Asia1型口蹄疫病毒受体结合位点多样性

【目的】口蹄疫病毒(Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus,FMDV)通过结构蛋白VP1 G-H环上高度保守的精氨酸-甘氨酸-天门冬氨酸(Arg-Gly-Asp,RGD)基序与整联蛋白结合起始病毒的感染,但FMDV是RNA病毒,在环境条件变化时,FMDV能够以非RGD的途径起始病毒的感染。为了研究FMDV Asia1/JS/China/05田间舌皮毒经两种不同的途径短期传代后细胞受体结合基序RGD的变异。【方法】采用RT-PCR方法扩增FMDV Asia1/JS/China/05田间毒、田间毒的乳鼠适应毒第四代(MF4)和接种田间毒的牛同居感染的猪水泡病料适应细胞的第八代毒(PBF8)结构蛋白VP1基因,并对不同病毒VP1基因的PCR产物测序和cDNA文库测序。【结果】以含RGD受体结合基序为优势的田间毒在乳鼠上短期传代后出现了含精氨酸-丝氨酸-天门冬氨酸(Arg-Ser-Asp,RSD)和RGD受体结合基序的混合种群,而同居感染后的细胞传代病毒种群则以含精氨酸-天门冬氨酸-天门冬氨酸(Arg-Asp-Asp,RDD)受体结合基序为优势种群。【结论】发现了含RGD受体结合位点为优势的FMDV种群,经不同的宿主短期传代后产了含RSD或RDD受体结合基序的优势种群,该发现不仅增加了保守基序RGD发生替换的FMDV变异株的数量,而且为FMDV的细胞识别和宿主嗜性的改变等进一步研究奠定了物质基础。     

新甲型H1N1流感病毒小鼠致死模型的建立

建立新甲型H1N1流感病毒小鼠致死模型,为研究致病性、宿主适应性以及疫苗保护性提供动物模型,并寻找病毒在适应宿主过程中影响毒力和适应性的关键位点。将新甲型H1N1流感病毒A/四川/SWL1/2009 H1N1在小鼠中连续传15代,各代次毒株均在MDCK细胞上增殖后进行测序,根据序列分析结果选择6个传代毒株感染小鼠,连续监测14 d体重和死亡情况;并对第14代和15代病毒在噬斑实验纯化后克隆和测序分析。原代病毒不致死BABL/C小鼠,经动物体内连续传代适应宿主动物后,其毒力增强,具体表现为所选的6个传代毒株中第7、11、15代毒株可以100%致死试验小鼠;分析这6个传代毒株的全基因组表明这些毒株的部分氨基酸位点发生突变。新甲型H1N1流感病毒经小鼠体内连续传代后,建立了小鼠致死模型,病毒毒力增强可能与某些氨基酸位点的改变有关。     

狂犬病病毒CTN-1V株在人二倍体细胞Walvax-2株的适应传代

目的建立狂犬病病毒固定毒CTN-1V株在人二倍体细胞Walvax-2株上的传代适应株。方法用狂犬病病毒固定毒CTN-1V株经昆明小鼠鼠脑回传后的病毒接种Walvax-2细胞,连续传代,检测各代次病毒的滴度及免疫原性。结果 CTN-1V株能较好地适应Walvax-2细胞,通过连续带毒传代至第7代,病毒滴度可达6.78 lg LD50/mL,并在第10~15代内滴度维持在7.0 lg LD50/mL以上,15~30代滴度稳定在7.0 lg LD50/mL左右。以15代适应毒株CTN-1V-HDC P15制备的疫苗原液,各项指标均符合《中华人民共和国药典》三部(2010版)的要求,疫苗效力在6.0IU/剂以上。结论所获人胚肺二倍体细胞Walvax-2株传代适应狂犬病毒固定毒株CTN-1V-HDC可用于人用狂犬病疫苗的生产开发。     

我国新分离乙型脑炎病毒株毒力特征研究

将分离自不同年代的17株乙脑毒株在小鼠脑内传代,然后将病毒在BHK21细胞单层上观察不同毒株的空斑形成大小形态,小鼠脑内和皮下途径接种观察病毒的毒力,结果显示不同毒株在BHK21细胞上形成的噬斑大小不尽相同,减毒株形成的噬斑最小。所有毒株对小鼠的脑内毒力都很强,病毒滴度高达lg8.0/mL以上,毒株间无明显差异。毒株对9～11g小日龄小鼠的皮下毒力有一定差异但不明显,但对14～16g较大日龄小鼠则差别明显。PFU/LD50的对数值差异除一株(M47株)为8.44外,其余各株差别在3.94～0.45间。本研究结果证明自然界乙脑毒株存在明显的神经外毒力差异,毒力差异与分离年代和病毒基因型无关,但从人体分离到的毒株毒力表现较强。     

猪口蹄疫病毒多抗原表位重组腺病毒的构建与鉴定

本研究设计构建了含有猪O型口蹄疫病毒VP1(21-60)-(141-160)-(200-213)位氨基酸的基因的重组腺病毒质粒pAd-VP,经PacⅠ酶切后转染HEK-293A细胞,3次噬斑纯化获得了重组腺病毒rAd-VP.该重组腺病毒于HEK-293A细胞连续传代至20代效价稳定,TCID50为10-10/mL.RT-PCR检测证明目的基因在mRNA水平上可有效表达;应用O型口蹄疫病毒标准阳性血清进行间接荧光抗体试验,在rAd-VP感染的HEK-293A细胞的胞质可见清晰荧光.证明该重组腺病毒对VP1(21-60)-(141-160)-(200-213)位氨基酸的基因进行了成功的表达,从而为FMDV多抗原表位腺病毒活载体疫苗的研究奠定了基础.     

CRISPR/Cas9介导的RPSA基因敲除细胞系的建立及其应用

【目的】利用CRISPR/Cas9技术建立RPSA基因缺失的乳仓鼠肾细胞(baby hamster kidney cells,BHK21)细胞系,为开展RPSA调控病毒复制机制研究提供工具;同时,初步探究RPSA对塞内卡病毒复制的影响。【方法】根据GenBank中仓鼠的RPSA基因序列找到产生不同转录本的共同外显子段,设计并合成4对引导RNA(sgRNA),分别构建至PX330载体中;经过筛选选择打靶活性较高的PX330-RPSA-sgRNA2质粒用于后续敲除细胞系构建。将PX330-RPSA-sgRNA2质粒转染BHK21细胞后,通过有限稀释法筛选单克隆细胞,通过Westernblot及序列测定检测RPSA基因的敲除。通过Westernblot及qPCR分析比较塞内卡病毒在野生型及RPSA基因敲除BHK21细胞中的复制差异。【结果】Western blot检测及序列测序证实了RPSA基因敲除单克隆细胞构建成功。进一步研究发现,塞内卡病毒在RPSA基因敲除细胞中的复制水平明显低于其在野生型BHK21细胞中复制的水平。【结论】成功构建了RPSA基因敲除的BHK21细胞系,首次表明RPSA对塞内卡病毒的复制具有重要作用,为进一步开展RPSA在细胞内调控病毒复制机制研究奠定基础。     

猪口蹄疫病毒多抗原表位重组腺病毒的构建与鉴定

本研究设计构建了含有猪O型口蹄疫病毒VP1（21—60）-（141-160）-（200—213）位氨基酸的基因的重组腺病毒质粒pAd-VP,经PacI酶切后转染HEK-293A细胞,3次噬斑纯化获得了重组腺病毒rAd—VP。该重组腺病毒于HEK-293A细胞连续传代至20代效价稳定,TCID50为10^-10／mL。RT—PCR检测证明目的基因在mRNA水平上可有效表达;应用O型口蹄疫病毒标准阳性血清进行间接荧光抗体试验,在rAdVP感染的HEK-293A细胞的胞质可见清晰荧光。证明该重组腺病毒对VP1（21-60）-（141—160）-（200—213）位氨基酸的基因进行了成功的表达,从而为FMDV多抗原表位腺病毒活载体疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

超强毒IBDV细胞克隆化毒回归鸡后的致病性与VP2基因高变区的分子变化

为了研究超强毒鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(vvIBDV)的致病性及其VP2基因高变区的分子变化,以vvIBDV GX8/99株囊毒为研究对象,将该毒在SPF鸡胚连传10代后,再在鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)上连续盲传.该病毒在CEF上传至22代时开始引发CEF细胞病变,随之在96孔细胞培养板上用无限稀释法连续克隆2次后获得了4个病毒克隆,再将该4个病毒克隆分别连续回传3～5周龄SPF鸡10代.分别比较4个克隆毒及其回传SPF鸡后不同传代毒,对4～6周龄SPF鸡的致病性及VP2高变区氨基酸分子的变化,结果表明,4个克隆化毒的细胞培养毒对SPF鸡只有0～6.7%的致死率,不同克隆毒的SPF鸡传代毒对SPF鸡的致病性却都逐渐增强,但程度差异很大,其中克隆#5在回鸡1、5和10代后的致死率从0分别增加到10%、20%和27%;克隆#4从6.7%增加至13%、17%和23%;但克隆#1和#3的致病性变化相对较小.相对于原始囊毒及鸡胚毒,4个克隆化毒在测序的VP2高变区的约145个氨基酸中,有10个位点发生了相同的变异,变得与适应细胞的疫苗毒D78株基本一致,在回鸡传代导致对鸡毒力增强的过程中,这10个位点中大多数氨基酸不再变化,只有第253位和256位氨基酸从囊毒的Q和I变为细胞适应毒的H和V后,有些病毒克隆回鸡至第10代时又变为原囊毒的Q和I,这表明VP2高变区大多数氨基酸的变异可能与病毒的致病性关系不密切,而与对细胞培养或组织的亲和性的关系更为密切.本研究最重要的意义在于建立的超强毒GX8/99株细胞克隆化毒及其相应的回鸡传代毒系列,为研究vvIBDV其它基因变异与致病性及其它生物学特性的关系,提供了一个新的思路和必要的研究材料.     

表达O型口蹄疫病毒保护性抗原表位重组PRRSV的构建及其鉴定

以高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征弱毒疫苗的感染性分子克隆(rHuN4-F112)作为载体,将O型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)VP1基因的421~480nt(141~160aa)和598~639nt(200~213aa)两优势保护性抗原表位串联成的目的基因,通过突变PCR的方法插入Nsp2中的508~532位缺失区域,经体外转录后转染至BHK-21细胞中培养36 h,将上清接种至MARC-145细胞中培养,并在MARC-145细胞中连续传代,拯救重组病毒。经RT-PCR扩增,MluⅠ酶切及测序验证,结果表明插入的外源基因及人为突变的MluⅠ分子标记都正确,说明重组病毒拯救成功,且该重组病毒能够在MARC-145细胞中稳定传代,将此重组病毒命名为rPRRSV-F112-O/VP1ep。rPRRSV-F112-O/VP1ep能够在MARC-145细胞上引起明显的细胞病变,间接免疫荧光检测表明外源基因在该病毒中成功获得了表达。经过生物学特性分析,该病毒的TCID50=-log10-6.75/0.1 mL,且在MARC-145细胞中整体生长速度与其亲本病毒rHuN4-F112(△508-532)相似,但明显高于rHuN4-F112病毒。     

口蹄疫病毒泛亚型O/CHINA/99株全长cDNA分子克隆构建和感染性鉴定

设计并合成了O型口蹄疫泛亚型代表毒株O/CHINA/99基因组9条引物,利用RT-PCR扩增各基因片段,酶切后连到pOK-12载体上,经酶切、PCR和序列测定表明,O/CHINA/99全基因组由8 200个核苷酸组成,构建的感染性cDNA与原毒株的序列同源性为99.1%;利用T7 RNA聚合酶系统进行体外转录,转录产物RNA用脂质体转入BHK-21细胞传代培养,可观察到典型的FMDV致细胞病变效应;拯救病毒接种2日龄乳鼠后,可出现典型的临床症状,并于16～48h内死亡。以上结果表明,O/CHINA/99株全长cDNA分子克隆构建成功,并从构建的全长cDNA拯救出了口蹄疫病毒。     

Comparison of parameters estimated from A/Ci and A/Cc curve analysis

The parameters estimated from traditional A/C _i curve analysis are dependent upon some underlying assumptions that substomatal CO₂ concentration (C _i) equals the chloroplast CO₂ concentration (C _c) and the C _i value at which the A/C _i curve switches between Rubisco- and electron transport-limited portions of the curve (C _i-t) is set to a constant. However, the assumptions reduced the accuracy of parameter estimation significantly without taking the influence of C _i-t value and mesophyll conductance (g _m) on parameters into account. Based on the analysis of Larix gmelinii’s A/C _i curves, it showed the C _i-t value varied significantly, ranging from 24 Pa to 72 Pa and averaging 38 Pa. t-test demonstrated there were significant differences in parameters respectively estimated from A/C _i and A/C _c curve analysis (p<0.01). Compared with the maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) carboxylation rate (V_cmax), the maximum electron transport rate (J_max) and J_max/V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis which considers the effects of g _m limit and simultaneously fits parameters with the whole A/C _c curve, mean V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (V_cmax-C _i) was underestimated by 37.49%; mean Jmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (J_max-C _i) was overestimated by 17.8% and (J_max-C _i)/(V_cmax-C _i) was overestimated by 24.2%. However, there was a significant linear relationship between V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis and V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis, so was it J_max (p<0.05).     

Occurrence of N-malonyl-D-alanine in pea seedlings

One of the ninhydrin-negative alanine conjugates isolated from pea seedlings was identified as $\text{N-}\text{malonyl}\text{-}\text{D}\text{-}\text{alanine}$.The identification of this conjugate was carried out by a comparison of its gas-liquid chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties, and its nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectra with those of synthetic $\text{N-}\text{malonyl}\text{-}\text{D}\text{-}\text{alanine}$. The alanine in the conjugate was shown to be present as the D-isomer by enzymatic and chromatographic analyses.     

Characterization of cytochrome P-450SCC-containing liposomes

Purified cytochrome $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria was incorporated into liposomes by the cholate-dilution method utilizing either dialysis or Sephadex gel filtration. Among synthetic phospholipids tested, dioleoylglycerophosphocholine showed the best stability during the incorporation of $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ into liposomes. A maximum amount of heme was incorporated into liposomes at a molar ratio of phospholipid to the cytochrome of approx. 200. When $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was incorporated into the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes by the cholate-filtration method, the $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}\text{-}\text{containing liposomes}$ showed two major populations on the elution pattern of the Sepharose 4B gel filtration, and were seen at a diameter of 200–600 Å and its aggregated forms. When the cytochrome was incorporated into dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes or cholesterol-free adrenocortical mitochondrial liposomes, $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was less stable than $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ in aqueous solution. Cholesterol or adrenodoxin markedly stabilized the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. Liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ required cholesterol for its optimum reduction with adrenodoxin, adrenodoxin reductase, and NADPH in the presence of CO. About 70% of the total heme in the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes was reduced by the enzymatic reduction in the presence of cholesterol, indicating that 70% of the total molecules are exposed to the surface of the outer monolayer. In order to see the location of the heme in membrane, the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine-liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was subjected to $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ treatment. This reagent destroyed the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. These results suggest that the heme is located in the proximity of the $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ reacting sites which are exposed to the surface, or located on the vincinity of polar heads of the membrane.     

ATP/ADP exchange activity of gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase

The ATP/ADP exchange is shown to be a partial reaction of the $\text{(}\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ by the absence of measurable nucleoside diphosphokinase activity and the insensitivity of the reaction to $\text{P}{}^1$, $\text{P}{}^5$ -di(adenosine-5′) pentaphosphate, a myokinase inhibitor. The exchange demonstrates an absolute requirement for Mg²⁺ and is optimal at an ADP/ATP ratio of 2. The high ATP concentration ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}\text{= 116 μ}\text{M}$) required for maximal exchange is interpreted as evidence for the involvement of a low affinity form of nucleotide site. The ATP/ADP exchange is regarded as evidence for an ADP-sensitive form of the phosphoenzyme. In native enzyme, pre-steady state kinetics show that the formation of the phosphoenzyme is partially sensitive to ADP while modification of the enzyme by pretreatment with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in the absence of Mg²⁺ results in a steady-state phosphoenzyme population, a component of which is ADP sensitive. The ATP/ADP exchange reaction can be either stimulated or inhibited by the presence of K⁺ as a function of pH and Mg²⁺.     

The effects of multiple features of alternatively spliced exons on the KA/KSratio test

Background  

The evolution of alternatively spliced exons (ASEs) is of primary interest because these exons are suggested to be a major source of functional diversity of proteins. Many exon features have been suggested to affect the evolution of ASEs. However, previous studies have relied on the K _A /K _S ratio test without taking into consideration information sufficiency (i.e., exon length > 75 bp, cross-species divergence > 5%) of the studied exons, leading to potentially biased interpretations. Furthermore, which exon feature dominates the results of the K _A /K _S ratio test and whether multiple exon features have additive effects have remained unexplored.     

Two-Electron Reactions S2QB → S0QB and S3QB → S1QB are Involved in Deactivation of Higher S States of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II

The oxygen-evolving complex of Photosystem II cycles through five oxidation states (S₀-S₄), and dark incubation leads to 25% S₀ and 75% S₁. This distribution cannot be reached with charge recombination reactions between the higher S states and the electron acceptor Q_B⁻. We measured flash-induced oxygen evolution to understand how S₃ and S₂ are converted to lower S states when the electron required to reduce the manganese cluster does not come from Q_B⁻. Thylakoid samples preconditioned to make the concentration of the S₁ state 100% and to oxidize tyrosine Y_D were illuminated by one or two laser preflashes, and flash-induced oxygen evolution sequences were recorded at various time intervals after the preflashes. The distribution of the S states was calculated from the flash-induced oxygen evolution pattern using an extended Kok model. The results suggest that S₂ and S₃ are converted to lower S states via recombination from S₂Q_B⁻ and S₃Q_B⁻ and by a slow change of the state of oxygen-evolving complex from S₃ and S₂ to S₁ and S₀ in reactions with unspecified electron donors. The slow pathway appears to contain two-electron routes, S₂Q_B → S₀Q_B, and S₃Q_B → S₁Q_B. The two-electron reactions dominate in intact thylakoid preparations in the absence of chemical additives. The two-electron reaction was replaced by a one-electron-per-step pathway, S₃Q_B → S₂Q_B → S₁Q_B in PS II-enriched membrane fragments and in thylakoids measured in the presence of artificial electron acceptors. A catalase effect suggested that H₂O₂ acts as an electron donor for the reaction S₂Q_B → S₀Q_B but added H₂O₂ did not enhance this reaction.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Dermal cysts participate in reparative regeneration of epidermis in Hrhr/Hrhr mice

One of the phenotypic effects of mutation in the Hr gene in mice is disintegration of hair follicles and their degeneration into open funnel-shaped structures (utricles) opened on skin surface and cysts located in the depth of the dermis. The aim of the current study consists in analysis of the process of reparative regeneration of skin in homozygotous mice with one of the mutant alleles of the Hr gene—Hr ^hr . It is shown that epithelial cells that constitute the inner pavement of cysts take part in the process of epithelization of deep skin wounds. This indicates that the competence of ectodermal cells in relation to inductive signals from injured skin remains in Hr ^hr homozygote mice, in spite of the significant anatomic abnormalities of the hair follicles.     

Ligand-dependent reactivity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with showdomycin

Showdomycin inhibited pig brain ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ with pseudo first-order kinetics. The rate of inhibition by showdomycin was examined in the presence of 16 combinations of four ligands, i.e., Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP, and was found to depend on the ligands added. Combinations of ligands were divided into five groups in terms of the magnitude of the rate constant; in the order of decreasing rate constants these were: (1)$\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, (2) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and none, (3) $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{,}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, (4) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{,}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{, (5)}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and ATP. The highest rate was obtained in the presence of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP. The apparent concentrations of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP for half-maximum stimulation of inhibition ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>s</mtext>}}$) were 3 mM, 0.13 mM and 4μM, respectively. The rate was unchanged upon further increase in Na⁺ concentration from 140 to 1000 mM. The rates of inhibition could be explained on the basis of the enzyme forms present, including E₁, E₂, ES, E₁-P and E₂-P, i.e., E₂ has higher reactivity with showdomycin than E₁, while E₂-P has almost the same reactivity as E₁-P. We conclude that the reaction of ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ proceeds via at least four kinds of enzyme form (E₁, E₂, E₁ · nucleotide and EP), which all have different conformations.