马头山羊成纤维细胞系的建立与生物学特性分析

采用组织块贴壁培养法对马头山羊耳缘组织进行培养, 成功构建了马头山羊耳缘组织成纤维细胞系, 并对其形态学、生长动力学、细胞活力测定、中期染色体、微生物污染等特性进行了研究。结果表明: 培养细胞形态为典型的成纤维细胞, 细胞群体倍增时间(PDT)约为36 h。细胞冻存复苏后的活率为96.7%, 传代后生长状况与冻存前一致。细胞中期染色体二倍体(2n=60)占主体约为96%。微生物检测细菌、真菌、病毒支原体检测结果为阴性。细胞系各项指标均达到美国典型培养中心(ATCC)标准。此细胞库的建立在细胞水平上对马头山羊的遗传资源进行了保存, 也为今后的生物学研究以及体细胞克隆保种等研究提供了理想的实验材料。     

豹猫体细胞建系及其生物学特性分析

研究体外培养豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)细胞的形态、细胞贴壁率、冷冻存活率、生长曲线及细胞核型等生物学特性,为深入开展豹猫基因组学及濒危野生动物保护提供依据。本实验选择豹猫3种组织,即剑状软骨、心和肺,采用组织块贴壁培养法进行体细胞的原代培养;酶消化法完成细胞的传代培养;程序降温完成细胞的冷冻保存;通过细胞计数法计数细胞冷冻存活率;绘制细胞生长曲线;采用常规染色体标本制备技术,对豹猫的染色体核型及G带进行分析。细胞原代培养结果显示,剑状软骨组织在培养第3天出现纤维样细胞、培养6~7 d铺满培养瓶;心组织在培养第5天出现上皮样细胞、12 d铺满培养瓶;肺组织在培养4 d后出现成纤维细胞、8~9 d铺满培养瓶。3种来源体细胞均显示成纤维细胞特征,剑状软骨源细胞最易贴壁、肺源细胞次之、心源细胞最弱。对比3种不同来源体细胞从6代(P6)至12代(P12)冷冻存活率,剑状软骨源细胞冷冻存活率显著下降(冻存前91.0%~97.6%,冻存后76.8%~85.5%,P0.05),心源细胞冷冻存活率亦显著下降(冻存前82.7%~88.1%,冻存后43.7%~80.5%,P0.05),肺源细胞冷冻存活率有下降趋势,但无显著差异(冻存前83.4%~96.8%,冻存后73.9%~93.3%,P0.05)。生长曲线分析显示,3种体细胞均呈"S"型,其中剑状软骨源细胞增殖最快、肺源细胞次之、心源细胞最慢。核型分析结果显示,3种不同来源的成纤维体细胞染色体数目均为2n=38,18对为常染色体,形态类型为6m+10sm+2st,1对为性染色体,X染色体形态类型为m。本研究建立了3种组织来源的豹猫成纤维细胞建系技术及体细胞系,揭示了该物种成纤维细胞的基本生物学特性,为动物遗传信息研究及豹猫保护提供了重要的实验材料和基础信息。     

云南泸定百合8个野生居群的染色体核型分析

用常规压片法,对云南省境内泸定百合(Lilium sargentiae Wilson)8个野生居群的染色体进行了核型分析,结果显示:(1)野生泸定百合8个居群均为二倍体(2n=2x=24),染色体基数为12,共24条染色体,无B染色体;(2)核型类型均为3A,第1、2对染色体均为具中部(m)或近中部(sm)着丝点的大形染色体,且第1对染色体上均具有随体;(3)染色体长度比为1.64～2.26,平均臂比为6.43～8.22,核型不对称系数为79.82% ～ 81.77%。研究表明,泸定百合染色体数相对稳定,染色体变异主要表现在结构变异,各个居群的染色体组成、随体数、随体位置、臂比、染色体长度比及核型不对称系数均有差异,泸定百合各居群间存在明显的核型多态性。     

两栖类离体培养细胞的染色体研究

本文报道离体培养的两栖类体细胞的染色体组型及不同组织细胞的染色体组型的比较分析结果。对于中华大蟾蜍(Bufo btfo gargarizans)离体培养舌细胞、肾细胞与肺细胞的染色体组型分析表明,其二倍体染色体数目为22个(2n=22),包括12个大型染色体,10个小型染色体。全部染色体可配成11对,均为中部和亚中部着丝点染色体。根据染色体的特征,可分为四组:即1—2组、3—6组、7—10组及11组。在第6染色体的长臂上发现随体。雌雄个体之间,并末发现与性别决定有关的异型染色体之存在。根据中华大蟾蜍第6染色体之间在随体和次缢痕部位的联合现象及其他有关现象,作者认为第6染色体是核仁组织者。对于金线蛙(Rana plancyi)离体培养舌细胞与肾细胞染色体组型的分析表明,其二倍体数目为26个(2n=26),包括10个大型染色体和16个小型染色体。全部染色体可配成13对,其着丝点为中部、亚中部和亚端部,根据染色体的特征,可分为三组:即1组、2—5组和6—13组。在第9染色体的长臂上发现次缢痕。雌雄个体之间,并未发现与性别决定有关的异型染色体之存在。离体培养的体细胞(舌细胞与肾细胞)染色体的相对长度与臂比指数的测量统计值的比较分析表明,同一个体的不同组织的细胞之间,无论是中华大蟾蜍还是金线蛙,均无显著差异。因此,可以认为     

岱衢洋大黄鱼染色体核型分析

为补充岱衢洋海域产大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)的细胞遗传学数据,采用植物血球凝集素(8~10μg/g)及秋水仙素(1~2μg/g)活体腹腔注射培养,头肾细胞制片、空气干燥法制作染色体标本,显微观察象山港网箱养殖的岱衢洋产大黄鱼的染色体核型,用Micromeasure3.3软件测量染色体相对长度与臂比。结果显示,岱衢洋大黄鱼二倍体染色体数目为48,核型公式为2n=24st+24t,NF=48,染色体相对长度最长为5.53,最短为2.60,未发现异型染色体和随体。本研究的岱衢洋产大黄鱼染色体核型与以往报道的大黄鱼核型存在差异。     

人体皮肤成纤维细胞的快速分离及多向分化能力鉴定

目的建立快速分离人皮肤成纤维细胞的方法,并探讨成纤维细胞在成脂、成骨、成软骨和成神经的多向分化潜能。 方法利用组织块培养法分离人体皮肤成纤维细胞,通过形态学观察、流式分析、Vimentin蛋白染色鉴定成纤维细胞;再利用生长曲线、核型分析、线粒体染色分析不同传代细胞的增殖速度,线粒体及染色体形态的改变;最后进行成纤维细胞成脂、成骨、成软骨和成神经的诱导分化实验,鉴定其多向分化潜能。两代细胞增殖速度及线料体相对量的比较采用t检验统计分析。 结果分离的皮肤成纤维细胞呈典型梭状及多角形;高表达细胞表面标记物CD90 （NCF1,NCF2占比分别为99.9%,98.7%）和CD73 （NCF1,NCF2占比分别为98.2%,85.6%）,但极少表达造血干细胞标记物CD34 （NCF1,NCF2占比分别为1.8%,2.6%）;细胞Vimentin蛋白表达呈阳性,阳性率为100%;对细胞生长曲线进行分析,表明分离后不同代次细胞增殖差异无统计学意义（t?= 1.586,P?= 0.1567）;线粒体相对含量统计分析,同一株细胞系第5代（相对荧光强度值：6876±577.8）与第10代（相对荧光强度值：7371±471.9）之间的差异无统计学意义（t?= 0.664,P?= 0.543）;核型分析分别显示传代后保持染色体数目为正常46条且形态无明显异常;经诱导后成纤维细胞可向成脂、成骨、成软骨和类神经分化。 结论利用组织块培养法分离出的人体皮肤成纤维细胞状态稳定,增殖能力强,具有成脂、成骨、成软骨和成神经多向分化诱导潜能,为细胞移植修复骨损伤、软骨损伤和神经损伤性疾病的临床研究提供细胞来源及实验依据。     

水牛胎儿成纤维细胞体外培养体系的初步建立

为探讨适合水牛胎儿成纤维细胞(BFF)的体外培养体系,采用常规组织块法和胰蛋白酶消化法原代培养BFF均获得了较多的成纤维细胞,但后者所得细胞的活力不如前者高,且死细胞也较多;传代或冻存成纤维细胞时用4℃预冷的胰蛋白酶室温下消化所得的细胞比37℃热消化的细胞更圆、更有光泽;跟踪32代的细胞冷冻复苏率均达70%～80%;染色体分析结果显示,二倍体细胞所占比例始终保持在80%～90%之间,各代细胞(5th、10th、15th)之间差异不显著(P>0.05).结果 表明,组织块法原代培养、4℃预冷胰蛋白酶室温消化传代细胞的培养体系比较适合水牛胎儿成纤维细胞的培养.     

用于克隆的猕猴耳成纤维细胞的培养及其有关生物学特性

应用组织块培养法成功地分离培养了猕猴耳皮肤成纤维细胞。对培养细胞进行了形态观察、生长曲线测定、免疫细胞化学分析、染色体和周期分析,结果表明培养的细胞具有正常的大小、形态、细胞骨架系统和染色体数目,而且随着细胞汇合程度的增加,G0／G1期细胞所占的比例上升,70％-80％和90％-100％两种汇合程度的G0/G1期和S期比例间存在明显的差异(P<0.05)。对培养猕猴耳成纤维细胞的有关生物学特性进行分析,有利于给同种和异种体细胞克隆猴研究提供形态良好、染色体数目正常的供体细胞,同时也为体细胞转基因等其他领域的研究提供了基础条件。     

黄芩的花粉母细胞减数分裂及核型分析

采用压片法,对黄芩花粉母细胞减数分裂及核型进行了研究。结果表明:黄芩的大多数花粉母细胞减数分裂中染色体的行为正常,在终变期同源染色体配对后可形成9个二价体,后期Ⅰ染色体以9∶9的方式向细胞两极分离,其减数分裂为同时型;在少数花粉母细胞减数分裂中观察到落后染色体、染色体桥等异常行为;其花粉粒育性为76.49%。黄芩的染色体数目为2n=2X=18,核型公式为K(2n)=2X=18=16m+2 sm,染色体相对长度组成为2n=1 s+4M1+3M2+1L,其核型为"1A"型。     

内葵杂3号染色体核型分析

对内蒙古地区的栽培品种内葵杂3号三交种和单交种了进行了核型分析。其结果为:内葵杂3号三交种和单交种的染色体数均为2n=34,各具一对随体染色体。三交种第2对染色体具随体且为近中部着丝粒染色体,其余为中部着丝粒染色体,染色体相对长度变异范围4.105%～7.703%,核型公式为2n=2x=34=32m+2sm(2sat),核型类型属于1A型;单交种均为中部着丝粒染色体,第4对染色体具随体,染色体相对长度变异范围3.661%～8.128%,其核型公式为:2n=2x=34=34m(2sat),核型类型属于1B型。     

藏羚与几种牛科动物成纤维细胞的特性比较

为研究高原低氧环境对哺乳动物细胞生长特性的影响,本文以高原低氧动物藏羚和同科的阿尔巴斯白绒山羊、蒙古绵羊及鲁西黄牛的耳源组织细胞为材料,利用DMEM /F12 培养液进行培养,建立了4 种动物的体外培养成纤维细胞系,并对其进行形态学观察、生长曲线绘制、凋亡检测、核型分析等生物学特性检测。结果表明:4 种动物的细胞经差异贴壁法联合消化排除法,可获得纯化的成纤维细胞,细胞形态一致且活力稳定,4 种动物细胞的形态与生长曲线无明显差异;藏羚、绒山羊、绵羊、牛同代次细胞生长倍增时间分别为26 h、22 h、23 h 和22 h;经流式细胞仪检测,细胞凋亡率分别为5.5% 、2. 7% 、8. 6% 和1.5% ;藏羚、绒山羊、绵羊与牛的染色体数目分别为60、60、54 和60。藏羚与绒山羊、牛染色体数目相同,且除性染色体外,其余均为端部着丝粒类型,而绵羊存在6 条中着丝粒类型染色体。该结果表明,在体外培养条件下,藏羚的体细胞生长特性与同科的其他物种的细胞生长特性存在明显差异。这为从细胞水平上研究藏羚对环境低氧适应的分子机理提供了基础。     

A Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tibetan Antelope （ Pantholops hodgsonii ）

To investigate genetic mechanisms of high altitude adaptations of native mammals on the Tibetan Plateau, we compared mitochondrial sequences of the endangered Pantholops hodgsonii with its lowland distant relatives Ovis ames and Capra hircus, as well as other mammals. The complete mitochondrial genome of P. hodgsonii （16,498 bp） revealed a similar gene order as of other mammals. Because of tandem duplications, the control region of P. hodgsonii mitochondrial genome is shorter than those of O. ames and C. hircus, but longer than those of Bos species. Phylogenetic analysis based on alignments of the entire cytochrome b genes suggested that P. hodgsonii is more closely related to O. ames and C. hircus, rather than to species of the Antilopinae subfamily. The estimated divergence time between P. hodgsonii and O. ames is about 2.25 million years ago. Eutther analysis on natural selection indicated that the COXI （cytochrome c oxidase subunit I） gene was under positive selection in P. hodgsonii and Bos grunniens. Considering the same climates and environments shared by these two mammalian species, we proposed that the mitochondrial COXI gene is probably relevant for these native mammals to adapt the high altitude environment unique to the Tibetan Plateau.     

Yeast importin-β is required for nuclear import of the Mig2 repressor

Background

In interphase nuclei of a wide range of species chromosomes are organised into their own specific locations termed territories. These chromosome territories are non-randomly positioned in nuclei which is believed to be related to a spatial aspect of regulatory control over gene expression. In this study we have adopted the pig as a model in which to study interphase chromosome positioning and follows on from other studies from our group of using pig cells and tissues to study interphase genome re-positioning during differentiation. The pig is an important model organism both economically and as a closely related species to study human disease models. This is why great efforts have been made to accomplish the full genome sequence in the last decade.

Results

This study has positioned most of the porcine chromosomes in in vitro cultured adult and embryonic fibroblasts, early passage stromal derived mesenchymal stem cells and lymphocytes. The study is further expanded to position four chromosomes in ex vivo tissue derived from pig kidney, lung and brain.

Conclusions

It was concluded that porcine chromosomes are also non-randomly positioned within interphase nuclei with few major differences in chromosome position in interphase nuclei between different cell and tissue types. There were also no differences between preferred nuclear location of chromosomes in in vitro cultured cells as compared to cells in tissue sections. Using a number of analyses to ascertain by what criteria porcine chromosomes were positioned in interphase nuclei; we found a correlation with DNA content.     

Establishment and characterization of fibroblast cultures derived from a female common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) skin biopsy

The population decline of the common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) has necessitated the preservation of their genetic resources for species conservation and research. Of all actions, cryopreservation of fibroblast cell cultures derived from an animal biopsy is considered a simple but efficient means. Nevertheless, preserving viable cell cultures of the common hippopotamus has not been achieved to our knowledge. To this end, we established and characterized fibroblast cell cultures from the skin sample of a newborn common hippopotamus in this study. By combining the tissue explant direct culture and enzymatic digestion methods, we isolated a great number of cells with typical fibroblastic morphology and high viability. Neither bacteria/fungi nor mycoplasma was detectable in the cell cultures throughout the study. The population doubling time was 34 h according to the growth curve. Karyotyping based on Giemsa staining showed that the cultured cells were diploid with 36 chromosomes in all, one pair of which was sex chromosomes. The amplified mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene sequence of the cultured cells was 99.26% identical with that of the registered H. amphibius complete mitochondrial DNA, confirming the species of origin of the cells. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining results revealed that the detected cells were positive for fibroblast markers, S100A4, and vimentin. In conclusion, we generated the fibroblast cell cultures from a common hippopotamus and identified their characteristics using multiple techniques. We believe the cryopreserved cells could be useful genetic materials for future research.     

Do specialized flowers promote reproductive isolation? Realized pollination accuracy of three sympatric Pedicularis species

Background and Aims

Interest in pollinator-mediated evolutionary divergence of flower phenotype and speciation in plants has been at the core of plant evolutionary studies since Darwin. Specialized pollination is predicted to lead to reproductive isolation and promote speciation among sympatric species by promoting partitioning of (1) the species of pollinators used, (2) when pollinators are used, or (3) the sites of pollen placement. Here this last mechanism is investigated by observing the pollination accuracy of sympatric Pedicularis species (Orobanchacae).

Methods

Pollinator behaviour was observed on three species of Pedicularis (P. densispica, P. tricolor and P. dichotoma) in the Hengduan Mountains, south-west China. Using fluorescent powder and dyed pollen, the accuracy was assessed of stigma contact with, and pollen deposition on, pollinating bumble-bees, respectively.

Key Results

All three species of Pedicularis were pollinated by bumble-bees. It was found that the adaptive accuracy of female function was much higher than that of male function in all three flower species. Although peak pollen deposition corresponded to the optimal location on the pollinator (i.e. the site of stigma contact) for each species, substantial amounts of pollen were scattered over much of the bees'' bodies.

Conclusions

The Pedicularis species studied in the eastern Himalayan region did not conform with Grant''s ‘Pedicularis Model’ of mechanical reproductive isolation. The specialized flowers of this diverse group of plants seem unlikely to have increased the potential for reproductive isolation or influenced rates of speciation. It is suggested instead that the extreme species richness of the Pedicularis clade was generated in other ways and that specialized flowers and substantial pollination accuracy evolved as a response to selection generated by the diversity of co-occurring congeners.     

Comparative cytogenetic analysis of the genomes of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon and its close relatives

Background and Aims

Brachypodium is a small genus of temperate grasses that comprises 12–15 species. Brachypodium distachyon is now well established as a model species for temperate cereals and forage grasses. In contrast to B. distachyon, other members of the genus have been poorly investigated at the chromosome level or not at all.

Methods

Twenty accessions comprising six species and two subspecies of Brachypodium were analysed cytogenetically. Measurements of nuclear genome size were made by flow cytometry. Chromosomal localization of 18–5·8–25S rDNA and 5S rDNA loci was performed by dual-colour fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on enzymatically digested root-tip meristematic cells. For comparative phylogenetic analyses genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) applied to somatic chromosome preparations was used.

Key Results

All Brachypodium species examined have rather small genomes and chromosomes. Their chromosome numbers and genome sizes vary from 2n = 10 and 0·631 pg/2C in B. distachyon to 2n = 38 and 2·57 pg/2C in B. retusum, respectively. Genotypes with 18 and 28 chromosomes were found among B. pinnatum accessions. GISH analysis revealed that B. pinnatum with 28 chromosomes is most likely an interspecific hybrid between B. distachyon (2n = 10) and B. pinnatum (2n = 18). Two other species, B. phoenicoides and B. retusum, are also allopolyploids and B. distachyon or a close relative seems to be one of their putative ancestral species. In chromosomes of all species examined the 45S rDNA loci are distally distributed whereas loci for 5S rDNA are pericentromeric.

Conclusions

The increasing significance of B. distachyon as a model grass emphasizes the need to understand the evolutionary relationships in the genus Brachypodium and to ensure consistency in the biological nomenclature of its species. Modern molecular cytogenetic techniques such as FISH and GISH are suitable for comparative phylogenetic analyses and may provide informative chromosome- and/or genome-specific landmarks.     

Comparison of RBG-banded karyotypes of cattle, sheep, and goats

The karyotypes of the three main domestic Bovidae species. Bos taurus, Ovis aries, and Capra hircus, have been investigated by RBG-banding. Primary fibroblast cells were cultured from fetal lung or muscle tissue and collected for chromosome preparation after double thymidine synchronization. Depending on the culture and species, BrdU and FdU were added for 8-11 h or 7-10 h, respectively, before harvest. The chromosomes of the three species were classified and numbered according to standard conventions (ISCNDA, 1989) and compared at different stages of condensation. Within the resolving power of the images obtained, the RBG-banding patterns appear to be very similar, with only minor differences existing between chromosome 9 and the sex chromosomes of cattle and the same chromosomes in the domestic sheep and the goat.     

香港巨牡蛎和长牡蛎幼虫及稚贝的表型性状

为了评估香港巨牡蛎和长牡蛎在北方沿海的早期表型性状,于2010年7月,以2009年6月在青岛繁育的两种牡蛎为材料,在大连研究了温度(Mt:(22±1.0)℃及Ht:(28±1.0)℃)、盐度(S₂₀:20±1.0及S₃₀:30±1.0)及中间育成环境(ID:室内及OD:室外)对两种牡蛎幼虫及稚贝表型性状的影响。结果表明:香港巨牡蛎壳宽显著大于长牡蛎(P<0.05),壳高及怀卵量显著小于长牡蛎(P<0.05),壳长、鲜重及壳重两者间无显著差异(P>0.05)。在温度和盐度相同情况下,长牡蛎卵径、受精率、孵化率及D形幼虫均大于香港巨牡蛎;香港巨牡蛎幼虫浮游前期生长较慢,而后快于长牡蛎。两种牡蛎幼虫存活能力在15日龄时高温组>中温组;相同温度下,香港巨牡蛎中盐组>高盐组,长牡蛎高盐组>中盐组。幼虫变态期间,较低的温度延迟了变态时间,降低了变态率,使得两种幼虫变态规格大型化。温度是影响幼虫生长、存活、变态的最主要因素,其次为盐度,交互作用几乎尚未起到作用。中间育成阶段,室外比室内培育效果更好,且香港巨牡蛎稚贝壳高在60日龄以后显著大于长牡蛎(P<0.05),环境是影响稚贝生长的最主要因素;无论室内还是室外两种牡蛎稚贝的存活率均在90%以上,且各实验组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

东海原甲藻与中肋骨条藻的种间竞争特征

对东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻按照起始Chl-a比1∶5、1∶1和5∶1进行了f/2条件下的共培养实验,以探讨这两种藻的种间竞争特征。实验结果表明在共培养体系中,中肋骨条藻完全占优势,而东海原甲藻的生长受到明显的抑制。应用Lotka-Volterra种间竞争模型对共培养实验进行模拟的结果表明,东海原甲藻与中肋骨条藻的种间竞争结果与初始密度配比无关,中肋骨条藻总会竞争胜过东海原甲藻。为了探讨他感作用对东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻种间竞争的影响,采用了中肋骨条藻的无藻细胞滤液来进行培养实验。实验结果显示,中肋骨条藻滤液对东海原甲藻及其本身的生长均无明显影响,这表明他感作用并非中肋骨条藻获得优势的主要竞争方式。     

In vitro differentiation of chicken embryo skin cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus

The epidermal cells isolated from 14-day chicken embryo shank skin epidermis were infected in vitro with Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Within a few weeks, rapidly growing colonies of epithelial cells appeared among the sea of transformed fibroblastic cells. When isolated and subcultured, these cells were found to possess typical markers of skin epidermis. The presence of major keratin and typical epithelial cell type morphology strongly suggested that these cells were transformed epidermal cells retaining their differentiated characteristics but having the capacity to propagate in cell culture. If RSV tsNY68, an RSV mutant having a temperature lesion in the src gene, was used, similar transformed epidermal cells were obtained at 36 degrees C (permissive temperature). At the nonpermissive temperature (41 degrees C) the growth rate of these cells decreased and additional keratin species appeared. At 41 degrees C the cells were flattened and lost the refractivity in their peripheries. All the keratins which are synthesized at the nonpermissive temperature were present in normal differentiated shank skin of 19-day old chick embryo. These cells also had "cornified envelop," indicating extensive differentiation. Viral production was as efficient as transformed fibroblasts during the rapid growth phase, while it declined significantly after the cells reached confluency, exhibiting the differentiated characteristics. Since no normal epidermal cells could be cultured under our experimental conditions, these results represent examples in which the src gene is essential for propagation of differentiated cells in cell culture while it abolishes only a part of differentiated characteristics.