螺旋藻粉替代饲料中鱼粉对异育银鲫幼鱼生长、饲料利用和蛋白沉积的影响

实验以异育银鲫中科3号幼鱼(3.20.5) g为实验对象, 研究螺旋藻粉蛋白替代饲料鱼粉蛋白(0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%)对鱼摄食、生长、饲料利用和蛋白沉积的影响。实验设计了6种等氮(38%)等脂(10%)等能(16.50 kJ)的饲料, 每处理3个重复。采用室内循环水养殖系统, 表观饱食投喂。实验水温为(283)℃, 实验共持续60d。结果发现:随藻粉替代比例的增加, 鱼摄食率显著上升; 饲料效率则呈显著下降趋势; 特定生长率在20%替代组与鱼粉组无显著差异(P0.05), 其他各替代组均显著低于鱼粉组(P0.05); 蛋白沉积率在20%、60%替代时与鱼粉组无显著差异(P0.05), 其他替代组显著低于鱼粉组(P0.05); 肥满度在各替代组均显著低于鱼粉组(P0.05); 鱼体蛋白随藻粉替代比例的增加呈现先持平后降低的趋势, 鱼体脂肪则呈先降低后升高的变化; 20%、40%和60%替代组全鱼灰分均高于全鱼粉组; 肠道消化酶(胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和-淀粉酶)在替代组和对照组间均无显著差异(P0.05); 干物质表观消化率随藻粉蛋白替代比例的增加而呈显著上升, 蛋白的表观消化率则呈显著下降趋势, 总磷表观消化率在20%替代时最低, 在100%替代时最高。综合特定生长率和蛋白沉积率情况, 当鲫幼鱼饲料中鱼粉含量约为50%, 且鱼粉为唯一蛋白源时, 螺旋藻粉蛋白可替代饲料中20%鱼粉蛋白。     

饲料中不同含量豆粕对乌苏里拟鲿生长、体成分及表观消化率的影响

以初始体重(0.500.00) g的乌苏里拟鲿(Pseudobagrus ussuriensis)稚鱼为试验对象, 在室内进行为期8周的摄食生长实验, 研究饲料中豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白对乌苏里拟鲿生长、体成分及消化率的影响。以豆粕分别替代对照饲料(S0)中10%(S10)、20%(S20)、30%(S30)、40%(S40)、50%(S50)和60%(S60)的鱼粉蛋白, 另外,60%组添加0.3%蛋氨酸(SM60), 共配制8种等氮等能试验饲料。结果表明, 随着饲料中豆粕替代比例的增大,试验鱼的增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率均逐渐降低, 但10%40%替代组与对照组之间差异不显著(P0.05), S50和S60显著低于对照组(P0.05); 与S60组相比, SM60组增重率和特定生长率有所提高(P0.05),但显著低于0%40%替代组(P0.05); 饲料系数的变化规律与增重率的趋势正好相反; 当饲料中豆粕替代水平由0%增加到20%时, 乌苏里拟鲿的摄食率由3.22%提高到3.55%, 而后随着替代比例进一步增加, 摄食率逐渐降低, 但方差分析表明, 差异不显著。饲料中豆粕替代鱼粉对乌苏里拟鲿全鱼水分和灰分含量的影响不显著, 肌肉水分随着替代比例的升高而逐渐升高; 全鱼和肌肉粗蛋白含量随着替代比例的升高而逐渐降低, 其中, S60和SM60组显著低于其他组(P0.05); 随着替代比例的升高, 全鱼和肌肉粗脂肪呈现升高的趋势, S60和SM60组显著高于其他替代组(P0.05); 肥满度在各组间差异不显著(P0.05); 当豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白比例为60%时, 肝体比、脏体比指数显著高于其他组(P0.05), 而其他组间差异不显著(P0.05)。50%和60%替代组的蛋白质和干物质的表观消化率显著低于040%替代组(P0.05), 而040%替代组之间差异不显著(P0.05);随着豆粕替代比例由0升高到60%, 磷表观消化率由36.07% 升高到66.50%。在实验条件下, 豆粕替代乌苏里拟鲿饲料中40%鱼粉蛋白, 不会影响乌苏里拟鲿的生长和饲料利用, 而高比例替代对生长和鱼的健康有负面影响。     

不同添加方式植酸酶处理豆粕对牙鲆生长和饲料利用率的影响

以初始平均体重(2.02±0.02)g的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)为实验对象,进行为期70d的摄食生长实验,研究不同添加方式的植酸酶对牙鲆生长和饲料利用的影响。在5000.0g豆粕中添加2.5g植酸酶,然后用产朊假丝酵母(Candidautilis)进行发酵预处理,得到植酸酶预处理豆粕。共制作4种等氮等能(粗蛋白49.7%、总能20.9kJ/g)饲料,对照饲料主要以鱼粉为蛋白源;在对照饲料的基础上,用豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白配制成豆粕组饲料;在每千克豆粕组饲料中添加1000IU植酸酶,配制成植酸酶组饲料;用植酸酶预处理豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白配制成植酸酶预处理豆粕组饲料。结果表明,与对照组相比较,用豆粕蛋白替代饲料中45%的鱼粉蛋白,若不添加植酸酶则显著降低牙鲆的特定生长率(P0.01)、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和氮贮积率(P0.05);直接添加植酸酶组、植酸酶预处理豆粕组牙鲆的特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和氮贮积率与鱼粉对照组相比较没有出现显著差异(P0.05);与不添加植酸酶的豆粕组相比较,在含豆粕饲料中添加1000IU/kg饲料的植酸酶显著提高牙鲆的特定生长率(P0.01)、氮贮积率(P0.05)和磷贮积率(P0.01),显著降低氮排放率(P0.05)和磷排放率(P0.01),但饲料效率和蛋白质效率没有显著变化(P0.05);在豆粕中添加植酸酶进行发酵预处理,降低了豆粕中植酸含量,在饲料中添加植酸酶预处理豆粕显著提高牙鲆的特定生长率(P0.01)、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和氮贮积率(P0.05),显著降低氮(P0.05)、磷和钙的排放率(P0.01)。       

饲料中添加胆汁酸对牛蛙生长性能、体组成和营养物质表观消化率的影响

试验研究了饲料中添加胆汁酸对牛蛙Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana生长性能、体成分和营养物质表观消化率的影响。基础饲料以鱼粉、豆粕为主要蛋白源, 棕榈油为主要脂肪源, 在基础饲料中分别添加0、100、200和300 mg/kg的胆汁酸(含量99.1%)制作4种等氮等能的试验饲料。试验将144只牛蛙初始体重(75.014.23) g随机分为4组, 每组3个重复, 每个重复12只牛蛙, 进行为期8周的生长试验。结果显示: 各试验组牛蛙成活率和摄食率差异不显著(P0.05)。200 mg/kg胆汁酸添加组牛蛙的增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率、蛋白质效率和氮保留率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。在饲料中添加胆汁酸显著降低了牛蛙脏体指数和全体的脂肪含量(P0.05), 但不影响肌肉粗脂肪以及全体和肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗灰分含量(P0.05)。各处理组间血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度均无显著变化(P0.05), 血清尿素氮含量随着饲料中胆汁酸添加量的增加而降低, 添加300 mg/kg胆汁酸组牛蛙血清尿素氮含量显著低于对照组(P0.05)。血糖水平则随着胆汁酸添加量的增加而先降低后升高, 其中100 mg/kg胆汁酸添加组牛蛙血糖水平最低(P0.05)。100 mg/kg胆汁酸添加组牛蛙肠道脂肪酶活力显著高于对照组和300 mg/kg胆汁酸添加组(P0.05), 与200 mg/kg胆汁酸添加组之间差异不显著(P0.05), 蛋白酶活力与脂肪酶活力有相似的变化趋势, 而淀粉酶活力未受胆汁酸添加水平影响。各处理组饲料营养物质的表观消化率随饲料中胆汁酸添加量的增加而先升高后降低, 其中饲料添加200 mg/kg胆汁酸显著增加了牛蛙对饲料营养物质的表观消化率(P0.05)。结果表明: 在饲料中添加适量的胆汁酸能提高牛蛙对饲料的消化率, 提高饲料效率, 从而促进牛蛙的生长, 同时可促进蛙体脂肪代谢, 降低机体脂肪沉积, 提高牛蛙可食部分比例。根据本试验结果, 建议牛蛙饲料中胆汁酸添加水平为200 mg/kg。       

饲料中添加中性蛋白酶对青鱼生长、消化及鱼体组成的影响

用含中性蛋白酶8000U/g的酶制剂,制作酶制剂使用量分别为0‰、0.5‰、1‰、2‰和3‰的5种实验饲料,喂养平均初始重为(3.03±0.04)g的5组三重复的青鱼鱼种8周。实验在容积为80L的15只循环式水族箱中进行。实验水温为(25.0±0.5)℃。结果表明：实验饲料中酶制剂含量为0.5‰时,实验鱼的鱼体增重与摄食不含酶制剂饲料的实验组无显著差异(P>0.05), 而当饲料中酶制剂含量提高至1‰时,鱼体增重出现显著提高(P<0.05)。但饲料中酶制剂含量从1‰进一步提高至2‰和3‰,则鱼体增重不再有显著变化(P>0.05);饲料中酶制剂含量为1‰、2‰和3‰实验组的摄食量显著高于饲料中酶制剂含量为0和0.5‰的实验组(P<0.05)。而饲料中酶制剂含量为1‰、2‰和3‰实验组的饲料系数显著低于饲料中酶制剂含量为0和0.5‰的实验组(P<0.05);青鱼饲料中使用酶制剂对饲料干物质的表观消化率、实验鱼的肠蛋白酶活性、肠和肝胰脏淀粉酶活性、全鱼营养组成、脏体指数、肝体指数无显著影响(P>0.05);饲料中0.5‰－3‰酶制剂含量时,实验鱼对饲料蛋白质的表观消化率均显著高于饲料中不含酶制剂的实验组 (P<0.05)。青鱼鱼种肝胰脏蛋白酶活性随着饲料中酶制剂使用量从0增加0.5‰和1‰而呈逐渐升高的趋势,但饲料中酶制剂使用量继续增加则不再有显著变化。因此,在本实验条件下,饲料中使用1‰－3‰的中性蛋白酶制剂促进青鱼鱼种的生长和降低饲料系数。     

发酵豆粕对圆斑星鲽生长及消化能力的影响

为探讨圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)饲料中发酵豆粕的适宜添加量, 以鱼粉和发酵豆粕为蛋白源, 鱼油和豆油为脂肪源, 分别添加0、10%、20%、30%和40%的发酵豆粕替代0、9.81%、19.63%、29.44%和39.26%的鱼粉蛋白, 设计5种等蛋白(50%)、等脂(8%)的实验饲料(分别表示为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ), 每组设3个重复, 每重复15尾鱼, 初始体重为(49.01.0) g, 经过8周的饲养实验, 结果表明: (1)饲料效率随饲料中发酵豆粕水平的升高逐渐降低, 饲料中发酵豆粕水平为20%时, 鱼体的终末体重、特定生长率和摄食量均会显著降低(P0.05)。(2)全鱼水分和灰分含量随饲料中发酵豆粕水平的升高而升高, 粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量则随发酵豆粕水平的升高而降低。(3)胃蛋白酶和肝脂肪酶活力随饲料中发酵豆粕水平的增加先降低后升高, Ⅰ组最高, 显著高于Ⅲ组 (P0.05), 但与Ⅱ组无显著性差异(P0.05); Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ组的胃脂肪酶活力显著高于其他两组(P0.05); 肠淀粉酶活力则随饲料中发酵豆粕水平的增加先升高后降低, Ⅲ组最高, 显著高于Ⅰ组(P0.05),但与Ⅱ组无显著性差异(P0.05); 其他消化酶活力(肠蛋白酶、胃淀粉酶、肠脂肪酶)均无显著性差异(P0.05)。(4)Ⅰ组的皱襞高度和肠壁厚度均显著高于其他组(P0.05), 各组的黏膜厚度无显著性差异(P0.05)。综上所述, 在饲料中添加10%的发酵豆粕对圆斑星鲽的生长、饲料利用和形体指标无显著性影响,过量添加则抑制鱼体的生长。     

四种植物蛋白对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长性能、氨基酸沉积率和抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了筛选适宜于养殖中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的饲料植物蛋白源,探究不同植物蛋白源饲料对幼蟹生长性能、氨基酸沉积率和抗氧化性能等方面的影响,以50%的鱼粉配制基础饲料（记为FM）,分别采用30.5%发酵豆粕、32.5%豆粕、28%棉粕和39%菜粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉总量的50%,配制成4种等氮等能的饲料（分别记为FSBM、SBM、CSM和RSM）,投喂初始体重为（0.249±0.003）g的中华绒螯蟹幼蟹8周。结果表明:（1）与FM组相比,FSBM、SBM和CSM组的增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率均没有显著性差异;RSM组的增重率与FM组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,但显著低于SBM组（P < 0.05）,而其饲料系数则显著高于FM、FSBM及SBM组（P < 0.05）,蛋白质效率显著低于其他各组（P < 0.05）,蛋白质沉积率显著低于SBM和CSM组（P < 0.05）。（2）不同植物蛋白组的总必需氨基酸沉积率和FM组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,而RSM组总必需氨基酸沉积率显著低于FSBM和CSM组（P < 0.05）。（3）与FM组相比,不同植物蛋白组蟹的血清和肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性和肝胰腺丙二醛（MDA）含量并没有显著的影响,而RSM组血清丙二醛（MDA）含量显著的高于其他各组（P < 0.05）。结果表明,在幼蟹饲料中,豆粕、发酵豆粕和棉粕替代基础配方中鱼粉的50%后并未对幼蟹的生长性能、氨基酸沉积率及抗氧化能力造成负面的影响,发酵豆粕、豆粕和棉粕可以作为替代鱼粉的适宜蛋白源,且添加水平约在30%左右。菜粕替代后降低了饲料的利用和氨基酸沉积效率,这可能是由于菜粕的蛋白质消化率低、含有相应的抗营养因子和添加水平过高所致,建议使用前应适当进行脱毒处理,并与或和其他植物蛋白配伍使用。     

发酵豆粕和豆粕替代部分鱼粉对银鲑幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标、肝脏抗氧化能力和免疫相关基因表达量的影响

为探究发酵豆粕和豆粕替代部分鱼粉对银鲑(Oncorhynchus kisutch)幼鱼生长性能、血清生化指标、肝脏抗氧化能力和免疫相关基因mRNA表达量的影响,试验设置4种等氮等脂等能的饲料(粗蛋白约为42%、粗脂肪约为15%):对照组为:添加41%鱼粉的饲料(FM组;鱼粉蛋白占比27%);试验组分别为在FM组中用豆粕替代部分鱼粉(SM组;鱼粉蛋白占比17%,豆粕蛋白占比10%)、在FM组中用豆粕和发酵豆粕混合替代部分鱼粉(FSM5组;鱼粉蛋白占比17%,豆粕蛋白占比5%,发酵豆粕蛋白占比5%)、在FM组中用发酵豆粕替代部分鱼粉(FSM10组;鱼粉蛋白占比17%,发酵豆粕蛋白占比10%),饲养体重为(102.25±0.24) g的银鲑幼鱼10周。生长结果表明, FSM10组的增重率、特定生长率、日增重率、肥满度与对照组没有显著差异(P>0.05); FSM5组特定生长率、增重率和日增重显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但显著高于SM组(P<0.05);各组间肝体比、脏体比和存活率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。肌肉成分结果显示,各组水分、灰分和粗蛋白没有显著差异(P...     

罗非鱼对晶体蛋氨酸、包膜蛋氨酸利用的比较研究

为比较罗非鱼对晶体蛋氨酸、包膜蛋氨酸的利用效果, 设计了鱼粉含量为9%的鱼粉饲料、鱼粉含量为0%的无鱼粉饲料(以豆粕等蛋白替代鱼粉), 在无鱼粉饲料基础上分别添加晶体蛋氨酸、包膜蛋氨酸, 使其蛋氨酸含量与鱼粉饲料一致, 共4种饲料, 饲喂平均体重为(1.220.07) g/尾的奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus) 8周。结果表明, 各组罗非鱼增重率分别为1642.7%、1250.3%、1362.0%、1451.7%, 饲料系数分别为1.08、1.45、1.30、1.21; 在无鱼粉饲料中添加晶体蛋氨酸、包膜蛋氨酸提高增重率8.9%、16.1% (P0.05), 降低饲料系数10.34%、16.55% (P0.05); 包膜蛋氨酸组较晶体蛋氨酸组具有更高增重率和更低饲料系数(P0.05)。对摄食后不同时间点肝脏和血浆谷草转氨酶(GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性变化的测定表明, 鱼粉饲料组、无鱼粉饲料组肝脏GOT、GPT活性分别在摄食后第2、第4h出现高峰; 晶体蛋氨酸组在摄食后1h出现高峰, 较无鱼粉组提前; 包膜蛋氨酸组在摄食后第5h出现高峰, 较无鱼粉组滞后; 血浆GOT、GPT活性变化趋势与肝脏的基本一致。消化率试验表明, 鱼粉饲料组干物质、粗蛋白质消化率最高, 无鱼粉饲料组最低; 在无鱼粉饲料中添加晶体蛋氨酸、包膜蛋氨酸后, 干物质、粗蛋白质消化率均得到显著提高(P0.05)。上述结果表明, 在蛋氨酸缺乏的实用饲料中补充晶体或包膜蛋氨酸, 均可显著提高罗非鱼生长性能和营养物质消化率, 包膜蛋氨酸较晶体蛋氨酸具有更高的利用效率和更好的促生长效果。       

中华倒刺鲃幼鱼饲料蛋白质需求量的研究

以白鱼粉为蛋白源,设计了6个不同蛋白质含量(20.49%、26.48%、34.20%、41.02%、49.94%和55.86%,分别表示为D1、D2、D3、D4、D5和D6)的等能饲料,采用室内循环水养殖系统,在水温为(27.5±0.5)℃的条件下对中华倒刺鲃幼鱼进行10周的养殖实验,探讨中华倒刺鲃幼鱼对饲料蛋白质的需求量。每个处理设4个重复,每个重复12尾鱼。结果显示：干物质摄食率(FRdm)随饲料蛋白质含量升高呈先降低然后稳定的趋势;蛋白质摄食率(FRp)与饲料蛋白质含量呈正相关关系(r=0.982,p<0.01)。干物质表观消化率随饲料蛋白质含量增加而降低,蛋白质消化率在各组间无显著差异。随饲料蛋白质含量由D1逐渐增加至D4,体重特定生长率(SGRw)、能量特定生长率(SGRe)和饲料效率(FE)均显著增高(p<0.05),而D4、D5和D6组间无显著差异,其中D4组的三个指标值均最高,分别为(0.97±0.04)%/d、(0.87±0.04)%/d、(68.96±3.00)%。蛋白质效率(PER)、蛋白质累积率(PPV)和能量累积率(EPV)在各饲料组间均存在显著差异。以SGRw、SGRe和FE为指标,采用折线模型分析表明,中华倒刺鲃幼鱼的最适饲料蛋白质含量为39.6%－42.2%。     

饲料蛋氨酸水平对异育银鲫幼鱼生长性能影响的研究

研究通过8周的生长实验, 研究饲料中不同蛋氨酸水平对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)幼鱼生长性能、体成分、氨基酸沉积率的影响。实验以鱼粉、豌豆浓缩蛋白、喷雾干燥血球粉为蛋白源, 设计低蛋氨酸(0.57%)实用基础饲料, 并在此基础上分别添加0、0.08%、0.16%、0.24%、0.32%、0.40%的DL-蛋氨酸配成蛋氨酸含量分别为0.57%、0.64%、0.74%、0.81%、0.88%、0.95%(干物质基础, 实测值)的6种等氮等能(粗蛋白质: 37.22%, 总能: 17.61 MJ/kg)的配合饲料。选取初始体重为2.60 g的异育银鲫幼鱼为实验对象, 每个处理3个重复, 每个重复50尾鱼, 养殖系统为室内循环水养殖系统, 每天表观饱食投喂4次。结果显示在饲料中补充DL-蛋氨酸会显著提高异育银鲫幼鱼的特定生长率和蛋白质沉积率(P0.05), 表明异育银鲫可有效利用外源DL-蛋氨酸。各处理组实验鱼肥满度、肝体比、脏体比差异不显著(P0.05), 不同蛋氨酸水平对全鱼水分、粗脂肪、能量没有产生显著影响(P0.05), 补充DL-蛋氨酸显著提高鱼体的粗蛋白质含量, 灰分含量显著降低(P0.05)。随着饲料中蛋氨酸水平的提高, 全鱼蛋氨酸沉积率显著降低, 之后再升高(P 0.05)。补充DL-蛋氨酸可以有效促进其他必需氨基酸在鱼体内的沉积。在饲料中胱氨酸水平为0.42%时, 通过折线模型回归分析, 以蛋氨酸沉积率得到的异育银鲫幼鱼蛋氨酸需求量为占饲料干物质的0.89%, 即占饲料蛋白的2.17%。       

Use of alternative protein sources for fishmeal replacement in the diet of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Part I: effects of poultry by-product meal and soybean meal on growth,feed utilization,and health

Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets [containing 54, 30, 15, 10, and 5% fishmeal crude-protein (CP), dry matter (DM) basis] were prepared by replacing fishmeal with poultry by-product meal plus soybean meal to feed juvenile largemouth bass (LMB, with an initial mean body weight of 4.9 g) for 8 weeks. All diets contained 54% CP and 13% lipids. There were four tanks of fish per treatment group (15 fish/tank). The fish were fed twice daily with the same feed intake (g/fish) in all the dietary groups. Results indicated that the inclusion of 15% fishmeal protein in the diet is sufficient for LMB growth. However, some of the fish that were fed diets containing ≤ 15% fishmeal CP had black skin syndrome (characterized by skin darkening and retinal degeneration, as well as intestinal and liver atrophies and structural abnormalities). The concentrations of taurine, methionine, threonine and histidine in serum were reduced (P < 0.05) in fish fed the diets containing 5, 10 and 15% fishmeal CP, compared with the 30 and 54% fishmeal CP diets. Interestingly, the concentrations of tyrosine and tryptophan in serum were higher in fish fed diets with ≤ 15% fishmeal CP than those in the 54% fishmeal CP group. These results indicated that 15% fishmeal CP in the diet containing poultry by-product meal and soybean meal was sufficient for the maximum growth and feed efficiency in LMB but inadequate for their intestinal, skin, eye, and liver health. A reduction in dietary methionine and taurine content and the possible presence of antinutritional factors in the fishmeal replacements diets containing high inclusion levels of soybean meal may contribute to black skin syndrome in LMB. We recommend that the diets of juvenile LMB contain 30% fishmeal CP (DM basis).

     

Effects of exogenous enzymes on apparent nutrient digestibility in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets with high inclusion of plant-based protein

Plant-based protein ingredients are increasingly used in feed for carnivorous fish as replacement for fish meal. This study investigated if supplementing diets with high inclusion levels of plant-based protein with three different enzymes could improve the apparent nutrient digestibility in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Three diets with high inclusion levels of either de-hulled, solvent extracted soybean meal (344 g/kg), sunflower meal (246 g/kg), or rapeseed meal (264 g/kg) were produced and feed batches were coated post-extrusion with the different enzymes: β-glucanase at 67 mg/kg, xylanase at 208 mg/kg, protease at 228 mg/kg, or a combination of the three enzymes at the same doses. Three consecutive digestibility trials were carried out using a flow-through, modified Guelph System. Each trial was designed to include five dietary treatment groups: a non-supplemented control diet and 4 diets supplemented with either β-glucanase, xylanase, protease or a combination of the three enzymes. Diets were fed to triplicate tanks and two faecal sampling periods for digestibility measurements for each tank were scheduled. Each experiment comprised a 10-day digestibility trial succeeded by a water sampling period for measuring the dissolved nitrogen (N) output. Each experiment lasted 17–19 days in total.Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of protein, fat, ash, phosphorus and dry matter (DM) were derived from the three digestibility trials, along with calculations of the specific growth rate (SGR, %/d) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Nitrogen mass-balance and energy retention were evaluated for each dietary treatment group to elucidate on the utilization of digested nutrients and energy.Enzyme supplementation had only moderate effect on apparent nutrient digestibility in the sunflower and rapeseed experiments, while β-glucanase and protease improved the apparent digestibility of all dietary nutrients in the soybean experiment (P<0.05). The effect was more pronounced for lipid than for other nutrients. β-Glucanase had a positive effect on energy retention in the soybean experiment (P<0.05), while there were no effects on nitrogen retention or fish performance in any of the three experiments (P>0.05) during the short feeding periods. The study thus provides preliminary results on the potential of β-glucanase and protease to increase apparent nutrient digestibility of soybean meal in fish feed.     

异育银鲫幼鱼对饲料中缬氨酸需求量的研究

通过65d的生长实验, 探讨饲料中不同缬氨酸水平对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)幼鱼平均体重(3.17±0.01)g/尾生长性能、饲料利用和蛋白利用的影响, 确定异育银鲫对饲料中缬氨酸的需要量。实验设计由酪蛋白、明胶和晶体氨基酸为蛋白源的8种等氮(蛋白含量:38%)等能(总能:17.0 kJ/g)的半精制饲料, 其缬氨酸水平等梯度逐步升高(0.54、0.79、1.04、1.29、1.54、1.79、2.04、2.29%饲料干物质)。各实验饲料中缬氨酸的实测值分别为:0.66、0.85、1.07、1.22、1.46、1.70、1.86和2.12%饲料干物质。饲料中其他必需氨基酸含量参照异育银鲫肌肉氨基酸模式。每种饲料饲喂3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼,养殖于塑料方箱中(70 cm×55 cm×50 cm;水体容积:150 L), 养殖系统为室内流水系统(500 mL/min流速), 每天两次饱食连续投喂(9:00和16:00)。实验结果表明,饲料中适量的缬氨酸显著提高了异育银鲫的特定生长率、饲料转化效率和蛋白沉积率(P0.05), 但显著影响了血清谷氨酰胺的浓度(P0.05), 但不同的缬氨酸水平显著影响了鱼体灰分含量(P<0.05)。对各处理组异育银鲫特定生长率的结果进行二次回归分析, 结果表明满足异育银鲫最大生长的缬氨酸需求量为饲料干物质的1.72%, 即占饲料蛋白的4.53%。       

豆粕和土豆蛋白替代饲料中鱼粉对异育银鲫生长及能量收支的影响

利用全能量收支同步测定呼吸仪系统测定了三种不同蛋白源(鱼粉、豆粕、土豆蛋白)饲料对银鲫生长及能量收支各组分的影响。对照饲料全部以鱼粉为蛋白源,另两种饲料中30％的蛋白质分别来自豆粕和土豆蛋白。试验结果表明,银鲫对三种蛋白源的饲料的摄食率,食物转化效率均有显差异,以鱼粉组最高,豆粕其次,土豆蛋白最低。能量收支各组分也均有显差异,能量收支式如下：鱼粉88．1C=13．77F 2．95U 24．1G 41．8R 豆粕 102．3C=17．1F 2．8U 16．4G 55．4R土豆蛋白105．5C=14．9F 1．3U 14．4G 67．4R式中C、F、U、G、R分别代表摄食能、排粪能、排泄能、生长能、代谢能。     

Effects of dietary soybean meal on growth,nutritive efficiency and body composition of cultured tench (Tinca tinca)

The suitability of defatted soybean meal as a substitute for fishmeal was assessed in juvenile (25 g, average) tench, Tinca tinca, by feeding them diets containing 25 (S25), 37.5 (S37.5) and 50% (S50) soybean meal for 150 days. Soybean meal inclusion increased the relationship between essential and non‐essential amino acids. Fish were hand‐fed to apparent satiation; the feed intake ratio was not dependent upon the dietary soybean level. Survival was over 95% and unaffected by treatment. Growth was reduced at higher soybean meal levels. After 150 days, average weight for the fish fed soybean diets S25, S37.5 and S50 was 65.6, 59.2 and 51 g, respectively. Growth performance was evaluated on the basis of specific growth rate (SGR), final biomass, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed intake (FI). Maximum SGR (0.61–0.64) and final biomass (3022–3156 g) were recorded in tench fed diets containing 25 and 37.5% soybean meal. Nutritional parameters such as feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the soybean meal. Body composition was similar for tench fed the three different diets.     

Use of soybean flour (dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean) as a fish meal substitute in practical diets for African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822): growth, feed utilization and digestibility

Growth and digestibility trials were conducted using African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822): (1) to obtain apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) values for capelin fish meal, soybean flour and corn meal; (2) to formulate diets based on ADC values of the protein feedstuffs; and (3) to evaluate the effects of replacing 25%, 50% and 75% of fish meal in control diets with soybean flour on growth, feed utilization efficiency and carcass composition. Supplemental methionine was added to the diet formulation in which soybean flour replaced 75% of the diet. Diets were formulated (400 g digestible protein kg⁻¹ and 15 kJ digestible energy g⁻¹ dry diet) and fed to catfish fingerlings (13.1 ± 0.5 g) to apparent satiation twice daily for 70 days. The protein and energy digestibilities of fish meal and soybean flour were high (>90% and >80%, respectively; P < 0.05). At 75% fish meal replacement with soybean flour (without methionine supplementation), growth and feed utilization efficiency indicators were depressed compared with other diet treatments which had a similar (P > 0.05) growth and feed utilization efficiency to those fed the control diet. The carcass compositions of catfish in all diets were similar (P > 0.05) and the liver histology of catfish fed any of the diets showed no alterations. The results obtained indicate that 50% of fish meal protein in practical catfish diets can be replaced with soybean flour and that catfish can effectively utilize supplemental methionine, thereby allowing up to 75% of the dietary fish meal protein to be replaced by soybean flour.