cDNA3′端代表差异显示分析

根据真核ｍＲＮＡ３′端一般含Ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）的原理,可使用共同引物将不同的ｍＲＮＡ反转录成ｃＤＮＡ,然后设计特殊引物进行反转录ＰＣＲ,或者将限制性酶切与反转录ＰＣＲ偶联使用,均可获得对应于ｍＲＮＡ３′端的ｃＤＮＡ３′端代表扩增子。比较不同条件下的ｃＤ－ＮＡ３′端代表扩增子,可以获得两种或多种细胞中ｍＲＮＡ的表达差异谱,并分离、克隆差异表达的基因序列 。     

cDNA3‘端代表差异显示分析

根据真核ｍＲＮＡ３’端一般含Ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）的原理,可使用共同引物将不同的ｍＲＮＡ反转录成ｃＤＮＡ,然后设计特殊引物进行反转录ＰＣＲ,或者将限性酶切与呱转录ＰＣＲ偶联使用,均可获得对应于ｍＲＮＡ３’端的ｃＤＮＡ３’端代表扩增子。     

RT—PCR测定mRNA的荧光定量分析

利用反转录毛细管ＰＣＲ技术,可合成代表特异ｍＲＮＡ的双链ＤＮＡ。在一定循环数内,ＰＣＲ产物的量与其模板ｃＤＮＡ即反转录中相应ｍＲＮＡ的浓度有关。溴乙锭嵌入ＤＮＡ双螺旋后,其荧光量子产率大为增加,因此可通过利用处在适当ＰＣＲ循环数中的ｃＤＮＡ浓度与在优选的激发光谱发现射波长下其荧光强度的线性关系,计算出所检测的ｍＲＮＡ表达量。     

人血小板生成素（hTPO）的cDNA克隆,序列测定及其在COS—7细胞中的表达

本文利用反转录ＰＣＲ技术从人胎肝ｍＲＮＡ中分别扩增出ｈＴＰＯ　Ｎ－端和Ｃ－端两个ｃＤＮＡ片段,然后经酶切分别连接重组到质粒ｐＵＣ１９中进行序列分析,在确证其序列与国外文献报道完全一致的基础上,酶切、回收、连接其Ｎ－端、Ｃ端ｃＤＮＡ,并以此为模板,用ＰＣＲ法扩增出全长ＴＰＯｃＤＮＡ片段,并将其重组到穿梭质粒ｐＳＶＫ３中,在ＣＯＳ－７中进行了瞬时表达并检测出表达产物的活性     

mRNA差异显示技术在动物早期胚胎发育相关基因研究中的应用

动物从卵裂开始的早期胚胎发育始终伴随着ｍＲＮＡ不断的合成与降解。最初受着受精卵内母体ｍＲＮＡ的控制。当这些ｍＲＮＡ在发育过程中逐渐被降解时,有些动物（如小鼠）在比较早的时期已有新基因的转录;而有些动物（如鱼类、两栖类）迟到囊胚中期以后,合子核的基因才开始转录新的ｍＲＮＡ。ｍＲＮＡ这种有规律的代谢活动控制着细胞的分化、胚层的形成以及模式形成（ｐａｔｅｒｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ）。所有这些ｍＲＮＡ水平上的变化都可以用ｍＲＮＡ差异显示法（ｍＲＮＡｄｉｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌｄｉｓｐｌａｙ）检测出来并进而获得与早期胚胎发育有关的基因。ｍＲＮＡ差异显示法是由Ｌｉａｎｇ和Ｐａｒｄｅｅ于１９９２年建立起来的,用于显示两种不同组织之间ｍＲＮＡ差异的方法。基于绝大多数ｍＲＮＡ有一个ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）尾巴,选用一个较特殊的３’端引物─５’Ｔ１１ＭＮ３’,其中Ｍ可以是ｄＡＴＰ,ｄＣＴＰ,ｄＧＴＰ之一,而Ｎ可以是ｄＡＴＰ,ｄＴＴＰ,ｄＣＴＰ,ｄＧＴＰ之一,进行逆转录时,１／１２的ｍＲＮＡ可被逆转录为ｃＤＮＡ。这种ｃＤＮＡ第一链被用来ＰＣＲ扩增,所使用的３’端引物与逆转录引物相同,而５’端引物为１０个碱基的一段寡核苷酸,这类任意（ａｒｂｉｔｒａｒ     

发展中的mRNA差别显示技术

随着ＰＣＲ技术的出现（１９８５）,在分子生物学界又相继出现了两个很有影响的新技术──ＲＡＰＤ技术（１９９０）和ｍＲＮＡ差示法（１９９２）,前者用于分子标记,后者用于基因分离。ｍＲＮＡ差示法的生物学基础是基因的差别表达,既：单个细胞中表达的基因仅占基因总数的１５％。这种基因的差别表达决定了生命的所有过程,如：发育和分化、对逆境的反应、细胞分裂、老化等,图一给出了该方法最初的技术路线。提取要比较的两种或两种以上样品的ｍＲＮＡｓ,分别逆转录成ｃＤＮＡｓ,经过ＰＣＲ扩增后,直接进行测序胶电泳即可识别有差别的ｍＲＮＡ。其中、关键的是ＰＣＲ扩增时两个引物的设计．３＇端引物Ｏｌｉｇｏ（ｄＴ）ＭＮ很容易与具有Ｎ＇Ｍ＇－ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）－３＇末端的大多数ｍＲＮＡ结合,进行ｃＤＮＡ的逆转录合成。Ｍ、Ｎ提供锚定位点,防止３＇端引物在ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）序列不同位置上的随机结合。５＇端为１０个碱基的随机引物。这个经验上的碱基数值较理论的６－７个碱基（表一）更能满足测序胶电泳要求的条件：分子大小在５００ｂｐ左右,每条泳道上条带数在１００条左右。该方法近年来又有如下改进：一、ＰＣＲ退火温度由４２℃改为４０℃,可在保证特异性的同时,增加泳道上的     

一种鉴别差异表达基因的新方法：———cDNA示差分析技术

ｃＤＮＡ示差分析技术是继ｍＲＮＡ差异显示技术之后又一种鉴别差异表达基因的方法。该技术利用双链ＤＮＡ模板在ＰＣＲ时呈指数扩增,而单链ＤＮＡ模板为线性扩增原原理,先用常见的限制性内切酶将实验组与对照组消化成平均长度为２５６ｂｐ的ｃＤＮＡ片段,再用ＰＣＲ技术使用组的ｃＤＮＡ片段富集,随后进行３次差减杂交去除共有基因,最后扩增实验组中的特异表达的基因。本概述了该技术的原理、基本方法及其应用前景。     

优化外源基因在大肠杆菌中表达的翻译起始率的策略和方法(英文)

ｍＲＮＡ的翻译起始区（ＴＩＲ）的二级结构对翻译起始率有很大的影响。本文建立了一种改进外源基因在大肠杆菌中翻译起始率的系统。以人分裂细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）基因为模型,将ＰＣＮＡ基因５′端编码区的１１４ｂｐ的顺序插入质粒ｐＴＺ１９Ｒ中ＬａｃＺ′的５′端构成融合基因。用定点突变法在ＰＣＮＡ的ＡＵＧ的８位插入一个Ｓｈｉｎｅ／Ｄａｌｇａｒｎｏ（ＳＤ）顺序ＧＡＧＧＴ,再以合成的带部分随机序列寡核苷酸作引物,用ＰＣＲ法在ＳＤ顺序两侧,即ＳＤ上游６个碱基和ＳＤ与ＡＵＧ之间７个碱基,进行随机突变,它们与结构基因５′端序列形成各种可能的翻译起始区（ＴＩＲ）二级结构。重组质粒转化大肠杆菌株ＪＭ１０９（ＤＥ３）,５′ＰＣＮＡ－ｌａｃＺ′ｍＲＮＡ可通过诱导表达Ｔ７ＲＮＡ聚合酶而得到专一而有效的转录。通过在Ｘ－ｇａｌ板上蓝色筛选以及随后的杂交鉴定,共得到２６９个５′ＰＣＮＡ－ｌａｃＺ′融合质粒。从中选择８个不同蓝色的重组子进行β－ｇａｌ活性测定,结果表明它们的酶活性相差在２０倍以上。而ＲＮＡ点杂交表明它们在转录水平无明显的差异。由此提示,通过此策略和方法能得到一个在大肠杆菌中能高效表达的翻译起始区。     

用PCR法直接快速筛查重组阳性克隆

应用ＰＣＲ法快速筛查插入有苯丙氨酸脱氨酶ｃＤＮＡ重组阳性克隆。方法：用于ＰＣＲ扩增的引物是位于载体ｐＥＴ２３ｂ启动子处的Ｔ７启动子引物和位于目的基因ＰＡＬｃＤＮＡ３’端终止密码ＴＡＡ处的引物。以灭菌吸头挑一单菌落加入ＰＣＲ体系扩增。结果：在筛查的３个克隆中,有２个阳性克降,并且插入方向正确,经ＤＮＡ序列测定得到进一步证实。结论：以ＰＣＲ方法筛查重组阳性克隆,可以简便快速鉴定插入片段的大小和方面,不     

用DD—PCR法克隆AVP4—8诱导的鼠脑差异表达基因

精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）Ｃ端片段ＡＶＰ４－８,具有增强记忆的功能,它在大鼠脑内引发一系列的生理和生化变化。采用差示ＰＣＲ（ＤＤ－ＰＣＲ）技术,寻找注射ＡＶＰ４－８前后在大鼠海马中差异表达的基因。抽提总ＲＮＡ,以反转录产生的ｃＤＮＡ为模板进行ＰＣＲ,经过９组引物组合,获得了十几个差异片段,挑选其中差异最大的片段ｄｄｌ进行克隆,测序,并与Ｇｅｎｅｄａｎｋ等数据进行同源比较 有找到同源基因,可能是个新基因     

Linear multidimensional liquid chromatography in the preparative scale purification of calmodulin from brain extract

Rapid preparative scale purification of calmodulin from crude bovine brain extract is achieved in a single chromatographic run by physically coupling two different liquid chromatography columns which employ different separation mechanisms. In this case columns packed with newly commercialized 40-microns silica-based hydrophobic interaction and 5-microns micron silica-based weak anion-exchange chromatography media were used. The only sample preparation required for conducting this purification procedure is the addition of salt to the crude brain supernatant to promote the initial binding of calmodulin to the hydrophobic interaction chromatography media. Chromatography carried out on such linear arrangements of columns has been referred to as linear multidimensional liquid chromatography.     

Hydrophobic displacement chromatography of proteins

Displacement chromatography of proteins was successfully carried out in both hydrophobic interaction and reversed-phase chromatographic systems using low-molecular weight displacers. The displacers employed for hydrophobic displacement chromatography were water soluble, charged molecules containing several short alkyl and/or aryl groups. Spectroscopy was employed to verify the absence of structural changes to the proteins displaced on these hydrophobic supports. Displacement chromatography on a reversed-phase material was employed to purify a growth factor protein from its closely related variants, demonstrating the high resolutions that can be achieved by hydrophobic displacement chromatography. This process combines the high-resolution/high-throughput characteristics of displacement chromatography with the unique selectivity of these hydrophobic supports and offers the chromatographic engineer a powerful tool for the preparative purification of proteins.     

A Simple and Efficient Method for the Purification of Human Gamma Interferon

Abstract

A preparative, sequential chromatographic procedure has been developed for the purification of human gamma interferon (HuIFN-γ). The four steps in the procedure are Controlled Pore Glass-adsorption chromatography, Concanavalin-A affinity chromatography, Heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography and gel-filtration.

By virtue of the development of a coordinated effluent-affluent buffer scheme, eluants can also serve as loading buffers for the succeeding column. Consequently, crude HuIFN-γ preparations can be purified rapidly (approximately one week), easily, and is amenable to a semi-automated process.

The procedure has also been shown to be efficient. Here, as an example, it is reported that an overall purification of greater than 75,000-fold can be achieved, yielding a specific activity of 5.2·107 units/mg, and a recovery of 95.5%. In addition, the peak fraction, representing 37.8% of the applied activity, had a specific activity of l.0·108 units/mg protein and represents a purification of more than 145,000-fold.

An SDS-PAGE analysis of one such fraction indicated that approximately 40% of the final material was HuIFN-γ.     

Alternatives to chromatographic separations

Up to now, the productivity of mammalian cell culture has been perceived as limiting the productivity of the industrial manufacture of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Dramatic improvements in cell culture performance have changed this picture, and the throughput of antibody purification processes is gaining increasing attention. Although chromatographic separations currently are the centerpiece of antibody purification, mostly due to their high resolving power, it becomes more and more apparent that there may be limitations at the very large scale. This review will discuss a number of alternatives to chromatographic antibody purification, with a particular emphasis on the ability to increase throughput and overcome traditional drawbacks of column chromatography. Specifically, precipitation, membrane chromatography, high-resolution ultrafiltration, crystallization, and high-pressure refolding will be evaluated as potential large scale unit operations for industrial antibody production.     

Purification of a highly modified RNA-aptamer: Effect of complete denaturation during chromatography on product recovery and specific activity

To evaluate RNA-aptamers as potential drug candidates, efficient and scaleable purification protocols are needed. Because aptamers are highly structured and rigid molecules, denaturation during the purification process is a critical aspect to obtain a pure and active product. A two-step chromatographic procedure was developed to purify a synthetic anti-VEGF aptamer at the preparative scale. A reversed-phase chromatographic step was optimized with a highly hydrophobic ion pairing reagent, followed by ion-exchange chromatography in which heat and a chaotropic salt were used. Because of the presence of 2′-modified ribose, denaturation conditions had to be optimized in both chromatographic steps to achieve a fully active molecule.     

A simple and efficient method for the purification of human gamma interferon

A preparative, sequential chromatographic procedure has been developed for the purification of human gamma interferon (HuIFN-gamma). The four steps in the procedure are Controlled Pore Glass-adsorption chromatography, Concanavalin-A affinity chromatography, Heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography and gel-filtration. By virtue of the development of a coordinated effluent-affluent buffer scheme, eluants can also serve as loading buffers for the succeeding column. Consequently, crude HuIFN-gamma preparations can be purified rapidly (approximately one week), easily, and is amenable to a semi-automated process. The procedure has also been shown to be efficient. Here, as an example, it is reported that an overall purification of greater than 75,000-fold can be achieved, yielding a specific activity of 5.2 X 10(7) units/mg, and a recovery of 95.5%. In addition, the peak fraction, representing 37.8% of the applied activity, had a specific activity of 1.0 X 10(8) units/mg protein and represents a purification of more than 145,000-fold. An SDS-PAGE analysis of one such fraction indicated that approximately 40% of the final material was HuIFN-gamma.     

High concentrations of p-Glu-His-Pro-NH2 (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone) occur in rat prostate

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) immunoreactivity occurs in high concentration within the rat prostate. Previous studies have shown that the immunoreactive species consists of more than one TRH-like tripeptide which cross-reacts in the TRH radioimmunoassay. The component which was highly retained during cation exchange chromatography was subjected to a preparative scale isolation, purification and structural analysis. The methods used included methanol extraction, waterethyl ether partitioning, cation exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, TRH radioimmunoassay, in vitro pituitary bioassay, TRH receptor assay, and amino acid analysis. The mean concentration of the predominant amino acids (Glu, His, Pro), 344 pmoles/ml, and the TRH concentration measured by TRH radioimmunoassay prior to acid hydrolysis, 372 pmoles/ml, were nearly identical. Because the material analyzed cochromatographed with synthetic TRH in several chromatographic systems, had a radioreceptor potency which was indistinguishable from that for synthetic TRH, and released TSH and prolactin but not growth hormone from rat pituitaries in vitro, it is concluded that pGlu-His-Pro-NH₂ is one of the TRH-like peptides in the rat vental prostate.     

Preparative purification of B-phycoerythrin from the microalga Porphyridium cruentum by expanded-bed adsorption chromatography

B-Phycoerythrin (B-PE) is a major light-harvesting pigment of microalgae. Due to its high fluorescence efficiency and its intense and unique pink color, it is widely used as a fluorescent probe and analytical reagent as well as being employed as a natural dye in foods and cosmetics. Tedious methodologies for B-PE purification have been published. In this work we present a new, fast, preparative and scaleable two-step chromatographic method for B-PE purification from the red microalga Porphyridium cruentum. Initially, phycobiliproteins were released from the microalga cells by osmotic shock and captured by applying the centrifuged cell suspension to a column containing 74 ml Streamline-DEAE equilibrated with 50 mM acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5, using expanded-bed adsorption chromatography at an upward flow of 200 cm h(-1). After adsorption, washing was carried out in the expanded-bed mode. Having removed unbound proteins and cellular debris, the bed was allowed to sediment and a B-PE-rich solution was eluted with a downward flow of the same 250 mM buffer. In order to obtain pure B-PE, we utilized conventional ion-exchange chromatography with a column of DEAE-cellulose loaded directly with the eluate from Streamline-DEAE and developed using a discontinuous gradient of acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.5. With this new methodology, 66% of B-PE contained in the biomass of the microalgae was recovered, a value significantly higher than those obtained following other methodologies. The B-PE purity was tested using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and spectroscopic characterization.     

Preparative purification of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin

Heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) isolated from bovine Escherichia coli strains was purified to homogeneity by growing the bacterial strains in a chemically defined medium, desalting, and concentrating the culture filtrate by batch adsorption chromatography on Amberlite XAD-2 resin, batch adsorption chromatography on reversed-phase silica, and preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. This rapid preparative purification scheme gave high recovery yields of pure STa which exhibited biochemical homology to STa purified by more complicated procedures.     

Preparative chromatographic separation: Simulated moving bed and modified chromatography methods

Chromatography has been the method of choice for the separation of complex biological mixtures for analytical purposes, particularly for the last fifty years. Its use has recently been extended to preparative separation where the productivity relative to the amount of resin and solvent used is a matter of concern. To overcome the inherent thermodynamic inefficiency of batch chromatography, as exemplified by the partial temporal usage of the resin and dilution of the product with the solvent, chromatography has been continually modified by separation engineers. Column switching and recycling represent some of the process modifications that have brought high productivity to chromatography. Recently, the simulated moving bed (SMB) method, which claims a high separation efficiency based on counter-current moving bed chromatography, has become the mainstay of preparative separation, especially in chiral separation. Accordingly, this paper reviews the current status of SMB, along with several chromatographic modification, which may be helpful in routine laboratory and industrial chromatographic practices.