实验纯化病毒并测定病毒毒力。将重组病毒CVB3-mCherry在HeLa细胞中连续传代,提取第2~6代重组病毒总RNA,经反转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）扩增出报告基因mCherry及CVB3部分序列,进行测序分析。结果表明, CVB3-mCherry转染的HeLa细胞出现细胞病变并表达红荧光蛋白mCherry;从第2代开始, CVB3-mCherry出现报告基因mCherry及部分CVB VP4基因序列丢失,基因序列丢失导致病毒开放读码框架移位。本研究表明,mCherry基因序列的插入导致CVB3基因组不稳定,随着病毒的传代逐渐丢失插入的报告基因mCherry及CVB3基因组的部分序列,病毒读码框移位,产生致死性突变株。因此,应用CVB3-mCherry时,病毒的传代次数应不超过2代,否则应重新从重组质粒中收获病毒,并对每代重组病毒进行纯化和毒力测定。     

RNAi靶向VP2基因抑制中蜂囊状幼虫病毒在中华蜜蜂幼虫体内复制研究

中蜂囊状幼虫病(Chinese sacbrood disease,CSBD)是造成中华蜜蜂患病死亡的主要原因之一,目前尚无有效的治疗方法。为了研究靶向中蜂囊状幼虫病毒(Chinese sacbrood virus,CSBV)结构蛋白VP2基因的siRNA介导的RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)作用和其对CSBV在中华蜜蜂幼虫体内复制的影响,设计合成针对CSBV VP2基因的特异性siRNA,以100 nM的浓度与pEGFPN1-VP2-CSBV融合表达载体共同转染至293T细胞中,通过荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪观察和分析siRNA在体外对CSBV VP2基因表达的干扰效果。同时,将siRNA(1μg/μL)和1×10~7拷贝数的CSBV共同饲喂2日龄中华蜜蜂幼虫,检测幼虫体内CSBV拷贝数和幼虫存活率,研究siR-NA对中华蜜蜂幼虫体内CSBV复制的影响。荧光结果显示,在293T细胞中siRNA能抑制CSBV VP2蛋白的表达,并且通过流式细胞仪检测分析发现干扰效果接近40%。幼虫饲喂实验表明,饲喂siRNA组在各时间点幼虫体内CSBV拷贝数均低于CSBV对照组,且在摄入siRNA后感染CSBV的幼虫存活率明显上升,与CSBV组差异极显著(P<0.01)。通过本研究,证明了针对CSBV结构蛋白VP2基因的特异性siRNA能够介导产生RNAi,影响CSBV在中蜂体内的复制,为深入研究CSBV VP2基因的功能和研发抗CSBV生物制剂提供了理论基础。     

MiR-107对柯萨奇病毒B3感染细胞糖原合成酶激酶-3β蛋白及β-连环蛋白表达的影响

【背景】MiR-107异常表达可引起肿瘤细胞中Wnt/β-catenin信号通路主要蛋白表达发生改变,但其能否在柯萨奇病毒B3（coxsackievirus B3,CVB3）感染的人宫颈癌细胞（HeLa cells）中发挥同样作用却未见报道。【目的】探讨miR-107能否影响CVB3感染HeLa细胞中的糖原合成酶激酶-3β（GSK-3β）蛋白、P-GSK-3β蛋白和β连环蛋白（β-catenin）的表达水平。【方法】体外培养HeLa细胞,感染CVB3不同时间,通过显微镜观察HeLa细胞的形态学变化、实时荧光定量PCR实验检测HeLa细胞中miR-107表达量、免疫印迹实验检测HeLa细胞中的GSK-3β、P-GSK-3β、β-catenin蛋白及病毒衣壳蛋白（VP1）的表达水平。【结果】CVB3感染HeLa细胞6 h后,细胞病变效应明显,miR-107表达量及GSK-3β、P-GSK-3β和VP1蛋白的表达水平随CVB3感染时间（0—8 h）的延长逐渐增加,而β-catenin蛋白的表达水平逐渐减少。过表达miR-107的CVB3感染6 h的HeLa细胞死亡细胞增多,GSK-3β、P-GSK-3β和VP1蛋白表达水平增加（P<0.05）,β-catenin蛋白表达水平减少（P<0.001）;抑制miR-107的CVB3感染6 h的HeLa细胞GSK-3β、P-GSK-3β及VP1蛋白表达水平明显减少（P<0.05）,β-catenin蛋白表达水平明显增加（P<0.05）。【结论】MiR-107异常表达可影响CVB3感染HeLa细胞中Wnt/β-catenin信号通路蛋白和病毒衣壳蛋白的表达水平。     

RNA干扰在柯萨奇病毒致心肌炎小鼠模型中的抗病毒研究

为了研究慢病毒介导的shRNA(Short hairpin RNA,shRNA)在柯萨奇B组3型病毒(Coxsackievirus B3,CVB3)导致的心肌炎小鼠模型中的抗病毒作用,合成针对CVB3基因组3753～3771区域的慢病毒Lenti-sh3753,感染HeLa细胞后感染CVB3病毒,通过荧光显微镜观测shRNA的表达和病毒致细胞病变效应,并测定培养上清中的病毒滴度,将慢病毒Lenti-sh3753感染BALB/c小鼠后感染CVB3病毒,观察小鼠的存活率,心脏组织中的病毒滴度和病理变化。结果发现Lenti-sh3753能在HeLa细胞中表达shRNA,并能有效抑制细胞中病毒RNA的复制。在小鼠模型上,Lenti-sh3753能提高小鼠的存活率,降低心脏中的病毒含量,从而减轻病理反应。这些结果提示,Lenti-sh3753在细胞和动物模型中能针对性地降解CVB3病毒RNA,明显降低病毒滴度,有效控制病毒感染。     

中国柯萨奇病毒B5的全基因组测序及其序列分析

本文对我国首株与手足口病相关的柯萨奇病毒B5(01/CVB5/SD/CHN/09,CVB5/09)进行了基因组测序并与现有的相关序列进行了比较和进化分析。CVB5/09基因组长7399nt,共编码氨基酸2185aa,与现有的CVB5基因组核酸序列相似性在80.6%～85.3%之间,氨基酸序列相似性在96.1%～96.9%。进化分析发现,利用不同的基因组片段P1、P2和P3区构建的进化树中,CVB5/09分别处在不同的进化分支上,不同基因组片段有着不同的进化速率。Simplot相似性分析没有发现基因组有明显的重组发生。本文完成了我国第1株柯萨奇病毒B5全基因组序列的测定,通过与其它相关病毒的比较分析深入了解其遗传特征,以期为手足口病的流行病学调查和预防控制提供有价值的信息。     

Full Genome Sequence of a Novel Coxsackievirus B5 Strain Isolated from Neurological Hand,Foot, and Mouth Disease Patients in China

Coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) belongs to the human enterovirus B species within the family Picornaviridae. We report the complete genome sequence of a novel CVB5 strain, CVB5/SD/09, that is associated with neurological hand, foot, and mouth disease in China. The complete genome consists of 7,399 nucleotides, excluding the 3′ poly(A) tail, and has an open reading frame that maps between nucleotide positions 744 and 7301 and encodes a 2,185-amino-acid polyprotein. Phylogenetic analysis based on different genome region regions reveals that CVB5/SD/09 belongs to a novel CVB5 lineage, and similarity plotting and bootscanning analysis based on the whole genome of CVB5 in the present study and those available in GenBank indicate that the genome of CVB5/SD/09 has a mosaic-like structure, suggesting that recombination between different CVB5 strains may occur.     

Complete genome sequence of a recombinant coxsackievirus b4 from a patient with a fatal case of hand, foot, and mouth disease in guangxi, china

The coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) belongs to human enterovirus B species within the family Picornaviridae. Here we report a novel complete genome sequence of a recombinant CVB4 strain, CVB4/GX/10, which was isolated from a patient with a fatal case of hand, foot, and mouth disease in China. The complete genome consists of 7,293 nucleotides, excluding the 3' poly(A) tail, and has an open reading frame that maps between nucleotide positions 742 and 7293 and encodes a 2,183-amino-acid polyprotein. Phylogenetic analysis based on different genome regions reveals that CVB4/GX/10 is closest to a CVB4 strain, EPIHFMD-CLOSE CONTACT-16, in the 5' half (VP4～2B) of the genome, although it is closer to a Chinese CVB5 strain, CVB5/Henan/2010, in the 3' half (2C～3D) of the genome. Furthermore, similar bootscan analysis based on the whole genomes demonstrates that recombination has possibly occurred within the 2C domain and that CVB4/GX/10 is a possible progeny of intertypic recombination of the CVB4 strain EPIHFMD-CLOSE CONTACT-16 and CVB5/Henan/2010 that occurred during their cocirculation and evolution, which is a relatively common phenomenon in enteroviruses.     

柯萨奇病毒B组3型基因组剪切片段的序列分析

柯萨奇病毒B组(Coxsackievirus B,CVB)感染细胞时其基因组RNA存在不稳定现象,但产生机制尚不清楚。本研究将柯萨奇病毒B组3型(CVB3)感染细胞后,利用5′ cDNA末端快速扩增技术(5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends,5′ RACE)扩增并克隆细胞内CVB3基因组片段,并对每条序列及其5′端的二级结构进行分析。结果获得的20条CVB3基因组片段,长度为 2 067～5 547 bp,片段断端主要分布于2Apro和2C编码区。RNAfold分析显示,这些片段多数在5′断点端形成二级茎-环结构。本研究显示,CVB在宿主细胞感染时可形成大量不完整基因组RNA片段,这些片段可在5′断点端形成局部双链结构,提示片段不是随机产生,可能是RNA酶剪切产物。此发现有助于理解CVB基因组不稳定的机制。     

Inhibition of coxsackievirus B3 replication by small interfering RNAs requires perfect sequence match in the central region of the viral positive strand

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the most common causal agent of viral myocarditis, but existing drug therapies are of limited value. Application of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in knockdown of gene expression is an emerging technology in antiviral gene therapy. To investigate whether RNA interference (RNAi) can protect against CVB3 infection, we evaluated the effects of RNAi on viral replication in HeLa cells and murine cardiomyocytes by using five CVB3-specific siRNAs targeting distinct regions of the viral genome. The most effective one is siRNA-4, targeting the viral protease 2A, achieving a 92% inhibition of CVB3 replication. The specific RNAi effects could last at least 48 h, and cell viability assay revealed that 90% of siRNA-4-pretreated cells were still alive and lacked detectable viral protein expression 48 h postinfection. Moreover, administration of siRNAs after viral infection could also effectively inhibit viral replication, indicating its therapeutic potential. Further evaluation by combination found that no enhanced inhibitory effects were observed when siRNA-4 was cotransfected with each of the other four candidates. In mutational analysis of the mechanisms of siRNA action, we found that siRNA functions by targeting the positive strand of virus and requires a perfect sequence match in the central region of the target, but mismatches were more tolerated near the 3' end than the 5' end of the antisense strand. These findings reveal an effective target for CVB3 silencing and provide a new possibility for antiviral intervention.     

5'-Terminal deletions occur in coxsackievirus B3 during replication in murine hearts and cardiac myocyte cultures and correlate with encapsidation of negative-strand viral RNA

Adult human enteroviral heart disease is often associated with the detection of enteroviral RNA in cardiac muscle tissue in the absence of infectious virus. Passage of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) in adult murine cardiomyocytes produced CVB3 that was noncytolytic in HeLa cells. Detectable but noncytopathic CVB3 was also isolated from hearts of mice inoculated with CVB3. Sequence analysis revealed five classes of CVB3 genomes with 5' termini containing 7, 12, 17, 30, and 49 nucleotide deletions. Structural changes (assayed by chemical modification) in cloned, terminally deleted 5'-nontranslated regions were confined to the cloverleaf domain and localized within the region of the deletion, leaving key functional elements of the RNA intact. Transfection of CVB3 cDNA clones with the 5'-terminal deletions into HeLa cells generated noncytolytic virus (CVB3/TD) which was neutralized by anti-CVB3 serum. Encapsidated negative-strand viral RNA was detected using CsCl-purified CVB3/TD virions, although no negative-strand virion RNA was detected in similarly treated parental CVB3 virions. The viral protein VPg was detected on CVB3/TD virion RNA molecules which terminate in 5' CG or 5' AG. Detection of viral RNA in mouse hearts from 1 week to over 5 months postinoculation with CVB3/TD demonstrated that CVB3/TD virus strains replicate and persist in vivo. These studies describe a naturally occurring genomic alteration to an enteroviral genome associated with long-term viral persistence.     

A small interfering RNA targeting coxsackievirus B3 protects permissive HeLa cells from viral challenge

We examined the ability of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to disrupt infection by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). The incorporation of siRNAs dramatically decreased cell death in permissive HeLa cells in parallel with a reduction in viral replication. Three of four siRNAs had potent anti-CVB3 activity. The present study thus demonstrates that the antiviral effect is due to the downregulation of viral replication. In addition, an effective CVB3-specific siRNA had similar antiviral effects in other related enteroviruses possessing sequence homology in the targeted region. Because the CVB3-specific siRNA is effective against other enteroviruses, siRNAs have potential for a universal antienterovirus strategy.     

Genomic determinants of cardiovirulence in coxsackievirus B3 clinical isolates: localization to the 5' nontranslated region

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infections can cause myocarditis in humans and are implicated in the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy. The natural genetic determinants of cardiovirulence for CVB3 have not been identified, although using strains engineered in the laboratory, cardiovirulence determinants have been identified in the CVB3 5' nontranslated region (5'NTR) and capsid. The myocarditic phenotypes of two CVB3 clinical isolates were determined using an established murine model of inflammatory heart disease. The 5'NTRs and capsid proteins of the noncardiovirulent CVB3/CO strain and cardiovirulent CVB3/AS strain were examined to determine their influence on the cardiovirulence phenotype. Six intratypic chimeric viruses were constructed in which 5'NTR and capsid sequences of the infectious cDNA copy of the cardiovirulent CVB3/20 genome were replaced by homologous sequences from CVB3/CO or CVB3/AS. Chimeric strains were tested for cardiovirulence by inoculation of C3H/HeJ mice. Sections of hearts removed at 10 days postinoculation were examined for evidence of myocarditis by light microscopy and assayed for the presence of virus. Replacement of the CVB3/20 capsid coding region by that from the homologous region of CVB3/CO resulted in no change in the cardiovirulent CVB3/20 phenotype, with virus recoverable from the heart at 10 days postinoculation. However, recombinant virus containing the CVB3/CO 5'NTR alone or the 5'NTR and capsid sequences together were not myocarditic, and infectious virus was not recovered from the myocardium. Chimeric viruses containing the CVB3/AS 5'NTR alone, capsid sequence alone, or both together preserved the myocarditic phenotype. These data support the 5'NTR as the primary site in the determination of the natural cardiovirulence phenotype of CVB3.     

Structure of the 5' nontranslated region of the coxsackievirus b3 genome: Chemical modification and comparative sequence analysis

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a picornavirus which causes myocarditis and pancreatitis and may play a role in type I diabetes. The viral genome is a single 7,400-nucleotide polyadenylated RNA encoding 11 proteins in a single open reading frame. The 5' end of the viral genome contains a highly structured nontranslated region (5'NTR) which folds to form an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) as well as structures responsible for genome replication, both of which are critical for virulence. A structural model of the CVB3 5'NTR, generated primarily by comparative sequence analysis and energy minimization, shows seven domains (I to VII). While this model provides a preliminary basis for structural analysis, the model lacks comprehensive experimental validation. Here we provide experimental evidence from chemical modification analysis to determine the structure of the CVB3 5'NTR. Chemical probing results show that the theoretical model for the CVB3 5'NTR is largely, but not completely, supported experimentally. In combination with our chemical probing data, we have used the RNASTRUCTURE algorithm and sequence comparison of 105 enterovirus sequences to provide evidence for novel secondary and tertiary interactions. A comprehensive examination of secondary structure is discussed, along with new evidence for tertiary interactions. These include a loop E motif in domain III and a long-range pairing interaction that links domain II to domain V. The results of our work provide mechanistic insight into key functional elements in the cloverleaf and IRES, thereby establishing a base of structural information from which to interpret experiments with CVB3 and other picornaviruses.