花鲈对不同饲料原料的表观消化率

试验以Cr2 O3 为指示物 ,以 70 %基础饲料和 30 %的待测饲料原料组成试验饲料 ,测定花鲈对红鱼粉、豆粕、花生粕、菜籽粕、肉骨粉和棉籽粕中干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、能量和氨基酸的表观消化率。在水温 2 5± 1℃的试验条件下 ,花鲈对鱼粉、豆粕、花生粕的干物质表观消化率均在 6 0 %以上 ;对鱼粉、豆粕、花生粕和菜籽粕的蛋白质、脂肪的表观消化率都在 80 %以上 ;花鲈对能量的表观消化率变化范围在 16 99%— 83 96 %。测得每种原料的 16种氨基酸的表观消化率 :花鲈对原料氨基酸消化率的变化与对蛋白质消化率的变化相一致 ,除了赖氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸之外 ,花鲈对肉骨粉中氨基酸的利用率最低。花鲈对饼粕类原料中的含硫氨基酸 (如蛋氨酸 )的表观消化率低于其他氨基酸 ,对鱼粉中氨基酸利用率最低的为组氨酸 ,对肉骨粉中氨基酸利用率最低的为苏氨酸。     

麦瑞加拉鲮幼鱼对12种原料表观消化率的比较研究

试验以麦瑞加拉鲮（Cirrhinus mrigala）幼鱼（3.88±0.06）g为试验对象,研究其对国产鱼粉、白鱼粉、花生粕、白酒糟、鸡肉粉、米糠、棉粕、菜粕、豆粕、玉米蛋白粉、玉米酒糟和羽毛粉的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、总能、磷、钙、镁、锌、铜、铁和锰的表观消化率。结果表明:12种试验原料的干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、总能、磷、钙、镁、锌、铜、铁和锰的表观消化率范围分别为24.93%-85.68%、50.02%-97.40%、51.89%-94.02%、39.18%-96.39%、9.72%-87.37%、3.47%-25.92%、26.11%-88.25%、12.63%-66.35%、41.33%-104.86%、10.69%-91.84%、4.42%-85.49%。其中包括干物质、粗蛋白和总能在内的主要营养物质的表观消化率以国产鱼粉和白鱼粉最高。除鱼粉外的其他原料中,干物质以花生粕、豆粕和玉米蛋白粉最高;粗蛋白以花生粕最高;粗脂肪以米糠和花生粕最高;总能以花生粕和鸡肉粉最高;白酒糟的干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、总能的消化率最低。在矿物质元素表观消化率中,羽毛粉的磷、铜、铁和锰的表观消化率最高;米糠的锌表观消化率最高;钙的表观消化率以白鱼粉、豆粕和羽毛粉最高;镁的表观消化率以豆粕、羽毛粉和玉米酒糟最高;鸡肉粉的磷、钙、镁和铁表观消化率最低;花生粕和棉粕中锌的表观消化率最低;菜粕中铜的表观消化率最低;白酒糟中锰的表观消化率最低。因此,花生粕、豆粕和玉米蛋白粉是麦瑞加拉鲮幼鱼配合饲料中较优质的蛋白源,可进一步开发用于适量替代饲料中的鱼粉;米糠可作为较好的能量饲料;羽毛粉可作为饲料中较好的矿物质元素来源;白酒糟对麦瑞加拉鲮幼鱼而言营养价值最差。     

不同饲料原料对黄颡鱼表观消化率及消化酶活性的影响

实验研究黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)对分别含有豆粕、发酵豆粕、菜粕和发酵菜粕的4种饲料以及这4种原料的干物质、蛋白、能量及氨基酸的表观消化率, 为黄颡鱼饲料的配制提供科学依据, 同时测定不同原料对消化道胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及淀粉酶活性以及血液指标谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总蛋白及碱性磷酸酶的影响。结果显示: 黄颡鱼对4种原料的干物质的表观消化率有显著差异, 其利用率由高到低依次为豆粕、发酵豆粕、菜粕及发酵菜粕(P<0.05)。黄颡鱼对发酵菜粕的蛋白质表观消化率显著低于其他3种原料(P<0.05), 而4种原料能量的表观消化率没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。黄颡鱼对各原料蛋氨酸和组氨酸的表观消化率没有显著性差异且低于83%(P>0.05), 而对各原料中其他氨基酸的表观消化率均有显著性差异, 在85%—98%之间, 发酵菜粕各氨基酸的表观消化率显著低于其他3种原料(P<0.05)。胰蛋白酶活力在菜粕组显著高于其他原料组(P<0.05), 活力呈现出前肠>中后肠>胃的趋势, 糜蛋白酶活力在不同原料间无显著差异, 糜蛋白酶活力呈现胃>前肠>中后肠的趋势, 淀粉酶活性呈现前肠>胃>中后肠。血液指标谷草转氨酶在豆粕组显著高于其他原料组(P<0.05), 菜粕与发酵菜粕组最低, 而谷丙转氨酶、总蛋白、碱性磷酸酶在各原料组间没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。综上所述, 豆粕、发酵豆粕、菜粕和发酵菜粕均可以作为黄颡鱼饲料中优质的蛋白源。     

大黄鱼对几种饲料蛋白原料消化率的研究

以白鱼粉为主要蛋白源制成参考饲料,以0.1%的Cr2O3为外源性指示剂,按参考饲料和实验原料70%∶30%的比例配制成实验饲料,测定了大黄鱼（Pseudosciaena crocea）对白鱼粉、红鱼粉、肉骨粉、豆粕、花生粕、菜籽粕和棉籽粕的表观消化率。实验大黄鱼（平均初始体重15.0±1.6g）养殖于海水浮式网箱（1.5m×1.5m×2.0m）中,分别以各实验饲料投喂实验鱼5周,然后采用挤压法收集粪便。实验结果表明各原料表观干物质消化率在43.6%至70.0%之间,能量消化率在42.9%到82.6%的范围内。实验原料的蛋白质表观消化率在70.7%到92.4%之间,其中白鱼粉和红鱼粉的蛋白消化率最高（分别为92.4%和89.3%）,而棉籽粕则最低（70.7%）。脂肪的表观消化率在61.3%到90.5%之间,其中棉籽粕最低（61.3%）。磷的表观消化率相对较低,仅白鱼粉和红鱼粉在53.2%以上,其余皆低于37.5%。总之,大黄鱼对这几种原料的表观消化率存在较大差异,但蛋白消化率均较高,因此,可作为大黄鱼的饲料蛋白源在实际饲料配制中使用。     

双低菜粕替代豆粕对青鱼幼鱼生长及生理生化指标的影响

以初始体重(5.77±0.05)g 的青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)为研究对象, 以双低菜粕蛋白分别替代饲料中0 (对照)、25%、50%、75%和100%的豆粕蛋白, 配制双低菜粕含量分别为0、11%、22%、33%和44%的5 种等氮等能的实验饲料, 研究双低菜粕对青鱼生长、消化酶、消化率、体组成和部分生理生化指标的影响。实验在室内养殖系统中进行, 每水族箱(300 L)饲喂25 尾, 每处理组3 个重复, 以鱼体重3%—5%投喂量, 日投喂2 次, 试验持续8 周。实验结果表明, 当饲料中双低菜粕含量大于11%时, 其特定生长率、干物质和蛋白质表观消化率、肠道蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均显著低于对照组, 当双低菜粕含量达到44%时, 饲料系数显著高于对照组(PP<0.05)。饲料菜粕对鱼体水分和蛋白含量无显著影响, 但鱼体脂肪随菜粕含量的增加而降低、脏体比指数和灰分含量有随菜粕含量的增加而升高的趋势, 肝体比指数有随菜粕含量的增加而有先升高后降低的趋势。上述结果表明, 青鱼幼鱼饲料中双低菜粕含量以不超过11%为宜。       

四种植物蛋白对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长性能、氨基酸沉积率和抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了筛选适宜于养殖中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的饲料植物蛋白源,探究不同植物蛋白源饲料对幼蟹生长性能、氨基酸沉积率和抗氧化性能等方面的影响,以50%的鱼粉配制基础饲料（记为FM）,分别采用30.5%发酵豆粕、32.5%豆粕、28%棉粕和39%菜粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉总量的50%,配制成4种等氮等能的饲料（分别记为FSBM、SBM、CSM和RSM）,投喂初始体重为（0.249±0.003）g的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹8周。结果表明:（1）与FM组相比,FSBM、SBM和CSM组的增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率均没有显著性差异;RSM组的增重率与FM组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,但显著低于SBM组（P < 0.05）,而其饲料系数则显著高于FM、FSBM及SBM组（P < 0.05）,蛋白质效率显著低于其他各组（P < 0.05）,蛋白质沉积率显著低于SBM和CSM组（P < 0.05）。（2）不同植物蛋白组的总必需氨基酸沉积率和FM组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,而RSM组总必需氨基酸沉积率显著低于FSBM和CSM组（P < 0.05）。（3）与FM组相比,不同植物蛋白组蟹的血清和肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性和肝胰腺丙二醛（MDA）含量并没有显著的影响,而RSM组血清丙二醛（MDA）含量显著的高于其他各组（P < 0.05）。结果表明,在幼蟹饲料中,豆粕、发酵豆粕和棉粕替代基础配方中鱼粉的50%后并未对幼蟹的生长性能、氨基酸沉积率及抗氧化能力造成负面的影响,发酵豆粕、豆粕和棉粕可以作为替代鱼粉的适宜蛋白源,且添加水平约在30%左右。菜粕替代后降低了饲料的利用和氨基酸沉积效率,这可能是由于菜粕的蛋白质消化率低、含有相应的抗营养因子和添加水平过高所致,建议使用前应适当进行脱毒处理,并与或和其他植物蛋白配伍使用。     

大口黑鲈对六种非粮蛋白源的表观消化率

实验以0.1%三氧化二钇(Y₂O₃)为外源指示剂, 用“70%基础饲料+30%待测饲料原料”的方法配制实验饲料。测定初始体重为(19.28±0.10) g的大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)对荚膜甲基球菌蛋白、乙醇梭菌蛋白、黄粉虫粉、酶解大豆、小球藻和棉籽浓缩蛋白的干物质、蛋白质、脂肪、能量和氨基酸的表观消化率。结果显示, 6种实验原料干物质的表观消化率在37.27%—86.43%(荚膜甲基球菌蛋白>乙醇梭菌蛋白>酶解大豆>黄粉虫粉>小球藻>棉籽浓缩蛋白), 其中荚膜甲基球菌蛋白干物质的表观消化率最高, 乙醇梭菌蛋白次之, 黄粉虫粉、酶解大豆和小球藻之间没有显著性差异, 均显著高于棉籽浓缩蛋白(P<0.05); 蛋白质的表观消化率在79.97%—88.45%(荚膜甲基球菌蛋白>乙醇梭菌蛋白>黄粉虫粉>酶解大豆>小球藻>棉籽浓缩蛋白), 其中荚膜甲基球菌蛋白和乙醇梭菌蛋白均显著高于酶解大豆、小球藻和棉籽浓缩蛋白(P<0.05); 脂肪的表观消化率在51.19%—97.48%(乙醇梭菌蛋白>荚膜甲基球菌蛋白>酶解大豆>小球藻>黄粉虫粉>棉籽浓缩蛋白); 能量的表观消化率在43.25%—85.43%(荚膜甲基球菌蛋白>乙醇梭菌蛋白>酶解大豆>黄粉虫粉>小球藻>棉籽浓缩蛋白); 水解总氨基酸表观消化率在70.52%—90.51%(荚膜甲基球菌蛋白>乙醇梭菌蛋白>黄粉虫粉>酶解大豆>小球藻>棉籽浓缩蛋白)。各原料17种氨基酸表观消化率变化趋势与蛋白质表观消化率变化趋势基本一致。综上所述, 荚膜甲基球菌蛋白和乙醇梭菌蛋白的脂肪、能量和氨基酸的表观消化率最高, 且和黄粉虫粉、酶解大豆及小球藻的脂肪、能量、氨基酸的表观消化率均优于棉籽浓缩蛋白。因此, 荚膜甲基球菌蛋白、乙醇梭菌蛋白、小球藻、酶解大豆和黄粉虫粉均是大口黑鲈比较理想的蛋白质来源, 可作为大口黑鲈饲料中替代鱼粉的候选物。     

饲料中豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白对异育银鲫生长、代谢及免疫功能的影响

本实验评价了饲料中豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白后对异育银鲫的生长、饲料利用、氮代谢和鱼体免疫力等的影响。实验设计4种等氮等能的饲料,每种3个重复,分别以豆粕替代饲料中鱼粉蛋白的0%（对照,D1）、20%（D2）、80%（D3）和100%（D4）。实验在半循环水养殖系统持续16周,鱼的初重约2.32g,实验期间水温23－30℃。结果表明,随着饲料中豆粕含量的升高,摄食率显著升高(P＜0.05),特定生长率、饲料转化效率、蛋白沉积率和能量沉积率显著降低(P＜0.05);蛋白表观消化率显著升高,干物质和能量表观消化率则显著降低(P＜0.05);总氮摄入量、表观氮摄入量、粪氮排出量、非粪氮排泄量、总氮沉积率均随着饲料中豆粕含量的升高呈显著降低到的趋势(P< 0.05),生产每千克鱼的氮排放量则随着饲料中豆粕含量的升高显著升高(P< 0.05);血清葡萄糖和甘油三酯的含量显著升高,而胆固醇的含量显著降低(P＜0.05);血清的溶菌酶显著降低,超氧化物岐化酶逐渐升高(P＜0.05)。     

利用高产蛋白酶霉菌降解脱脂豆粕、玉米胚芽粕制备混合氨基酸的研究

利用高产蛋白酶霉菌降解脱脂豆粕、玉米胚芽粕制备混合氨基酸具有无污染、纯度高、产率高的特点。产品中含十八种氨基酸,其中人体必需的八种氨基酸全都具备,占混合氨基酸总量的41.5%。氨基酸生成率达40%,产率达18%,原料蛋白利用率达87.2%、氨基态氮生成率达52.6%有实用价值和发展前景。     

粪便收集方式对异育银鲫表观消化率测定的影响

消化率的高低是评价饲料营养价值的重要指标,但是粪便的不同收集方式会影响消化率的测定结果。研究观察了异育银鲫摄食后的排粪高峰以及排粪持续时间,探讨了粪便的不同收集方式对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)(约100 g)表观消化率(Apparent digestibility coefficient,ADC)测定结果的影响。饲料中加入1%三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)作为指示剂,实验采用3种粪便收集方法(积粪器法、虹吸法和后肠取粪法),并且在积粪器法和虹吸法中设置了不同的收粪时间。结果表明,正常投喂的异育银鲫摄食后的排粪高峰出现在摄食结束后的5—10h;饥饿2d的异育银鲫恢复摄食后的排粪高峰出现在摄食结束后的7—9h;饲料的干物质表观消化率(ADC of dry matter,ADCd)和蛋白表观消化率(ADC of protein,ADCp)在排粪初始阶段较低,随着排粪高峰的出现而升高。粪便的不同收集方法和不同收集时间对ADCd和ADCp的测定结果均存在显著影响(P<0.05)。采用虹吸法收集粪便测得的ADCd与在排粪高峰时段内积粪器法的测定值相当;后肠取粪法收集粪便测得的ADCd低于积粪器法排粪高峰期的测定值。采用虹吸法收集粪便测得的ADCp略低于在排粪高峰时段内积粪器法的测定值;后肠取粪法收集粪便测得的ADCp低于积粪器法各时间段内的测定值。因此,在选择挑选新鲜完整粪便的前提下,在排粪高峰期采用虹吸法收集粪便用于ADC的测定是一种方便可靠的方法,反而后肠取粪法由于操作误差容易带来更大偏差。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.