硒对镉胁迫下大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响

选用大球盖菇Stropharia rugosoannulata为试验材料,分析在镉胁迫处理下（2mg/L）添加不同浓度硒（0、6、15、20mg/L）对大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响,初步研究了施加硒对镉胁迫下大球盖菇菌丝生长抑制的缓解效应和作用机制。结果表明：镉对大球盖菇生长速度和生物量具有明显抑制作用,镉造成了大球盖菇渗透调节物质、过氧化氢和丙二醛含量显著增加;添加硒后,镉对大球盖菇菌丝的生长速度、生物量抑制作用均有所改善,且增加了渗透调节物质,促进镉胁迫下大球盖菇渗透调节能力;硒诱导抗氧化酶的活性上调,提高活性氧清除能力,降低了菌丝中丙二醛和过氧化氢的含量,缓解细胞膜过氧化程度,增强了大球盖菇对镉的耐受性。本研究重点探讨外源添加硒对镉胁迫下大球盖菇菌丝生长、生理特性及抗氧化胁迫能力的影响,为进一步研究硒在食用菌抗镉栽培中的应用奠定了一定的理论基础。     

培养基中添加海藻糖对大球盖菇、斑玉蕈菌丝生长的影响

【背景】大球盖菇和斑玉蕈是食药兼用且具有开发潜力的珍稀食用菌,培养基对菌丝生长及子实体发育具有重要作用,优化培养基显得尤为重要。【目的】筛选出最适合培养大球盖菇、斑玉蕈的新型培养基。【方法】使用添加海藻糖的新型培养基,对不同培养基培养的大球盖菇及斑玉蕈菌株的菌丝生长状况、生长速度和生物量及纤维素酶、漆酶活性进行测定与分析。【结果】相较于PDA培养基,添加海藻糖的培养基能够提高菌丝生长速度、增加生物量,海藻糖添加的比例对纤维素酶和漆酶的影响较大,对大球盖菇及斑玉蕈菌丝的生长产生显著的促进作用,但不会改变其蛋白质的组成。【结论】大球盖菇最适合选用PTA-5培养基,斑玉蕈的最佳培养基是PDTA培养基。     

五种矿质元素对草菇菌丝生长和活性氧清除能力的影响

【背景】菌种退化是草菇生产中面临的难题,探究一种简单高效的复壮方法是草菇产业亟须解决的问题。【目的】探讨外源添加5种矿质元素对草菇退化菌株的菌丝性状和活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)清除能力的影响。【方法】筛选出5种矿质元素的最佳浓度并添加于PDA培养基中,测定草菇菌落形态、菌丝生长速度、菌丝生物量、ROS含量、抗氧化酶活性及抗氧化物质含量。【结果】MnSO4、Na2SeO3、CaSO4、FeSO4可有效提高草菇退化菌株D1和D2的菌丝生长速度和生物量;降低O2·-、H2O2等ROS的含量,并增加还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(glutathionedisulfide,GSSG)的含量及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxidedismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、谷胱甘肽...     

朱砂叶螨硒代谢通路基因筛选及硒磷酸合成酶 TcSPS1的原核表达和特性分析

【目的】本研究旨在筛选朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus硒代谢通路的关键基因,探究其在朱砂叶螨硒代谢中的功能。【方法】使用基因克隆技术对8条朱砂叶螨硒代谢通路基因进行克隆;利用qPCR技术检测这些基因在不同浓度(0, 5, 20和50 μmol/L)亚硒酸钠(Na₂SeO₃)处理的豇豆苗上饲养3 d的朱砂叶螨品系(短期硒饲养品系)雌成虫间以及朱砂叶螨普通品系(豇豆苗饲养)和长期硒饲养品系(20 μmol/L Na₂SeO₃处理的豇豆苗饲养超1年)雌成虫间的表达量差异,并分析它们对硒诱导的表达响应;原核表达差异表达基因TcSPS1,并测定获得的重组蛋白生化特性。【结果】成功克隆了朱砂叶螨硒代谢通路的8条基因TcTxnrd1, TcTxnrd2, TcSPS1, TcSPS2, TcSPS2-1, TcSPS2-2, TcSG和TcPSTK。qPCR结果表明TcSPS1和TcTxnrd2在短期硒饲养和长期硒饲养朱砂叶螨品系中均上调表达,且TcSPS1的表达量变化与硒浓度变化密切相关。原核表达系统成功获得TcSPS1可溶性重组蛋白,测得其重组蛋白比活力为2.366±0.046 nmol/mg pro·min,K_m和V_max值分别为10.054±0.062 μmol/L和29.633±1.777 nmol/mg pro·min。【结论】通过硒代谢通路基因分析,初步解释了朱砂叶螨对硒的适应的分子机制,并证明了上调表达的TcSPS1基因在朱砂叶螨产生对硒的适应中起着重要的功能。     

响应面法优化富硒荷叶离褶伞菌丝体胞内粗多糖发酵条件

为了优化富硒荷叶离褶伞菌丝体胞内粗多糖发酵条件,在单因素试验基础上,考察灭菌条件、培养时间、硒添加量和硒添加时间对富硒荷叶离褶伞菌丝体胞内粗多糖的影响,并通过Box-Benhnken实验设计和响应面分析法确定最优发酵条件。结果表明,在121℃、20min条件下对培养基和Na₂SeO₃溶液分别灭菌后混合,在发酵至第129h,发酵液中添加4µg/mL Na₂SeO₃,继续发酵至第244h,发酵产生的富硒荷叶离褶伞菌丝体胞内粗多糖含量为349.8mg/100mL。     

真姬菇菌丝体对硒耐受性的研究

【目的】探讨真姬菇Hypsizygus marmoreus菌株菌丝体对硒的耐受特性。【方法】利用平板培养法测定不同硒浓度处理下菌丝平均生长速率,拟合硒与菌丝生长速率的关系,记录菌丝萌发、菌落形态特征,做还原培养验证,利用显微镜观察硒对菌丝分枝、大小、锁状联合形态以及表面结构的影响。【结果】真姬菇菌丝体对硒耐受特性的研究表明:当外源硒浓度≤50 mg/L时,对真姬菇菌丝生长有促进作用,促进效果因菌株不同而存在差异,但与Control Check(CK)相比均无显著差异(P0.05)。当外源硒浓度≥75 mg/L时,对真姬菇菌丝生长产生抑制,真姬菇菌丝对硒最大耐受浓度为150-200 mg/L。还原培养表明:这种抑制具有恢复性;硒浓度与菌丝平均生长速度符合Cubic回归曲线,且可决系数(即拟合度)较大。显微镜观察结果表明:在外源硒浓度较低时,真姬菇菌丝体粗细均匀、健壮饱满、分枝较多、表面光滑、锁状联合明显、结构饱满。在外源硒浓度较高时,菌丝粗细不一,皱缩呈长扁条形,锁状联合结构塌陷、干瘪,表面凹凸不平,变成类似竹节状结构,菌丝尖端逐渐被球状分生孢子替代,部分分枝甚至完全异化为分生孢子或厚垣孢子。【结论】硒浓度≤50 mg/L时对真姬菇菌丝生长有促进作用,硒浓度≥75 mg/L时有抑制作用,高浓度硒对菌丝有毒害作用,但这种毒害作用是可逆的。     

水杨酸、萘乙酸和青霉素对大白桩菇、褐环粘盖牛肝菌及野蘑菇菌丝生长的影响

研究了水杨酸、萘乙酸及青霉素对大白桩菇、褐环粘盖牛肝菌及野蘑菇菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:对大白桩菇,水杨酸的致死浓度不大于1.94×10-4g/mL,培养基中浓度大于1.07×10-4g/mL抑制大白桩菇菌丝生长,浓度在(5.6×10-7)~(5.6×10-5)g/mL范围内能够促进菌丝生长,浓度小于5.6×10-8g/mL则没有明显影响。对褐环粘盖牛肝菌,培养基中水杨酸浓度大于4.76×10-6g/mL有抑制菌丝生长的作用,致死浓度不大于1.90×10-4g/mL。培养基中水杨酸浓度在大于5.6×10-6g/mL条件下对野蘑菇菌丝生长有一定的抑制作用。培养基中萘乙酸浓度在0.056 6~2.264 mg/L范围内对大白桩菇菌丝生长有一定的促进作用。培养基中萘乙酸浓度在0.95~4.75、0.056 6~1.132 mg/L范围内分别对褐环粘盖牛肝菌、野蘑菇菌丝生长基本无影响。培养基中青霉素浓度在(4.57×10-7)~(4.57×10-3)g/mL范围内对褐环粘盖牛肝菌菌丝生长具有抑制作用。培养基中青霉素浓度较低时对大白桩菇菌丝生长起促进作用,浓度大于1.88×10-3g/mL时对大白桩菇菌丝生长起抑制作用。而培养基中青霉素浓度在(1.88×10-7)~(1.88×10-3)g/mL范围内对野蘑菇菌丝生长无明显作用。     

自交选育秀珍菇新菌株“申秀1号”

【目的】对自交子代群体主要栽培和商品性状进行综合分析,并选育综合性状优良的秀珍菇新菌株。【方法】以秀珍菇商业菌株“3108”为亲本进行自交,综合分析其自交子代群体的菌丝生长速度、产量、菇型、抗杂、抗逆性和栽培周期等性状以选育新菌株,利用ISSR (Inter-sample sequence repeat)鉴定新菌株和亲本菌株之间遗传差异性。【结果】自交子代中,菌丝生长速度和产量分别有19.5%和8.9%的菌株优于亲本;子代群体中菌丝生长速度和子实体产量之间无相关性(R=0.102,P>0.05);37%的菌株栽培周期比亲本短;菇盖平展、厚且不易碎分别占53%、11%,菌柄直径和长度变化幅度分别为5?13 mm和21?75 mm;发生黄枯病,出现萎缩、死菇现象以及畸形分别占23%、19%、5%。【结论】通过对子代群体各性状综合分析,从中选育出生长快、产量高、菇盖厚且不易碎、柄粗长、抗杂和抗逆性强、栽培周期短等优良性状的秀珍菇新菌株“申秀1号”,前三潮菇平均单袋产量334 g,生物学效率高达74%,比亲本菌株增产7.1%,且种性稳定。经ISSR鉴定表明,该菌株具有自身特异性。     

基质氮素对大球盖菇生长及亚硝酸盐含量的影响

目的探索氮源对大球盖菇生长及亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐含量的影响。方法在培养基中添加不同含氮化合物,培养菌丝,定时测定生长量,并采用重氮偶合分光光度法测定其亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐含量。结果添加亚硝酸盐的基质,菌丝生长速度比对照慢。尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸铵和硝酸钾四处理之间差异无显著性,其生长速度最快。各处理间亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐含量差异均存在非常显著性。亚硝酸钾处理,亚硝酸盐含量高达402.03 mg/kg,不宜食用。硝酸钾处理,亚硝酸盐含量为30.87 mg/kg,食用100 g,就会超出亚硝酸盐日限量;硝酸铵处理,硝酸盐含量远远超过日常蔬菜,也不宜食用。结论在栽培大球盖菇时氮源不宜使用亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐,应使用尿素或硫酸铵,有机氮源也可以。     

一株野生食用菌白芦菇的鉴定及发酵条件

【背景】白芦菇是从沙县野外分离并驯化栽培的食用菌,因其子实体从原基形成到采摘时所经历的棒形期、钉头期均为白色且形似芦笋,因此当地也称之为"白芦菇"。【目的】对白芦菇进行鉴定,并研究其菌丝发酵培养特性。【方法】采用形态学观察与r DNA-ITS分析对白芦菇进行鉴定;以摇瓶发酵的菌丝体生物量干重为指标,经过单因素筛选及正交试验综合筛选得到白芦菇菌丝发酵的最适条件与配方。【结果】形态学观察与ITS鉴定分析表明白芦菇在分类上属于侧耳科(Pleurotaceae)侧耳属(Pleurotus),学名为Pleurotus giganteus,其菌丝摇瓶发酵最适条件为温度25°C、pH 8.0及避光培养,菌丝摇瓶发酵最适配方为:玉米粉25.0 g/L,黄豆粉3.0 g/L,KH2PO4 1.5 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 1.0 g/L,硫胺素50.0 mg/L。【结论】对白芦菇的种性鉴定与菌丝发酵条件研究可为后续的科学推广与开发应用奠定基础。     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Novel phenylanthraquinones,isofuranonaphthoquinones, homoisoflavonoids,and biflavonoids from African plants in the genera Bulbine,Scilla, Ledebouria,and Rhus

The sale of non-cultivated plants poses a real threat to the survival of a large number of plant species. On the other hand, the fact that a given plant has become a traded item is an important lead in the effort to investigate plants for the purpose of discovering novel secondary metabolites that may have marketable properties. This report is largely based on the investigations of plants collected from vendors of medicinal plants. The identification is based on botanical specimens derived from the purchased plant parts either by growing them in a garden or through micropropagation using tissue culture techniques. Bulbine species yielded novel phenyl anthraquinones and isofuranonaphthoquinones, which were found to exhibit antiparasitic and antioxidant properties. Scilla nervosa subsp. rigidifolia and Ledebouria graminifolia yielded twenty homoisoflavonoids and two xanthones. Bulbs derived from tissue culture based specimens of L. graminifolia contained all the compounds isolated from the marketed samples. Some of the homoisoflavonoids were found to possess activity against colon and breast cancer cell lines. Rhus pyroides furnished six novel bichalcones some of which exhibited insect antifeedant, cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities. Structures of the compounds described in this report were elucidated by spectroscopic means including HRMS and 1D-, and 2D-NMR experiments. Interconversion of some of the phenyl anthraquinones was accomplished as part of their structure proof. The total synthesis of three of the biflavonoids was achieved using a synthetic route which involves a microwave irradiation promoted Ulmann synthesis. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Synopsis of the tribe Bocageeae (Annonaceae), with revisions of Cardiopetalum,Froesiodendron, Trigynaea,Bocagea, and Hornschuchia

The tribal name Bocageeae Endlicher is reestablished and the tribe is circumscribed on the basis of solitary internodal ebracteate pedicels that are articulated at the base, and pollen shed in polyads of eight or more grains. Septate anther locules, large pollen size, and seed appendages are prevalent in the tribe. Intectate pollen with free-standing columellae, rare in Annonaceae, occurs not only in the genusTrigynaea but also in some species ofBocagea andHornschuchia. As defined here, the Bocageeae include seven neotropical genera:Cymbopetalum, Porcelia, Bocagea, Cardiopetalum, Froesiodendron, Hornschuchia, andTrigynaea. The latter five genera are revised and the treatments include ten new species:Cardiopetalum plicatum, Froesiodendron urceocalyx, Hornschuchia lianarum, H. santosii, H. leptandra, Trigynaea cinnamomea, T. lanceipetala, T. triplinervis, T. lagaropoda, andT. axilliflora, all from tropical South America. A new combination,Froesiodendron longicuspe, changes the rank of that taxon from subspecies to species.Cardiopetalum surinamense is removed fromFroesiodendron and reassigned toCardiopetalum on the basis of its connate petals, dehiscent monocarps, and seeds with bilobed arils. A cladogram provides an explicit hypothesis of intergeneric relationships in the tribe. The new combinationOnychopetalum periquino, based onTrigynaea periquino, is made.     

Gametogenesis,endosperm development,and embryogeny inMicrocarpaea muscosa (Scrophulariaceae,Gratioleae)

InMicrocarpaea muscosa gametogenesis, embryo sac development (Polygonum type), endosperm development (cellular), embryogeny (Onagrad type), and seed structure are described. The different modes of endosperm development withinGratioleae are compared.     

rbcL sequences support exclusion ofRetzia,Desfontainia, andNicodemia from theGentianales

The taxonomic positions ofRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia have been much discussed, and all three genera have been included inLoganiaceae (Gentianales). We have made a cladistic analysis ofrbcL gene sequences to determine the relationships of these taxa toGentianales. Four newrbcL sequences are presented; i.e., ofRetzia, Desfontainia, Diervilla (Caprifoliaceae), andEuthystachys (Stilbaceae). Our results show thatRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia are not closely related toLoganiaceae or theGentianales. Retzia is most closely related toEuthystachys and is better included inStilbaceae. The positions ofDesfontainia andNicodemia are not settled, butDesfontainia shows affinity for theDipsacales s.l. andNicodemia for theLamiales s.l.     

A reconsideration of the genusRabdosiella (Lamiaceae,Nepetoideae, Ocimeae)

The two generaPlectranthus andIsodon are compared and found to be very dissimilar.Isodon ist considered to be misplaced inOcimeae subtribePlectranthinae and apparently is more closely related to subtribeHyptidinae. The disjunct genusRabdosiella is compared to these two genera and regarded to be polyphyletic. The AfricanR. calycina (Benth.)Codd is returned toPlectranthus and calledP. calycinus Benth., while the AsianR. ternifolia (D. Don)Codd is placed inIsodon sect.Pyramidium and calledI. ternifolius (D. Don)Kudo.     

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and device-related nosocomial infections: implications, trends, and potential approaches for control

For many years, device-associated infections and particularly device-associated nosocomial infections have been of considerable concern. Recently, this concern was heightened as a result of increased antibiotic resistance among the common causal agents of nosocomial infections, the appearance of new strains which are intrinsically resistant to the antibiotics of choice, and the emerging understanding of the role biofilms may play in device-associated infections and the development of increased antibiotic resistance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans are consistently identified as some of the more important agents of nosocomial infections. In light of the recent information regarding device-associated nosocomial infections, understanding the nature of P. aeruginosa and C. albicans infections is increasingly important. These two microorganisms demonstrate: (1) an ability to form biofilms on the majority of devices employed currently, (2) increased resistance/tolerance to antibiotics when associated with biofilms, (3) documented infections noted for virtually all indwelling devices, (4) opportunistic pathogenicity, and (5) persistence in the hospital environment. To these five demonstrated characteristics, two additional areas of interest are emerging: (a) the as yet unclear relationship of these two microorganisms to those species of highly resistant Pseudomonas spp and Candida spp that are of increasing concern with device-related infections, and (b) the recent research showing the dynamic interaction of P. aeruginosa and C. albicans in patients with cystic fibrosis. An understanding of these two opportunistic pathogens in the context of their ecosystems/biofilms also has significant potential for the development of novel and effective approaches for the control and treatment of device-associated infections.     

Puccinia carici-adenocauli, a new rust fungus onCarex, and its anamorph,Aecidium adenocauli

Field observations and inoculation experiments showed thatAecidium adenocauli onAdenocaulon himalaicum was an anamorph of aPuccinia onCarex hakonensis andC. uda. From comparative morphology with caricicolous puccinias, the rust on theseCarex species was considered as a new species and was named asPuccinia carici-adenocauli. Contribution No. 142, Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba     

Novel glycopeptides,containing desmosine and isodesmosine,isolated from porcine aorta

Intima-media of porcine thoracic aorta were digested with pronase, after extraction of the saline-soluble matters and fat. A glycopeptide fraction was precipitated with 90% (vol/vol) ethanol from the 80% ethanol-soluble fraction of the trichloroacetic acid (7%)-soluble fraction of the pronase digest. The glycopeptide fraction was fractionated by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A (Con A)-Sepharose 4B, yielding 4 fractions (FA, FB, FC and FD). The most carbohydrate-rich fraction (FB) was further purified to a homogeneous state. The purified FB (FB-0.1) and all other fractions contained desmosine and isodesmosine. The major sugars in the fractions without or with low affinity for Con A (FA, FB, and FB-0.1) were glucosamine, galactose, mannose and sialic acid, while those in the fractions with high affinity for this lectin (FC and FD) were glucosamine, glucose and mannose. All the fractions contained glycine, aspartic acid (and/or asparagine), serine, proline, threonine, glutamic acid (and/or glutamine) and alanine as the major amino acids, amounting to approximately 80% of the total.