中药非药用部位栽培灵芝的活性成分及药效变化

【目的】以丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.)、菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)、桔梗(Ptatycodongrandiflorum A.DC.)3种中药材的非药用部位作为灵芝袋料栽培的原料,研究灵芝子实体活性成分及药效变化。【方法】试验比较测定了非药用部位配方组与常规组(常规组作为实验对照组,配方由玉米芯、棉籽壳等常规基质组成)的灵芝农艺性状,子实体多糖和三萜含量,并对各组灵芝进行了小鼠急性毒性试验及药效试验。【结果】结果表明,非药用部位栽培灵芝生物转化率接近或者高于常规组,生长周期有所延长;活性成分上,除了丹参组(SM.G)的三萜含量有所降低外,其余各组的活性成分较常规配方组(OF.G)均有提高,菊花组(CM.G)灵芝的多糖和三萜含量最高,分别为2.47%和0.79%。最大耐受量试验表明,非药用部位栽培的灵芝子实体的小鼠最大耐受量均为100 g/kg。溶血素试验和促睡眠试验中菊花组效果优于常规组灵芝;抗疲劳上,只有常规组灵芝表现出一定的抗疲劳功效,而非药用部位栽培的灵芝没有该药效。【结论】中药材非药用部位栽培灵芝是可行的,且子实体活性成分含量和部分药效发生了改变。     

灵芝酸枣仁胶囊改善睡眠的功能研究

为研究灵芝酸枣仁胶囊的改善睡眠功能,将ICR小鼠随机分为灵芝酸枣仁高、中、低剂量组和空白对照组,每组12只。人体推荐每公斤服用剂量为45 mg/kg·d,以此剂量的5倍、10倍和30倍,即每日以225 mg/kg BW、450 mg/kg BW和1 350 mg/kg BW经口灌胃30 d后,通过直接睡眠、延长戊巴比妥钠睡眠时间、巴比妥钠阈下剂量催眠和巴比妥钠睡眠潜伏期实验评价灵芝酸枣仁胶囊的改善睡眠作用。研究发现,与空白对照组相比,3个剂量组的直接睡眠实验结果皆为阴性(P0.05);与空白对照组相比,中剂量组小鼠延长戊巴比妥钠睡眠时间显著延长(P0.05),而高剂量组小鼠戊巴比妥钠睡眠时间极显著延长(P0.01);与空白对照组相比,高剂量组小鼠的入睡只数具有显著差异(P0.05),而睡眠潜伏期的小鼠只数具有极显著差异(P0.01)。研究表明,灵芝酸枣仁胶囊具有改善睡眠作用。     

梨树弃枝粉碎还田对梨园土壤理化性质和梨生长的影响

以梨树品种‘金蜜梨’为对象,于2017-2018年进行梨树枝条粉碎覆盖还田试验,设置不还田(0 kg·plant~(-1),对照)、低量还田(4 kg·plant~(-1))、常规量还田(8 kg·plant~(-1))和高量还田(12 kg·plant~(-1))4个施用量处理,考察不同施用量处理对梨园土壤矿质元素含量、土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性、梨树新生枝条生长状况、梨树叶片生长状况和梨果实品质等的影响,探讨梨树冬季修剪废枝还田的效果和资源化利用途径。结果显示:(1)梨树枝条常规量还田处理使梨园土壤中有机质、全锰、全铁、全铜、全锌、全硼、全钙、全镁、全硫、全氮、硝态氮、速效钾和有效磷含量均显著提高,梨园土壤pH值显著上升;而高量还田处理使土壤中全锰、全锌以及硝态氮含量显著降低,低量还田处理也使土壤中全硫、全磷和有效磷含量显著降低。(2)常规量还田处理显著增加了梨园土壤真菌和放线菌数量,同时显著提高了土壤过氧化氢酶活性;高量还田处理使土壤过氧化物酶活性显著下降,但显著增加了土壤中细菌数量。(3)梨树新生树枝直径在低量还田处理下显著增加,但其叶片百叶厚、百叶重、叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量在各处理组间均无显著变化。(4)常规量还田处理使梨果实单果重、果实纵横经、Vc含量以及果实硬度显著增加,但果实的可滴定酸含量显著下降,促使果实品质明显提高。研究表明,冬季适量梨树枝条粉碎覆盖还田能显著提高梨园土壤矿质元素含量和有机质含量,有效改善土壤酸化状况,增加土壤真菌和放线菌数量及其相关土壤酶活性,促进梨树新生枝条生长,提高果实品质;该试验条件下短期内以改善土壤综合性质为目的最佳枝条还田量为8 kg·plant~(-1)。     

强化玉米饮食对小鼠肠道菌群结构和功能的影响

【目的】采用高通量测序方法研究强化玉米饮食对小鼠肠道菌群结构的影响以及可提高宿主糖代谢相关菌群功能基因的分析。【方法】分别给予两组小鼠(各10只)常规饮食和强化玉米饮食(1/4的玉米粉加3/4的常规饮食成分),喂养10周,之后采集小鼠粪便样本,提取DNA,使用高通量测序仪进行宏基因组测序分析,比较两组小鼠肠道菌群和功能基因的差异。【结果】两组小鼠的终末体重没有明显差异。各样本DNA的测序有效率足够,肠道菌群的多样性存在一定差异。属放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的双歧杆菌(Bifidobacteriales)-B.pseudolongum分支和Coriobacteriia-Collinsella/Enterorhabdus分支的丰度在强化玉米饮食组的小鼠中显著升高,相应的宏基因组中涉及糖酵解和胆汁酸合成的一些酶和功能单元的含量也在强化玉米饮食组显著升高。【结论】强化玉米饮食可以提高肠道菌群中双歧杆菌等益生菌的丰度,增加宏基因组糖脂代谢相关基因和通路的含量,从而可能促进宿主的糖代谢功能。     

壁蜂及蜜蜂授粉对苹果和大樱桃授粉服务功能分析

【目的】传粉昆虫在果树生产中发挥着非常重要的授粉服务功能。但有关壁蜂授粉、蜜蜂授粉对苹果和大樱桃的服务功能不清楚。本论文针对苹果、大樱桃传粉昆虫不足、果品品质不高等科学问题,连续3年系统地调查和分析了胶东半岛主要传粉昆虫(壁蜂、蜜蜂)对苹果、大樱桃的产量与品质促进作用,以评价传粉昆虫对苹果与大樱桃的生态服务功能。【方法】2015-2018年在山东省胶东半岛选择了6个果园进行了壁蜂、蜜蜂释放与不放蜂对照处理,系统测定了经壁蜂授粉、蜜蜂授粉、常规授粉等不同的授粉处理后苹果、大樱桃的座果率、Vc含量、可溶性固形物、总糖及产量的变化。【结果】利用壁蜂、蜜蜂授粉可以显著提高苹果、大樱桃的座果率、Vc含量、可溶性固形物、总糖、总酸含量及风味(固酸比)值;可以增加苹果、大樱桃产量,显著提高其果品品质;而且壁蜂授粉的效果均高于蜜蜂授粉。【结论】在胶东果园可以通过释放壁蜂和蜜蜂,以提高苹果、大樱桃的授粉服务功能;且由于壁蜂具有耐低温、采集速度快、授粉效率高、管理简便、应用成本低的优势,壁蜂的应用前景更为广阔。     

硒对大球盖菇菌丝生长、子实体农艺性状和营养品质的影响

【背景】大球盖菇是我国新兴的食用菌栽培品种，其栽培技术简单、产量高、效益高，在农业废弃物高效转化和农民增收方面发挥重要作用。【目的】探究硒对大球盖菇菌丝生长、子实体农艺性状和营养品质的影响，为富硒大球盖菇的实践生产提供依据。【方法】通过平板试验，测定添加不同质量浓度的Na₂SeO₃对菌丝生长速度和干重的影响。以木屑、稻壳、玉米芯为主要原料，添加0-10mg/kgNa₂SeO₃，进行大球盖菇生料栽培试验，测定一潮菇农艺性状、营养品质和抗氧化活性。【结果】Na₂SeO₃浓度为0-10mg/L时，对大球盖菇菌丝生长速度与干重无显著影响，分别为3.74-3.76 mm/d和40.67-41.33 mg；当浓度达到15 mg/L及以上时，显著抑制菌丝生长。栽培试验结果表明，添加0-10 mg/kg Na₂SeO₃对一潮菇生物学效率无显著影响，7.5 mg/kg剂量组表现出最佳的菌盖直径、菌柄直径和单菇鲜重。子实体营养分析显...     

人工疏蕾对香菇定向出菇产量及品质的影响

【背景】在香菇定向出菇模式中,由于出菇区域的限制,出菇数目会影响单菇的品质与产量,但关于人工疏蕾对香菇品质与产量的影响目前尚未深入研究。【目的】通过人工疏蕾探究香菇定向出菇技术下保留不同菇蕾数量对香菇产量及品质的影响。【方法】测定各处理组子实体产量、形态指标、质构特性及营养成分。【结果】保留10-20个菇蕾时,子实体性状好于其他组,单菇重为15.74-23.76 g,菌盖直径为45.98-52.37 mm。保留30个菇蕾时一潮菇单棒产量最高,达到368.9 g。从质构特性来看,人工疏蕾对菌柄的质构影响较小,随着菇蕾数目的增加,香菇菌盖的硬度、胶着性、回复性、咀嚼性呈现下降趋势,保留10-20个菇蕾数品质最好、质地最佳。保留10-20个菇蕾时可以获得粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸含量较高的香菇子实体。【结论】保留15-20个菇蕾的菌棒可以获得产量较高、品质较好的产品。保留10个菇蕾时虽然子实体品质最佳,但生物学效率较低,而且会增加一定的工作量。因此,保留15-20个菇蕾效益更好。     

高效液相色谱法测定不同产地及品种灵芝三萜类成分的含量

【目的】建立同时测定灵芝子实体中灵芝酸C_2、灵芝酸B、灵芝酸A、灵芝酮三醇、灵芝酸DM、灵芝酸T、灵芝醇B、灵芝酸S、灵芝酸G、灵芝酸F、灵芝酸D、灵芝稀酸B12种三萜成分的高效液相色谱法。【方法】选用Aglient ZORBAX SB-Aq(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-醋酸(0.01%)水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,分析波长252 nm,柱温30°C,对不同产地及品种的灵芝样品进行测定分析。【结果】同一产地不同品种间三萜类成分含量具有显著差异,不同产地的灵芝样品三萜成分含量也有显著差异,所建方法精密度高,稳定性和重复性好。【结论】所建方法适用于12种三萜成分的同时测定。     

微生物发酵对木薯渣营养成分的影响

【背景】将木薯渣作为饲料资源进行开发和利用能够减轻环境污染,实现资源就地转化,已成为国内外研究热点。微生物发酵可降低木薯渣的粗纤维含量,改善适口性,提高饲料转化率。【目的】筛选对木薯渣发酵效果较好的微生物发酵剂及其发酵时长。【方法】试验选用A(芽孢菌+乳酸菌+酿酒酵母菌)、B(戊糖片球菌+酿酒酵母菌)和C(植物乳杆菌+枯草芽孢杆菌+酿酒酵母菌)这3种复合微生物发酵剂与新鲜木薯渣混合,随机分为7组,每组5个重复,分别于发酵的第0、1、3、7、14、28和56天取样,测定其常规营养成分。【结果】与发酵前相比,发酵剂A和B可显著增加木薯渣的粗灰分含量(P<0.05),发酵剂C可显著增加木薯渣的粗蛋白质含量(P<0.05);3种发酵剂均可显著降低木薯渣的中性洗涤纤维含量、显著增加粗脂肪含量(P<0.05)。【结论】微生物发酵可有效改善木薯渣的营养价值,其中利用发酵剂C进行短期发酵对其营养价值,尤其是粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量的提高最明显。     

过表达腺苷生物合成正相关基因GlPNP提高灵芝腺苷的含量

【背景】灵芝被纳入我国“药食同源”试点名单，腺苷作为其主要活性物质之一，在免疫调节、抗炎、抗癌等方面发挥着重要作用。【目的】调控腺苷生物合成关键酶基因的表达来提高灵芝腺苷产量。【方法】将不同培养时间阶段腺苷合成酶基因(包括5-氨基咪唑-4-甲酰胺核糖核苷酸甲酰转移酶GlATIC、嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶GlPNP、腺苷激酶GlADK)的表达量与腺苷含量相关联，筛选出与灵芝腺苷含量呈正相关的关键酶基因。克隆关键酶基因并在灵芝中过表达，探究关键酶基因过表达对灵芝腺苷积累的影响。【结果】GlPNP的表达与灵芝腺苷含量呈正相关。GlPNP的cDNA全长为969 bp，预测GlPNP蛋白的相对分子量为34.6 kDa，呈三聚体的四元结构。研究结果表明，过表达菌株中GlPNP的表达量在第4天比野生型菌株(WT)上调了2.9-3.9倍，与含空载体的菌株(CK)相比，腺苷含量分别提高了78%和63%。【结论】过表达嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶是提高灵芝腺苷产量的一种有效手段。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).