常染色体显性遗传小眼球病与12个微卫星多态标志的初步连锁分析

本文报道了一个常染色体显性遗传小眼球的大家系,初步排除了此家系致病基因在目前已知位点(CHX10、MITF、RX、MCOP、NNO1、NNO2)的可能,并探讨了与11号染色体上的微卫星DNA标志的连锁关系。采用聚合酶链(PCR)扩增微卫星DNA片段,扩增产物进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,用银染显示结果;用MLINK连锁分析软件计算LOD值。结果显示,本家系小眼球致病基因与6个已知位点及11号染色体上的微卫星DNA标志之间不存在连锁,提示此家系的致病位点目前尚未被定位。     

常染色体显性遗传小眼球病与12个微卫星多态标志的初步连锁分析

本文报道了一个常染色体显性遗传小眼球的大家系,初步排除了此家系致病基因在目前已知位点(CHXl0、MITF、RX、MCOP、NN01、NN02)的可能,并探讨了与11号染色体上的微卫星DNA标志的连锁关系。采用聚合酶链(PCR)扩增微卫星DNA片段,扩增产物进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,用银染显示结果;用MLINK连锁分析软件计算LOD值。结果显示,本家系小眼球致病基因与6个已知位点及ll号染色体上的微卫星DNA标志之间不存在连锁,提示此家系的致病位点目前尚未被定位。     

4个遗传性多发性外生性骨疣病家系的基因定位

运用分别定位于人８号、１１号和１９号染色体上的８个二核苷酸（ＣＡ）ｎ重复多态位点,用连锁分析的方法对１１个遗传性多发性外生性骨疣病（ＥＸＴ）家系进行了基因定位分析。结果提示,其中４个家系致病基因位于１１号染色体近着丝粒区域。     

先天性骨-肾畸形综合征小鼠(KM-ld)致病基因1d的染色体定位

对KM－1d小鼠的致病基因ld进行染色体定位。采用异构蛋白及同功酶电泳技术和体外扩增技术对同源导入近交系小鼠C57BL／6·KM－1d20对染色体上的14个生化标记基因位点和61个SSLP位点进行筛选,发现ld基因与2号染色体上的D2Mit30、D2Mit62和D2Mit633个SSLP位点连锁,从而把ld基因初步定位于2号染色体。为进一步对ld基因准确定位,培育了86只（C57BL／6×KM－ld）F1×KM－ld回交后代小鼠用于连锁分析。体外扩增所有回交后代的D2Mit13、D2Mit30、D2Mit62和D2Mit634个SSLP位点,结合表型,分析与ld基因的连锁关系,通过计算遗传距离,将ld基因具体定位于2号染色体上76cM处,距D2Mit30、D2Mit62和D2Mit6325．58cM,距D2Mit1331．39cM。     

一个非综合征性耳聋家系致病基因的研究

非综合征性耳聋(nonsyndromic hearing impairment, NSHI)是一种十分常见的人类神经系统疾病, 约有1/1000的新生儿患有语前聋。GJB2基因编码间隙连接蛋白Cx26, 是最常见的NSHI致病基因, 大约50%的常染色体隐性遗传NSHI是由GJB2基因突变引起的。在本研究中, 收集了江苏省一个复杂的非综合征性耳聋家系, 并对其进行了分子遗传学研究。对所有已知常染色体隐性遗传的NSHI致病基因, 选用其侧翼的微卫星标记进行连锁分析, 发现该家系的致病基因与D13S175连锁。对GJB2基因进行整个编码区域的测序, 发现235碱基处发生了碱基C的纯合缺失, 这一突变可能是该家系中绝大多数患者致病的遗传基础。     

播散性浅表性光线性汗孔角化症DSAP1位点的精细定位和候选基因的突变检测

播散性浅表性光线性汗孔角化症(DSAP)是一种以多个浅表的角化性皮损,边缘轻微嵴状角化性隆起为特征的少见的慢性角化性皮肤病,呈常染色体显性遗传。以往的研究将该病基因定位于12q23．2—24．1区域(DSAP1)和15q25．1-26．1区域(DSAP2)。本研究对2个无关的六代DSAP家系进行了全基因组扫描和连锁分析,结果显示,这2个DSAP家系在D12窝4位点的最高累积LOD值为8．28(θ=0．00)。单倍型分析结果显示,这2个DSAP家系致病基因位于12q24．1-q24．2(D12S330和D12S354)之间8．0cM的区域内。该区域与DSAP1的致病区域部分重叠。对重叠区域内6个候选基因(CRY1,PWP1,ASCL4,PRDM4,KIAA0789和CMKLR1)的编码区进行序列分析,在DSAP病人中未发现突变位点。提示该6个候选基因可能与这2个DSAP家系的发病机理无关。     

常染色体显性遗传非综合征性耳聋致病基因定位研究

耳聋具有高度的遗传异质性, 迄今已定位了51个常染色体显性遗传非综合征型耳聋(autosomal dominant non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss, DFNA)基因位点, 20个DFNA相关基因被克隆。文章收集了一个DFNA巨大家系, 家系中有血缘关系的家族成员共170人, 对73名家族成员进行了详细的病史调查、全身检查和耳科学检查, 提示39人有不同程度的迟发性感音神经性听力下降, 未见前庭及其他系统的异常。应用ABI公司382个常染色体微卫星多态标记进行全基因组扫描连锁分析, 将该家系致聋基因定位于14q12-13处D14S1021-D14S70之间约7.6 cM (3.18 Mb)的区域, 最大LOD值为6.69 (D14S1040), 与已知DFNA9位点有4.7 cM (2.57 Mb)的重叠区, DFNA9致病基因COCH位于重叠区域内。下一步拟进行COCH基因的突变筛查, 以揭示该家系耳聋的分子致病机制。     

常染色体显性遗传非综合征型耳聋致病基因定位研究

耳聋具有高度的遗传异质性, 迄今已定位了51个常染色体显性遗传非综合征型耳聋(autosomal dominant non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss, DFNA)基因位点, 20个DFNA相关基因被克隆.文章收集了一个DFNA巨大家系, 家系中有血缘关系的家族成员共170人, 对73名家族成员进行了详细的病史调查、全身检查和耳科学检查, 提示39人有不同程度的迟发性感音神经性听力下降, 未见前庭及其他系统的异常.应用ABI公司382个常染色体微卫星多态标记进行全基因组扫描连锁分析, 将该家系致聋基因定位于14q12-13处D14S1021-D14S70之间约7.6 cM (3.18 Mb)的区域, 最大LOD值为6.69 (D14S1040), 与已知DFNA9位点有4.7 cM (2.57 Mb)的重叠区, DFNA9致病基因COCH位于重叠区域内.下一步拟进行COCH基因的突变筛查, 以揭示该家系耳聋的分子致病机制.     

一个先天性眼球震颤家系致病基因的初步定位

为确定一个X染色体显性遗传先天性眼球震颤家系的致病基因与X染色体的连锁关系, 选用X染色体上的DXS1214、DXS1068、DXS993、DXS8035、DXS1047、DXS8033、DXS1192和DXS1232共8个微卫星DNA标记对该家系进行基因扫描与基因分型,并利用LINKAGE等软件包对基因分型结果进行分析,探讨该家系致病基因与X染色体的连锁关系。 两点连锁分析时X染色体短臂4个基因座最大LOD值均小于-1,不支持与该家系致病基因连锁; X染色体长臂4个基因座中最大LOD值达到2,提示存在较大的连锁可能性。该家系的致病基因可初步定位于X染色体长臂,且提示Xq26-Xq28区间附近可能是先天性眼球震颤一个共同的致病基因座,但区间范围仍较大,仍须进一步选择合适的微卫星标记进行精确的定位以缩小候选基因的筛查范围。Abstract： To investigate the relationship between X chromosome and obligatory gene of a pedigree with congenital nystagmus,we used the following markers: DXS1214、DXS1068、DXS993、DXS8035、DXS1047、DXS8033、DXS1192 and DXS1232.Genome screening and genotyping were conducted in this pedigree of congenital nystagmus, and linkage analysis by LINKAGE package was used to determine the potential location. The linkage was not found on the Xp ( All LOD score <-1) but on Xq (the maximum LOD score=2). The related gene of this pedigree was located on the long arm of X chromosome. We demonstrate that Xq26-Xq28 is a common locus for CMN. It bring us closer to the identification of a gene responsible for X-linked CMN.     

先天性骨—肾畸形综合征小鼠（KM—1d）致病基因ld的染色体定位

对ＫＭ－１ｄ小鼠的致病基因ｌｄ进行染色体定位,采用异构蛋白及同功酶电泳技术和体外扩增技术对同源导入近交系小鼠Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６．ＫＭ－ｌｄ２０对染色上的１４个笔化标记基因位点和６１个ＳＳＬＰ位点进行筛选,发现ｌｄ基因与２号染色体上的Ｄ２Ｍｉｔ３０、Ｄ２Ｍｉｔ６２和Ｄ２ｉｔ６３３个ＳＳＬＰ位点连锁,从而把ｌｄ基因初步定位于２号染色体,为进一步对ｌｄ基因准确定位,培育了８６只（Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６＊ＫＭ－１在＊     

综合分离分析的微机程序设计及其应用

基于单基因遗传模型,我们在IBM PC/XT微型计算机上,用BASIC语言设计了综合分离分析程序。并应用该计算机程序分析了133个用家族法和家族史法调查的寻常性鱼鳞癣核心家系,98个仅用家族法调查的寻常性鱼鳞癣核心家系和101个原因不明的父母表型正常的感音神经性耳聋核心家系。结果表明,该计算机程序可用于遗传方式分析和遗传咨询。     

Identification, by homozygosity mapping, of a novel locus for autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis on chromosome 17p, and evidence for further genetic heterogeneity

Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) comprises a group of severe disorders of keratinization, characterized by variable erythema and skin scaling. It is known for its high degree of genetic and clinical heterogeneity. Mutations in the gene for keratinocyte transglutaminase (TGM1) on chromosome 14q11 were shown in patients with ARCI, and a second locus was described, on chromosome 2q, in families from northern Africa. Three other loci for ARCI, on chromosomes 3p and 19p, were identified recently. We have embarked on a whole-genome scan for further loci for ARCI in four families from Germany, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates. A novel ARCI locus was identified on chromosome 17p, between the markers at D17S938 and D17S1856, with a maximum LOD score of 3.38, at maximum recombination fraction 0.00, at D17S945, under heterogeneity. This locus is linked to the disease in the Turkish family and in the German family. Extensive genealogical studies revealed that the parents of the German patients with ARCI were eighth cousins. By homozygosity mapping, the localization of the gene could then be refined to the 8.4-cM interval between D17S938 and D17S1879. It could be shown, however, that ARCI in the two Arab families is linked neither to the new locus on chromosome 17p nor to one of the five loci known previously. Our findings give evidence of further genetic heterogeneity that is not linked to distinctive phenotypes.     

Linkage analysis in X-linked ichthyosis (steroid sulfatase deficiency)

Summary Linkage analysis has been carried out in nine unrelated families segregating for X-linked ichthyosis (steroid sulfatase deficiency) using seven polymorphic DNA markers from the distal Xp. Close linkage was found between the disease locus and the loci DXS16, DXS89, and DXS143. In all families except one, Southern hybridization with the human steroid sulfatase cDNA and GMGX9 probes showed a deletion of corresponding loci in affected males. Three patients belonging to the same family had no evident deletion with either of the two above-mentioned probes. None of the other six DNA loci included in the linkage analysis were found to be deleted.     

Distinguishing Ichthyoses by Protein Profiling

To explore the usefulness of protein profiling for characterization of ichthyoses, we here determined the profile of human epidermal stratum corneum by shotgun proteomics. Samples were analyzed after collection on tape circles from six anatomic sites (forearm, palm, lower leg, forehead, abdomen, upper back), demonstrating site-specific differences in profiles. Additional samples were collected from the forearms of subjects with ichthyosis vulgaris (filaggrin (FLG) deficiency), recessive X-linked ichthyosis (steroid sulfatase (STS) deficiency) and autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis type lamellar ichthyosis (transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) deficiency). The ichthyosis protein expression patterns were readily distinguishable from each other and from phenotypically normal epidermis. In general, the degree of departure from normal was lower from ichthyosis vulgaris than from lamellar ichthyosis, parallel to the severity of the phenotype. Analysis of samples from families with ichthyosis vulgaris and concomitant modifying gene mutations (STS deficiency, GJB2 deficiency) permitted correlation of alterations in protein profile with more complex genetic constellations.     

Genotype/phenotype correlation in autosomal recessive lamellar ichthyosis.

Autosomal recessive lamellar ichthyosis is a severe congenital disorder of keratinization, characterized by variable erythema of the whole body surface and by different scaling patterns. Recently, mutations have been identified in patients with lamellar ichthyosis in the TGM1 gene coding for keratinocyte transglutaminase, and a second locus has been mapped to chromosome 2. We have now analyzed the genotype/phenotype correlation in a total of 14 families with lamellar ichthyosis. Linkage analyses using microsatellites in the region of the TGM1 gene confirmed genetic heterogeneity. In patients not linked to the TGM1 gene, the second region identified on chromosome 2 and a further candidate region on chromosome 20 were excluded, confirming as well the existence of at least three loci for lamellar ichthyosis. Sequence analyses of the TGM1 gene in families compatible with linkage to this locus revealed seven different missense mutations, five of these unpublished so far, and one splice mutation. No genotype/phenotype correlation for mutations in the TGM1 gene was found in this group of patients, which included two unrelated patients homozygous for the same mutation. Similarly, no clear difference in the clinical picture was seen between patients with TGM1 mutations and those unlinked to the TGM1 locus. Comparison of genetic and clinical classifications for patients with lamellar ichthyosis shows no consistency and thus indicates that clinical criteria currently in use cannot discriminate between the molecularly different forms of the disease.     

Two new loci for autosomal recessive ichthyosis on chromosomes 3p21 and 19p12-q12 and evidence for further genetic heterogeneity

Autosomal recessive ichthyosis (ARI) includes a heterogeneous group of disorders of keratinization characterized by desquamation over the whole body. Two forms largely limited to the skin have been defined: lamellar ichthyosis (LI) and nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (NCIE). A first gene for LI, transglutaminase TGM1, has been identified on chromosome 14, and a second one has been localized on chromosome 2. In a genomewide scan of nine large consanguineous families, using homozygosity mapping, two new loci for ARI were found, one for a lamellar form in a 6-cM interval on chromosome 19 and a second for an erythrodermic form in a 7.7-cM interval on chromosome 3. Linkage to one of the four loci could be demonstrated in more than half of 51 consanguineous families, most of them from the Mediterranean basin. All four loci could be excluded in the others, implying further genetic heterogeneity in this disorder. Multipoint linkage analysis gave maximal LOD scores of 11.25 at locus D19S566 and 8.53 at locus D3S3564.     

A multipoint linkage map of the distal short arm of the human X chromosome.

The distal portion of the short arm of the human X chromosome (Xp) exhibits many unique and interesting features. Distal Xp contains the pseudoautosomal region, a number of disease loci, and several cell-surface markers. Several genes in this area have also been observed to escape X-chromosomal inactivation. The characterization of new polymorphic loci in this region has permitted the construction of a refined multipoint linkage map extending 15 cM from the Xp telomere. This interval is known to contain the loci for the diseases X-linked ichthyosis, chondrodysplasia punctata, and Kallmann syndrome, as well as the cell-surface markers Xg and 12E7. This region also contains the junction between the pseudoautosomal region and strictly X-linked sequences. The locus MIC2 has been demonstrated by linkage analysis to be indistinguishable from the pseudoautosomal junction. The steroid sulfatase locus has been mapped to an interval adjacent to the DXS278 locus and 6 cM from the pseudoautosomal junction. The polymorphic locus (STS) DXS278 was shown to be informative in all families studied, and linkage analysis reveals that the locus represents a low-copy repeat with at least one copy distal to the STS gene. The generation of a multipoint linkage map of distal Xp will be useful in the genetic dissection of many of the unique features of this region.     

The achondroplasia gene is not linked to the locus for neurofibromatosis 1 on chromosome 17

Summary We have investigated genetic linkage of von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1) and achondroplasia (ACH) using chromosome-17 markers that are known to be linked to NF1. Physical proximity of the two loci was suggested by the report of a patient with mental retardation and the de novo occurrence of both NF1 and ACH. Since the chance of de novo occurrence of these two disorders in one individual is 1 in 600 million, this suggested a chromosomal deletion as a single unifying molecular event and also that the ACH and NF1 loci might be physically close. To test this, we performed linkage analysis on a three-generation family with ACH. We used seven DNA probes that are tightly linked to the NF1 locus, including DNA sequences that are known to flank the NF1 locus on the centromeric and telomeric side. We detected two recombinants between the ACH trait and markers flanking the NF1 locus. In one recombinant, the flanking markers themselves were nonrecombinant. Multi-point linkage analysis excluded the ACH locus from a region surrounding the NF1 locus that spans more than 15cM (lod score < -2). Therefore, analysis of this ACH pedigree suggests that the ACH locus is not linked to the NF1 locus on chromosome 17.     

Expression of filaggrin-2 protein in the epidermis of human skin diseases: A comparative analysis with filaggrin

Filaggrin-2 is a member of the S100 fused-type protein family, and the structural features and expression of filaggrin-2 are similar to those of profilaggrin, a protein essential for keratinization. In the present study, we investigated the expression profile of filaggrin-2 in patients with skin diseases using antibodies against the repetitive region of filaggrin-2. In tissue samples from patients with skin diseases which are associated with a decrease in filaggrin, including ichthyosis vulgaris, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris, the expression level of filaggrin-2 was markedly decreased compared to that in normal skin samples. In contrast, the expression of filaggrin-2 increased in parallel with that of filaggrin in samples of tissue from patients with skin diseases associated with hyperkeratosis, such as lichen planus and epidermolytic ichthyosis. Interestingly, filaggrin-2 signals were observed in slightly higher layers of the epidermis in comparison to those of filaggrin. Similarly, the expression of filaggrin-2 proteins was induced slightly later than filaggrin in the cultured keratinocytes. These findings suggest that filaggrin-2 may play an overlapping role with filaggrin in epithelial cornification; however, it may also have a partially distinct role in the molecular processes of cornification.     

A new locus for autosomal dominant "pure" hereditary spastic paraplegia mapping to chromosome 12q13, and evidence for further genetic heterogeneity.

Autosomal dominant pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (ADPHSP) is clinically characterized by slowly progressive lower-limb spasticity. The condition is genetically heterogeneous, and loci have been mapped at chromosomes 2p, 8q, 14q, and 15q. We have performed a genomewide linkage screen on a large family with ADPHSP, in which linkage to all four previously known loci was excluded. Analysis of markers on chromosome 12q gave a peak pairwise LOD score of 3.61 at D12S1691, allowing us to assign a new locus for ADPHSP (a locus that we have designated "SPG10") to this region. Haplotype construction and analysis of recombination events narrowed the SPG10 locus to a 9.2-cM region between markers D12S368 and D12S83. In addition, our data strongly suggest that there are at least six ADPHSP loci, since we describe a further family in which linkage to all five known ADPHSP loci has been excluded.