蛋白质的染料亲和色谱分离纯化

介绍了三嗪染料配基亲和色谱(包括高效亲和色谱)分离纯化蛋白质的基本原理和方法,并介绍了染料亲和色谱固定相制备方法及应用的最新发展。     

亲和分离技术中亲和配基的研究进展

亲和分离技术在蛋白质的分离纯化过程中发挥着越来越重要的作用,开发合适的配基是亲和分离的关键。按生物大分子亲和配基、小分子亲和配基、金属亲和配基三大类对亲和配基的研究情况进行综述,重点介绍其发展现状、作用机理以及目前存在的主要问题,并对亲和配基未来发展进行展望,旨为将其更好地应用于实际生产。     

从七肽噬菌体展示库中筛选内毒素结合蛋白质配基

目的:研究从噬茵体展示库中筛选内毒素结合蛋白质配基,为其在内毒素致病作用机理及在内毒素血症防治研究中的应用奠定基础.方法:以内毒素为靶分子从随机七肽噬菌体展示库中筛选内毒素的高亲和力噬菌体配体,通过ELISA鉴定,DNA测序及相关软件分析.结果:所筛选的亲和力最高的噬菌体的ELISA检测值A405nm可达1.965通过比较亲和性噬菌体外源插入肽的DNA序列,认为FHENWPS肽段中包含有与内毒素分子发生亲和结合的一个共有序列.该序列展示肽的等电点为5.36,具有双嗜性,这有利于肽与LPS分子表面的位点相互作用从而产生亲和吸附.结论:运用亲和筛选方法从肽库中筛选内毒素结合蛋白质配基是可行的.     

电泳亲和色谱技术分离蛋白质*

亲和色谱利用亲和配体与目标组分间的特异性结合作用实现对目标组分的纯化,该分离方法分辨率高．在生物物质的分析和分离领域得到日益广泛的应用[1]。亲和色谱在分离过程每一步操作中,液相主体中的溶质分子必须经过一系列扩散过程才能进入到固定相颗粒孔内完成吸附或解吸等质量置换反应,被置换出的物质再由颗粒内扩散出固定相颗粒进入流动相。与质量置换反应过程相比,扩散过程由于速度较慢而常成为亲和色谱分离过程的速度控制步[2]。开发新型介质以强化扩散过程成为近年来色谱分离技术研究的热点,典型成果有灌注色谱介质(Perfllsion clnromatogr;tph>r)13,引。基于制备电泳技术方面的研究成果[5.6],我们提出将多通道流动电泳与亲和色谱相结合形成一种新型制备规模的生物分离技术即电泳亲和色谱技术,其基本思想是利用电场强化扩散过程以加速分离过程的进行。我们的前期工作已证明该方法的可行性[7]。本文以人血清清蛋白(Human seguigt albllmm．以下简称has)和Blue Sepharose 6 Fkt F10wⅢ介质(以下简称Blue介质)为例,通过实验系统地考察电流强度对电泳亲和吸附和电泳洗脱过程的影响,并用电泳亲和色谱的方法纯化has。     

以噬菌体作为配基的一种新型亲和材料的制备方法研究

目的:针对亲和层析材料制备困难的问题,本文拟研究以聚丙烯酰胺冷凝胶为基质,以噬菌体展示多肽为配基制备亲和材料方法的可行性.方法:以低温聚合制备的聚丙烯酰胺冷凝胶作为基质,将筛选噬菌体展示人肝脏cDNA文库获得的噬菌体作为配基,通过两种不同的化学键合方法键合于凝胶表面,制备亲和材料.通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析此亲和材料对药物分子是否具有亲和能力.结果:聚丙烯酰胺冷凝胶具有较大的孔径及良好的亲水性,适用于生物大分子如噬菌体的键合,键合特异噬菌体展示多肽的凝胶材料与键合未筛选噬菌体文库的亲和材料比较,对药物分子具有明显的高亲和力.结论:以展示特异多肽的噬菌体为亲和配基,以聚丙烯酰胺冷凝胶为基质,通过化学键和方法制备亲和材料是具有可行性的,此种亲和材料在生物分子纯化特别是药物分析纯化、蛋白质分离纯化以及细胞分离分析等方面将具有一定的应用前景.     

骨髓间充质干细胞亲和肽MMP底物肽复合物的构建及其作为小分子药物载体的初步研究

为了探讨骨髓间充质干细胞亲和肽与基质金属蛋白酶（matrixmetalloproteinase,MMP）底物肽复合后作为小分子药物载体的可行性,采用噬茵体肽库技术,用分离培养的大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（mousemesenchymalstemcells,MSCs）筛选噬菌体环七肽库,获得MSCs高亲和性多肽．合成FrrC（Frrc—CSTNPKVLC,FITC．P1）和生物素（Biotin—CSTNPKVLC,Bio-PI）标记的亲和肽,流式细胞术和ELISA方法检测其与MSCs的亲和性;将DAPI标记的MSC-Bio-P1复合物植入裸鼠肿瘤组织周围,检测复合物在体内的稳定性．将亲和肽与基质金属蛋白酶（matrixmetalloproteinases,MMPs）特异性底物肽（GPLGIAGQ）连接,合成FITC标记的亲和肽．底物肽复合物（FITC-Ahx-CSTNPKVLCGPLGIAGQ,FITC—P1-P2）,通过流式细胞术检测其对MSCs的亲和性,毛细管电泳方法检测MMP对FITC-P1-P2的酶切效果．结果表明,通过噬菌体肽库筛选获得的MSCs亲和肽,在体内外对MSCs均具有良好的亲和性和稳定性;亲和肽与底物肽的复合物（FTTC—P1-P2）对MSCs仍有较好的亲和性,并且能够被MMPs酶切．以上研究表明,MSCs亲和肽．MMP底物肽复合物（CSTNPKVLCGPLGIAGQ,P1-P2）可以作为MSCs与小分子药物相连的连接子,从而对MSCs作为小分子药物（如化学药物）载体的可行性提供了实验依据．     

利用15肽随机肽库确定抗TNF单抗表位的研究

利用抗ＴＮＦ的Ｔ５单抗作为筛选配基,对经ＤＮＡ碱基组成分析证明具有良好随机性的１５肽库进行亲和筛选．经过三轮筛选后,以硝酸纤维素膜斑点印迹法观察到良好的富集效果．由第三轮挑选出的３１个克隆进行ＤＮＡ测序,结果推出的优势克隆的短肽为ＣＹＲＲＰＡＧＧＬＰＧＩＣＳＡ等,竞争性ＥＬＩＳＡ实验证明带有以上短肽的噬菌体与ＴＮＦ能竞争性地与Ｔ５单抗结合．该多肽可能是Ｔ５单抗所识别的模拟表位     

辅酶Ⅱ-亲和胶的制备和应用

亲和层析是一种特异性较高的分离纯化方法,目前已广泛应用于多种生物物质的分离纯化。NADP是生物体内许多酶的辅酶,是一种很好的亲和配基。因此,将NADP结合到不溶性介质上,可得到一种分离纯化有关酶及蛋白质的亲和胶。本文介绍NADPSepharose 4B胶的合成方法及其应用。     

纯化小麦α-淀粉酶的亲和层析法

纯化α-淀粉酶有多种方法。Mac Gregor等以及Kruger和Tkachuk分别应用羧甲基纤锥素离子交换层析与丙酮分部、糖元沉淀和离子交换层析,各自从大麦及春小麦分离了α-淀粉酶。Tkachuk又发展了以α-环化糊精为配基的α-淀粉酶分离纯化的亲和层析法。由于亲和层析法简便、快速、高效,因而获得了广泛的应用。我们以β-环化糊精(β-Cyclodextrin)为配基,分离纯化了小麦α-淀粉酶。现介绍如下。     

两种富集方法相结合对蓖麻毒素进行SELEX筛选研究

为了获得能特异识别具有细胞毒性的蓖麻毒素蛋白寡核苷酸适配子,体外构建了含40个随机序列全长87nt的随机ssDNA文库,采用指数富集配基的系统进化(SELEX)技术方法,结合微孔板和亲和树脂两种分离、富集方法,经过数轮筛选,文库与蓖麻毒素的结合率达到了38．5％。结果表明,以亲和树脂为分离介质进行筛选,富集效果非常明显。     

Antisense peptide recognition of sense peptides: sequence simplification and evaluation of forces underlying the interaction

Structural principles were studied which underlie the recognition of sense peptides (sense DNA encoded) by synthetic peptides encoded in the corresponding antisense strand of DNA. The direct-readout antisense peptides corresponding to ribonuclease S-peptide bind to an affinity matrix containing immobilized S-peptide with significant selectivity and with dissociation constants in the range of 10(-6) M as judged by analytical affinity chromatography. Synthetic, sequence-modified forms of antisense peptides also exhibit substantial binding affinity, including a "scrambled" peptide in which the order of residue positions is changed while the overall residue composition is retained. The antisense mutants, as the original antisense peptides, bind at saturation with greater than 1:1 stoichiometry to immobilized S-peptide. The data suggest significant sequence degeneracy in the interaction of antisense with sense peptide. In contrast, selectivity was confirmed by the inability of several control peptides to bind to immobilized S-peptide. The idea was tested that the hydropathic pattern of the amino acid sequence serves to induce antisense peptide recognition. A hydropathically sequence-simplified mutant of antisense peptide was made in which all strongly hydrophilic (charged) residues were replaced by Lys, all strongly hydrophobic residues by Leu, and all weakly hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues by Ala, except Gly which was unchanged. This "KLAG" mutant also binds to immobilized S-peptide, with an affinity only an order of magnitude less than that with the original antisense peptide and with multiple stoichiometry. Mutants of the KLAG model, in which the hydropathic pattern was changed substantially, exhibited a lower binding affinity for S-peptide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Recognition properties of antisense peptides to Arg8-vasopressin/bovine neurophysin II biosynthetic precursor sequences

We studied the interaction properties of synthetic antisense (AS) peptides encoded in the antisense strand of DNA corresponding to the N-terminal 20-residue sequence of the biosynthetic precursor of Arg8-vasopressin (AVP) and its binding protein bovine neurophysin II (BNPII). Binding affinities of sense polypeptides AVP and BNPII with AS peptides were measured by analytical affinity chromatography, in each case by the extent of chromatographic retardation of a soluble polypeptide interactor on an affinity matrix containing the other interactor as the immobilized species. Chromatographically calculated dissociation constants ranged from 10(-3) to 10(-6) M. Experiments were carried out to define the selectivity and underlying forces involved in the AS peptide interactions. For AS peptide elutions on sense peptide affinity supports, reduced binding affinity with increasing 1-propanol concentration and ionic strength suggested the presence of both ionic and hydrophobic contributions to AS peptide/immobilized sense peptide recognition. This same conclusion was reached with the antisense peptides as the immobilized species and measurement of elution of sequence-simplified, truncated, and charge-depleted forms of sense peptides. Immobilized AS 20-mer affinity matrix differentially retarded AVP versus oxytocin (OT) and BNPII versus BNPI (the neurophysin related biosynthetically to OT) and was used to separate these polypeptides from acid extracts of bovine posterior pituitaries. In addition, immobilized AS 12-mer corresponding to AVP-Gly-Lys-Arg could be used to separate AVP from OT. The results confirm that antisense peptides recognize sense peptides with significant selectivity in the AVP/BNPII precursor case.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

靶向基质金属蛋白酶14类血红素结构域特异活性位点的确定及反义肽虚拟筛选

目的:确定基质金属蛋白酶14(MMP-14)类血红素结构域(HPX14)特异活性位点,虚拟筛选获得能与HPX14特异结合的短肽。方法:用metaPocket预测HPX14的活性口袋,多序列比对分析活性口袋的氨基酸残基特异性;基于M-I和R-B理论设计以特异活性位点为正义肽的反义肽库,并进行虚拟筛研究及结合特异性确定。结果:生物信息学分析确定了KGRGLTD为HPX14的特异活性位点,并构建了其1036条反义肽;通过2轮虚拟筛选,获得10条得分居前的与HPX14结合较好的反义肽,它们与HPX14具有较高的亲和力,并可能影响MMP-14同源二聚体的形成和MMP-14活性的抑制;VSETAPF、IGEPPPF是对接打分最好的2条短肽,与HPX14的结合具有特异性。结论:KGRGLTD是HPX14的特异活性位点,虚拟筛选得到的VSETAPF、IGEPPPF等反义肽与HPX14具有较高的亲和力,这为基于MMP-14的HPX结构域的靶向小分子多肽先导药物的发现提供了重要的前期工作基础与新思路。     

Making sense from antisense: a review of experimental data and developing ideas on sense--antisense peptide recognition.

Peptides encoded in the antisense strand of DNA have been predicted and found experimentally to bind to sense peptides and proteins with significant selectivity and affinity. Such sense--antisense peptide recognition has been observed in many systems, most often by detecting binding between immobilized and soluble interaction partners. Data obtained so far on sequence and solvent dependence of interaction support a hydrophobic-hydrophilic (amphipathic) model of peptide recognition. Nonetheless, the mechanistic understanding of this type of molecular recognition remains incomplete. Improving this understanding likely will require expanding the types of characteristics measured for sense--antisense peptide complexes and hence the types of analytical methods applied to such interactions. Understanding the mechanism of sense--antisense peptide recognition also may provide insights into mechanisms of native (sense) peptide and protein interactions and protein folding. Such insight may be helpful to learn how to design macromolecular recognition agents in technology for separation, diagnostics and therapeutics.     

Applications of affinity chromatography in proteomics

Affinity chromatography is a powerful protein separation method that is based on the specific interaction between immobilized ligands and target proteins. Peptides can also be separated effectively by affinity chromatography through the use of peptide-specific ligands. Both two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE)- and non-2-DE-based proteomic approaches benefit from the application of affinity chromatography. Before protein separation by 2-DE, affinity separation is used primarily for preconcentration and pretreatment of samples. Those applications entail the removal of one protein or a class of proteins that might interfere with 2-DE resolution, the concentration of low-abundance proteins to enable them to be visualized in the gel, and the classification of total protein into two or more groups for further separation by gel electrophoresis. Non-2-DE-based approaches have extensively employed affinity chromatography to reduce the complexity of protein and peptide mixtures. Prior to mass spectrometry (MS), preconcentration and capture of specific proteins or peptides to enhance sensitivity can be accomplished by using affinity adsorption. Affinity purification of protein complexes followed by identification of proteins by MS serves as a powerful tool for generating a map of protein-protein interactions and cellular locations of complexes. Affinity chromatography of peptide mixtures, coupled with mass spectrometry, provides a tool for the study of protein posttranslational modification (PTM) sites and quantitative proteomics. Quantitation of proteomes is possible via the use of isotope-coded affinity tags and isolation of proteolytic peptides by affinity chromatography. An emerging area of proteomics technology development is miniaturization. Affinity chromatography is becoming more widely used for exploring PTM and protein-protein interactions, especially with a view toward developing new general tag systems and strategies of chemical derivatization on peptides for affinity selection. More applications of affinity-based purification can be expected, including increasing the resolution in 2-DE, improving the sensitivity of MS quantification, and incorporating purification as part of multidimensional liquid chromatography experiments.     

On antisense peptides: the parathyroid hormone as an experimental example and a critical theoretical view

We followed an approach which predicts that translation of two complementary RNA strands into protein generates pairs of "antisense" peptides which bind each other with specific and high affinity (Bost et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1985) 82, 1372). We used human parathormone as an experimental example, and we analysed by computer homologies between antisense peptide sequences and their published receptor sequences. We conclude that there is no experimental indication that parathormone binds to a synthetic peptide, the sequence of which was derived from the antisense RNA sequence. Based on homology scores and antigenicity indexes (Hopp) the analysis shows that the peptide ligand itself, or a random artificial peptide, are as good candidates as the antisense peptide in producing antibodies, presumably recognizing the receptor. We therefore question the general applicability of this approach.     

Arginine-rich peptide conjugation to morpholino oligomers: effects on antisense activity and specificity

Noncharged antisense compounds, such as phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs), do not readily enter mammalian cells in culture. A simple and effective means for cellular delivery of PMOs is through their conjugation to arginine-rich peptides. Understanding the effect of peptide conjugation on the efficacy, toxicity, and specificity of PMOs is important to the successful application of this antisense delivery method. We investigated the effects of conjugation of arginine-rich peptides to PMO on the thermal stability, efficacy and specificity for targeted RNA of the resulting compound. In vitro translation assays showed that (1) R9F2-PMO generated antisense activity 3-25-fold higher than corresponding nonconjugated PMO, (2) the level of antisense activity enhancement by R9F2-PMO over a corresponding nonconjugated PMO is related to the GC content of the PMO sequence, (3) R9F2 conjugation reduced the minimum length of a PMO required to inactivate a target RNA from 20 bases to 14 bases, and (4) nonspecific effects of R9F2-PMO occur at lower concentrations than corresponding PMO alone. Thermal stability of heteroduplexes of PMO and complementary RNA were increased by conjugation of PMO to R9F2 peptide, likely accounting for the increased specific antisense activity of conjugated over nonconjugated PMO. A cell-culture based assay demonstrated that while conjugation to unnatural peptides increased PMO efficacy without causing nonspecificity at concentrations < or = 10 microM, only L-peptide conjugation retained high specificity at higher concentrations. This study demonstrates that conjugation of PMO to an arginine-rich peptide generally increases the binding affinity of the PMO to complementary RNA and increases its antisense potency. Additionally, it is shown that the enzymatic stability of an L- or unnatural peptide used for PMO conjugation affects the antisense properties of the resulting compound.     

Interactions of antisense peptides with ovine prolactin

Two antisense peptides were synthesized to a sense peptide corresponding to amino acid residues 23-35 of ovine prolactin. Both of the antisense peptides formed a saturable complex with the sense peptide and ovine prolactin. The sense peptide inhibited the interaction of ovine prolactin with the antisense peptides. Both of the antisense peptides have a common core sequence VMNV which can bind to ovine prolactin. The lactogenic hormones, rat prolactin and human growth hormone, compete with the binding of ovine prolactin to an antisense peptide whereas a nonlactogen, ovine growth hormone, does not compete indicating a degree of specificity in the interaction.     

Hydroxyapatite affinity chromatography for the highly selective enrichment of mono‐ and multi‐phosphorylated peptides in phosphoproteome analysis

The most challenging analytical task facing phosphoproteome determination requires the isolation of phosphorylated peptides from the myriad of unphosphorylated species. In the past, several strategies for phosphopeptide isolation have been proposed in combination with subsequent mass spectrometric investigations. Among these techniques, immobilized metal affinity chromatography and titanium dioxide have been recognized as the most effective. Here, we present an alternative method for the enrichment of phosphopeptides based on hydroxyapatite (HAP) chromatography. By taking advantage of the strong interaction of HAP with phosphate and calcium ions, we developed an efficient method for the selective separation and fractionation of phosphorylated peptides. The effectiveness and efficiency of recovery for this procedure was assayed using tryptic digests of standard phosphorylated protein mixtures. Based on the higher affinity of multi‐phosphorylated peptides for HAP surfaces, the introduction of a phosphate buffer gradient for stepwise peptide elution resulted in the separation of mono‐, di‐, tri‐, and multi‐phosphorylated peptides. Thus, we demonstrated that this technique is highly selective and independent of the degree of peptide phosphorylation.     

人过敏毒素C5a反义cDNA的克隆、表达和拮抗作用

采用引物二聚体配对搭桥法成功扩增了人过敏毒素C5a全长的反义cNDA ,将扩增的反义cNDA克隆到原核表达载体pPROEXTM HTc上 ,与 6×His头形成融合基因 ,转化E .coliDH5α ,30℃下经IPTG诱导 ,该融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中以可溶性形式表达 ,表达量达 10 % ;利用金属螯合亲和层析一步法纯化 ,得到纯度 80 %的融合蛋白 ;烟草蚀刻病毒蛋白酶酶切超滤浓缩后 ,得到高浓度高纯度人过敏毒素C5a反义肽 ,经N端蛋白测序鉴定 ,其氨基酸序列正确 .髓过氧化物酶 (myeloperoxi dase ,MPO)为单核细胞PMN所特有 ,其活性可以间接反映C5a趋化白细胞的能力 ,C5a刺激血管内皮细胞表达胞间粘附分子 (ICAM 1)、血管间粘附分子 (PCAM 1)等 ,后者能增加对PMN的粘附 ,检测MPO活性可间接反映出C5a的功能 .还观察了纯化的C5a反义肽对C5a刺激内皮细胞胞浆[Ca2 + ]浓度变化的影响 .高浓度高纯度的C5a反义肽对C5a过敏毒素存在拮抗作用 ,说明反义肽在补体系统C5a分子中是存在的 .这为深入研究C5a反义肽的结构与功能关系提供了物质保证