江西省2010年柯萨奇病毒A组24型变异株的全基因组序列分析

急性出血性结膜炎(Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis,AHC)是目前人类最常见的眼病之一,柯萨奇病毒A组24型变异株(Coxsackievirus A24 variant,CV-A24v)是近年来报道引起该病的主要病原体。本研究选取10株来自江西省2010年AHC暴发疫情的CV-A24v,采用特异性引物扩增并测定其全基因组序列。对该10条CV-A24v的全基因组序列进行系统发育分析以及重组分析,计算本研究测定的江西10条以及GenBank中所有22条CV-A24v的全基因组序列的氨基酸置换熵值,并预测其正向选择位点。结果表明,在江西10条CV-A24v基因组序列中未检测到重组。基于全基因组序列构建的最大似然树表明江西10株CV-A24v属于GIV基因型,且分处于两条传播链。对上述32条CV-A24v序列的氨基酸置换熵值计算,共得到25个易突变位点(熵值>0.6),易突变概率最高的区段为2A区。基于Datamonkey中FUBAR和FEL模型分析,发现位于结构蛋白VP2区的234位氨基酸为两种模型共同获得的CV-A24v的正向选择位点。本研究分析了江西10株CV-A24v的全基因组序列特征,为CV-A24v引起的AHC防控工作提供了基础资料。     

Effectiveness and mechanisms of dye adsorption on a straw-based biochar

A biochar (BC) generated from straw as a cost-effective substitute for activated carbon (AC) was tested for its adsorptive ability toward reactive brilliant blue (KNR) and rhodamine B (RB). BC and AC had similar surface areas but differed in porosity, surface acidity and point of zero surface charge. The two carbons were highly effective adsorbents for both dyes at pH 3.0 and 6.5. BC was slightly more effective than AC to adsorb RB due to the RB–BC electrostatic interactions and RB protonation at low pH. The two carbons reversed in their effectiveness to adsorb KNR for similar reasons. The π–π interactions between dye molecules and graphene layers of BC, the direct dye-BC electrostatic attraction/repulsion and the intermolecular hydrogen bonding are proposed to be the combined mechanisms for dye adsorption. Rich phenolic hydroxyls on the surface of BC are expected to enhance the π–π interactions.     

柯萨奇病毒A组9型的基因分型方法的建立

血清型别鉴定及基因分型分析是开展肠道病毒（Enterovirus,EV）分子进化特征研究的重要内容。目前为止,国内外对柯萨奇病毒A组9型（Coxsackievirus A9,CVA9）的研究主要集中在衣壳蛋白区的细胞受体结合位点及其基因特性分析,而基于全长VP1序列的基因型划分结果尚未明确。本研究依托国家手足口病监测网络,对2010-2019年全国31个省级行政区（省、自治区、直辖市）上送的18 238份手足口病样本中分离出的24株CVA9进行全长VP1区序列测定,并与GenBank中所有全长VP1区序列一起进行基因型划分研究。测序结果显示24株CVA9分离株VP1全长为906bp,编码302个氨基酸,与CVA9原型株（Griggs）核苷酸和氨基酸相似性分别为80.5%～97.6%和92.3%～99.6%。结合系统进化树和同一血清型内不同基因型的核苷酸差异界值为15%～25%,将全球CVA9划分为A-H八个基因型。进化树显示B、C和D基因型在病毒进化过程中已消失,而E、F和G基因型呈现共循环的趋势,其中G基因型包含了亚洲、北美洲、大洋洲和欧洲等9个国家的毒株,是CVA9的优势基因型。大...     

自剪切多肽P2A对自然杀伤细胞的高效诱导扩增作用的研究

目的改进现有过继性人自然杀伤（NK）细胞体外诱导、分化及扩增方法,实现高效定向分化及大量扩增NK细胞的目的。 方法利用自剪切多肽P2A连接IL-15和4-1BBL基因,通过慢病毒感染和药物筛选的方法制备稳定表达IL-15和4-1BBL的K562滋养层细胞株。该方法可刺激人PBMC细胞向NK细胞分化及高效增殖。实验结果以 ±s表示并用两样本t检验进行比较。 结果经该方法培养的CD3^- CD16⁺ 56⁺ NK细胞增殖倍数达到（4480.43±37.80）倍;CD3^- CD16⁺ 56⁺ NK细胞纯度达到94.79%;细胞内表达IFN-γ和TNF-α的NK细胞比例为（63.07±3.37）%和（54.85±2.04）%,分别高于对照组（16.28±2.86）%和（14.53±1.15）%（t = 62.25,22.66,P均< 0.01）;细胞分泌至培养上清液中的IFN-γ和TNF-α浓度为（111.39±6.95）?pg/ml和（32.76±3.23） pg/ml,分别高于对照组（44.99±4.74）pg/ml和（11.09±2.45）?pg/ml（t = 20.56,7.21,P均< 0.01）;在体外,该方法培养的NK细胞对K562细胞的杀伤效率为（78.52±7.36）%,高于对照组（48.53±6.66）%（t = 11.56,P < 0.01）;对H520细胞的杀伤效率为（65.03±3.27）%,高于对照组（35.85±3.99）%（t = 11.35,P < 0.01）。 结论利用自剪切多肽P2A构建稳定高表达的IL-15和4-1BBL的K562滋养层细胞株,从而提高了NK细胞增殖倍数、纯度和细胞毒性。     

SIP1 Mediates Cell-Fate Decisions between Neuroectoderm and Mesendoderm in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Highlights? Smad-interacting protein 1 (SIP1) regulates hESC differentiation ? SIP1 upregulation promotes neuroectodermal differentiation ? SIP1 inhibits mesendodermal and endodermal differentiation ? SMAD2/3 and NANOG/OCT4/SOX2 cooperatively regulate SIP1 expression     

High Throughput Gene Expression Analysis Identifies Reliable Expression Markers of Human Corneal Endothelial Cells

Considerable interest has been generated for the development of suitable corneal endothelial graft alternatives through cell-tissue engineering, which can potentially alleviate the shortage of corneal transplant material. The advent of less invasive suture-less key-hole surgery options such as Descemet’s Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSEK) and Descemet’s Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK), which involve transplantation of solely the endothelial layer instead of full thickness cornea, provide further impetus for the development of alternative endothelial grafts for clinical applications. A major challenge for this endeavor is the lack of specific markers for this cell type. To identify genes that reliably mark corneal endothelial cells (CECs) in vivo and in vitro, we performed RNA-sequencing on freshly isolated human CECs (from both young and old donors), CEC cultures, and corneal stroma. Gene expression of these corneal cell types was also compared to that of other human tissue types. Based on high throughput comparative gene expression analysis, we identified a panel of markers that are: i) highly expressed in CECs from both young donors and old donors; ii) expressed in CECs in vivo and in vitro; and iii) not expressed in corneal stroma keratocytes and the activated corneal stroma fibroblasts. These were SLC4A11, COL8A2 and CYYR1. The use of this panel of genes in combination reliably ascertains the identity of the CEC cell type.     

Tumor-Specific Chromosome Mis-Segregation Controls Cancer Plasticity by Maintaining Tumor Heterogeneity

Aneuploidy with chromosome instability is a cancer hallmark. We studied chromosome 7 (Chr7) copy number variation (CNV) in gliomas and in primary cultures derived from them. We found tumor heterogeneity with cells having Chr7-CNV commonly occurs in gliomas, with a higher percentage of cells in high-grade gliomas carrying more than 2 copies of Chr7, as compared to low-grade gliomas. Interestingly, all Chr7-aneuploid cell types in the parental culture of established glioma cell lines reappeared in single-cell-derived subcultures. We then characterized the biology of three syngeneic glioma cultures dominated by different Chr7-aneuploid cell types. We found phenotypic divergence for cells following Chr7 mis-segregation, which benefited overall tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Mathematical modeling suggested the involvement of chromosome instability and interactions among cell subpopulations in restoring the optimal equilibrium of tumor cell types. Both our experimental data and mathematical modeling demonstrated that the complexity of tumor heterogeneity could be enhanced by the existence of chromosomes with structural abnormality, in addition to their mis-segregations. Overall, our findings show, for the first time, the involvement of chromosome instability in maintaining tumor heterogeneity, which underlies the enhanced growth, persistence and treatment resistance of cancers.     

Molecular analysis of Coxsackievirus A24 variant isolates from three outbreaks of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in 1988, 1994 and 2007 in Beijing,China

Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CVA24v) is a major pathogen that causes continued outbreaks and pandemics of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC). In China, the first confirmed outbreak of CVA24v-related AHC occurred in Beijing in 1988, followed by another two significant outbreaks respectively in 1994 and 2007, which coincides with the three-stage dynamic distribution of AHC in the world after 1970s. To illustrate the genetic characteristics of CVA24v in different periods, a total of 23 strains were isolated from those three outbreaks and the whole genome of those isolations were sequenced and analyzed. Compared with the prototype strain, the 23 strains shared four nucleotide deletions in the 5' UTR except the 0744 strain isolated in 2007. And at the 98th site, one nucleotide insertion was found in all the strains collected from 2007. From 1994 to 2007, amino acid polarity in the VP1 region at the 25th and the 32nd site were changed. Both the 3C and VP1 phylogenetic tree indicated that isolates from 1988 and 1994 belonged to Genotype III (GIII), and 2007 strains to Genotype IV (GIV). According to the Bayesian analysis based on complete genome sequence, the most recent common ancestors for the isolates in 1988, 1994 and 2007 were respectively estimated around October 1987, February 1993 and December 2004. The evolutionary rate of the CVA24v was estimated to be 7.45×10^-3 substitutions/site/year. Our study indicated that the early epidemic of CVA24v in Chinese mainland was the GIII. Point mutations and amino acid changes in different genotypes of CVA24v may generate intensity differences of the AHC outbreak. CVA24v has been evolving constantly with a relatively rapid rate.     

Lobaplatin-based regimens outperform cisplatin for metastatic breast cancer after anthracyclines and taxanes treatment

The goal of this study was to assess the antitumor efficacy and safety of lobaplatin-based regimens as the second line of treatment in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) resistant to anthracyclines and taxanes, compared with that of cisplatin-based regimens. During August 2012 to April 2015, 87 patients who received lobaplatin-based regimens or cisplatin-based regimens were included. Medical records of the patients noted that lobaplatin (30?mg/m²) or cisplatin (25?mg/m²), combined with another chemotherapeutic agent such as Gemcitabine (1000?mg/m²) or Vinorelbine (25?mg/m²), was intravenously given to the patients on a basis of twenty-one days as one treatment cycle. All the patients were followed until August 2017. The endpoint of this study was progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and estimated objective response rate (RR). Safety and drug tolerability data were also obtained. Lobaplatin-based regimens prolonged PFS compared to cisplatin-based regimens (median 13.2 vs 4.7?months, hazard ratio?=?0.37, 95% confidence intervals: 0.21–0.67, P?=?.0007), while OS was not significantly different between the two groups (hazard ratio?=?0.72, 95% confidence intervals: 0.40–1.30, P?=?.2767), as was objective RR (37.8% vs 33.4%, $x^2$ = 0.19, P?=?.6653). Nausea/vomiting and renal injury were more frequent with cisplatin-based regimens. Our results show that lobaplatin-based regimens are superior to cisplatin in terms of efficacy and are better tolerated.     

2013-2019年全国手足口病ECHO-9的分子流行病学研究

埃可病毒9型(Echovirus 9,ECHO-9)是引起无菌性脑膜炎(Aseptic meningitis,AM)和手足口病(Hand,foot,and mouth disease,HFMD)暴发流行的重要病原体,但目前全球关于ECHO-9分子流行病学研究仍比较匮乏,ECHO-9基于VP1全长的基因分型结果尚未明确。本研究依托国家HFMD监测网络,2013-2019年在中国大陆共分离到15株ECHO-9毒株,对其进行VP1区全长序列测定和分析,并与GenBank中下载的全部112条ECHO-9VP1区全长序列共同构建系统发育进化树。结果显示,全球ECHO-9分为A-G七个基因型,其中C、D和F基因型可被进一步划分为C1-C2,D1-D4和F1-F2基因亚型。各洲之间优势基因型别有显著差异,亚洲和欧洲分别以D和C基因型为绝对优势基因型。中国大陆ECHO-9优势基因型别为D基因型,但其优势基因亚型随时间推移有明显转变。2000-2005年,中国大陆ECHO-9全部为D1基因亚型,2006年开始出现D1、D2和D3基因亚型的共同流行,2010年后D1和D2基因亚型消失,D3成为中国大陆绝对优势基因型别。本研究测定的15株ECHO-9分离自2013-2019年,其中14株属于D3基因亚型,1株江西ECHO-9为C2基因亚型,推测其可能来源于境外。本研究建立了全球ECHO-9基于VP1全长的基因分型方法,揭示了ECHO-9在全国及全球范围的分子流行特征。