有机磷农药对土壤动物群落结构的影响研究

本文研究了有机磷农药废水灌溉对土壤动物群落结构的影响,并探讨了影响机理,结果表明,土壤动物种类和数量随着农药影响程度的增加而减少,在农药污染影响严重的１、２区,计有土壤动物２１类和２２类,动物平均密度为２８５７１个／ｍ＾２和５１２６９个／ｍ＾２,受中度和轻蔗污染影响的３、４区分别有３５类和４７类,平均密度为５９２８５个／ｍ＾２,１５６５８７个／ｍ＾２。污染区土壤动物种类的减少主要由于常见类群和稀有     

大针茅草原蝗虫的群落结构和能流研究

大针茅草原蝗虫的常见种类有１１种,其中７种属蝗亚科。毛足棒角蝗短星翅蝗和鼓翅皱膝蝗狭翅雏蝗分别构成蝗虫早、中、晚期的优势种类蝗虫九落的物 丰富度及多样性指数在蝗虫的性中期较高。蝗虫的次级生产力为５．１８ｋＪ／ｍ＾２．ａ,是地上净初级生产国物０．１８％。通过整个蝗虫群落的能流为１６．８４ｋＪ／ｍ＾２．ａ不同的蝗虫各 在生态秕有流中具有不同的贡献;其中毛尼中棒角蝗天整个蝗虫 能流中直着十分重要的作用,     

山西南部地木耳群落特征及其资源分布的研究

采用样方法对不同生境中地木耳分布规律进行了研究;分析了地木耳的群落特征及其生物量,结果表明：（１）群落种类组成,共有３８种,３４属,２１科,单科单种１４种;（２）群落垂直结构简单,只有灌木层、草本层和地被层;（３）地木耳平均生物量为１０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,干重７．３ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,湿重１４０ｋｇ／ｈｍ;（４）地木耳的自然含水量４２％,持水量一８．６％,在海拔６００－８００ｍ之间,地木耳生物量最大;（５     

松嫩平原两种碱蓬群落土壤种子库通量及幼苗死亡的分析

角碱蓬和翅碱蓬都是１ａ生耐碱性较强的藜科植物。在松嫩平原碱化草甸２个固定的单优碱蓬群落土壤中有活力种子的数量动态和种群动态的研究结果表明：土壤种子库存量在尚未萌发输出以前为最大,角碱蓬群落为２２２６０粒／ｍ＾２,翅碱蓬群落为３７２３０粒／ｍ＾２。整个生长季均有种子输出,２群落的种子库存率随着时间呈渐近形式规律地下降。现存植株数量角碱蓬种群以５月上旬最大,为１９４８０株／ｍ＾２,翅碱蓬则在４月上旬最     

低能量氦氖激光照射对荷瘤小鼠T淋巴细胞增殖反应的影响

目的：本文研究低能量氦氖激光照射荷瘤小鼠,观察对荷瘤Ｔ淋巴细胞增殖反应的影响。结果：ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ雄性小鼠腹腔接种Ｓ１８０接种后,进行激光照射小鼠内眼角,测定正常对照组、肿瘤对照组和７．３３、１１．００、１４．６７、２２．００Ｊ／ｃｍ＾２和２９．３３Ｊ／ｃｍ＾２五个剂量激光照射组小鼠的Ｔ淋巴细胞增殖反应,结果表明１１．００Ｊ／ｃｍ＾２、１４．６７Ｊ／ｃｍ＾２、２２．００Ｊ／ｃｍ＾２剂量的氦氖激光照射     

火溪河底栖动物现状及水质评价

１９９６年８月,１１月各一次调查火溪河的底栖动物。共采集到到底栖动物３９种,其数量为８７．３ｉｎｄ／ｍ＾２,优势种类为方巢石蚕、四节蜉、小蜉、光石蝇和溪在非议 五种。火溪河底栖运行具有明显的山地型、流水型特点、时空分布一致。应用ＢＭＷＰ记分,ＢＢＩ／ＦＢＩ生物指数和Ｓｙａｎｎｏｎ多样性指数对脂河水质进行评价,表明水质清洁。作者建议以方巢石蚕７０．０ｉｎｄ／ｍ＾２作为火溪河水质清洁与轻污的一个界定值     

鼎湖山格木群落的生物量和光能利用效率

研究了鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林的生物量,发现其中格木（Ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｐｈｌｅｕｍ ｆｏｒｄｉｉ）群落的生物量为５６８．１７２ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,叶面积指数为２７．８０２５ｍ＾２／ｍ＾２,均高于大面积分布的厚壳桂（Ｃｒｙｐｔｏｃａｒｙａ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｘｓｉｓ）群落。用红外线ＣＯ２气体分析法,分层测定了格木群落主要植物的光合速率和呼吸速度,计算了嫩落的生产力和光能利用率。结果表明,格木群落的总生产力为２７９     

粤北八宝山森林群落的组成和结构特征

在线路调查和样方凋查材料的基础上分析了粤北八宝山自然保护区森林群落的组成和结构特征。八宝山森林群落外貌终年常绿,群落的区系组成以亚热带的科属为主,优势科为壳斗科、山茶科、樟科、木兰科、金缕梅科、安息香科、五列本科、杜英科、杜鹃花科、松科、冬青科以及交让本科。优势种亦大部分由这些科的种类组成。群落中胸径≥２ｃｍ的个体密度为３３７７株／ｈｍ２,平均距离为１．６２ｍ。群落的垂直分化比较明显,乔木层一般可分为２—３亚层。第１亚层高１６—２２ｍ;第２亚层高１０—１６ｍ;第３亚层高５—１０ｍ。群落缺乏板根现象和大型木质藤本,附生植物也不发达,表现出中亚热带森林的特色。     

长期复合污染胁迫下杉木林分结构变化研究

对长期复合污染胁迫下杉林林分进行了群落调查,采用比较方法着重分析了群落结构和物种组成结构等方面的变化。结果表明：长期复合污染胁迫下,杉木林分空间结构矮小化,其中乔木群体平均高度降低４．１４ｍ,平均胸高直径降低３．６９ｃｍ;杉木种群生长衰弱,密度降低７株／１００ｍ＾２,盖度减小２５％,乔木群体的不良变化为林床植物的发展创造了有利的条件。灌木层密度和盖度分别增加４３株／１００ｍ＾２和３５％。导致污染胁     

八大公山自然保护区森林土壤动物群落多样性的初步研究

对八大公山自然保护区森林土壤动物群落的多样性进行了初步研究,共获得２７类土壤动物,隶属５门１２纲,其中螨类、弹尾类、线虫类和线蚓类为优势类群,占全捕量的８８．６７％,是该区土壤动物的主体。土壤动物密度与土壤类型和土壤性质有一定的关系,主要土壤类型层中动物密度为：黑色石灰土中１２５．６万个／,棕色石灰土中１０４．３万个／ｍ＾３,山地生草黄棕壤中９１．３万个／ｍ＾３,山地黄棕壤中７４．２万个／ｍ＾３。     

红树林植被对大型底栖动物群落的影响

大型底栖动物是红树林生态系统的重要组成部分,从红树林大型底栖动物种类、红树林与其周边生境大型底栖动物群落的比较,以及生境变化对动物群落的影响等方面阐述了红树林植被与大型底栖动物群落的关系.从物种数量上看,软体动物和甲壳类动物构成了红树林大型底栖动物的主要部分.影响大型底栖动物分布的环境因素包括海水盐度、潮位和土壤特性等,但在小范围区域,林内动物的分布更多地与红树林植被特性和潮位有关.因此,由于红树林植被破坏或者恢复引起的生境变化,将导致大型底栖动物群落和常见物种种群的变化,尤其对底上动物影响明显;随着人工恢复红树林的发育,林内底栖动物的多样性相应增加,优势种也发生变化.相比位于相同潮位的无植被滩涂,红树林可促进潮间带生物多样性.     

海南清澜港红树林滩涂大型底栖动物初步研究

对海南清澜港红树林滩涂大型底栖动物进行了定性及定量调查,记录到大型底栖动物４５种,隶属于４个门,２６个科。其中软体动物３１种,占记录到物种数的６８９％;甲壳动物１０种,占记录到物种数的２２２％。优势种是珠带拟蟹手螺（ＣｅｒｉｔｈｉｄｅａｃｉｎｇｕｌａｔａＧｍｅｌｉｎ）、古氏滩栖螺（ＢａｔｉｌａｒｉａｃｕｍｉｎｇｉＣｒｏｓｅ）、中国紫蛤（ＨｉａｔｕｌａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＭｏｒｃｈ）及奥莱彩螺（ＣｌｉｔｈｏｎｏｕａｌａｎｉｅｎｓｉｓＬｅｓｏｎ）。大型底栖动物的生物量平均１９８５ｇ／ｍ２、栖息密度３５２４个／ｍ２。软体动物的生物量占到９９％,这可能与取样设在中、低潮区有关。     

深圳福田红树林区底栖大型动物群落的空间分带及灌污的可能影响

本文自１９９１年４月至１９９３年１月对深圳福田红树林中底栖大型动物的空间分带及灌污的可能影响进行了研究。结果表明,该红树林湿地中主要出现的底栖动物为拟沼螺科,黑螺科,汇螺科,沙蟹科,方蟹科和弹涂鱼科种类。红树区内底栖动物从高潮位到低潮位可分为３个群落分布带：亮泽拟沼螺带;拟黑螺－褶痕相手蟹带;弧边招潮－印尼拟蟹守螺－刻纹拟沼螺带。群落的分带可能主要由潮位线,食物适应性及底质结构因素决定。林前泥滩底栖动物种类多样性最大,生物量最高。林内动物群落则表现出低种类多样性,高种群个体数的特点。群落总栖息密度的变化基本上由软体动物所主导。生活污水排灌对红树林中底栖大型动物的影响不明显,仅在排污口端引起少数污水动物种类的出现及群落总生物量轻微的升高。     

南麂大檑山岛贻贝增殖区潮间带底栖生物的多样性

2012 年6 月在南麂大檑山岛厚壳贻贝增殖区潮间带布设2 个断面,进行潮间带底栖生物调查。定量采集到底栖生物16 种,其中软体动物6 种,藻类、甲壳类各3 种,腔肠动物、多毛类各2 种。潮间带底栖生物平均丰度为1 592 inds/m²,平均生物量17 326.48 g/m²,以厚壳贻贝的生物量及丰度为最高。大檑山岛潮间带底栖生物的Shannon-Weiner 多样性指数(H')、Simpson 多样性指数(D)、Pielou 均匀度指数(J)和Margalef 丰富度指数(d)分别为1.25~1.53、0.46~0.54、0.49~0.75、0.92~1.25,平均值分别是1.48、0.50、0.57、1.13,多样性指数都比较低,潮间带底栖生物群落受到中度干扰。底栖生物ABC 曲线分析表明,大檑山岛潮间带底栖生物群落处于稳定状态。厚壳贻贝壳长频数分布分析表明,大檑山岛潮间带厚壳贻贝以1~2 龄为主。     

珠江口底栖动物生态学研究

采泥样调查所获底栖动物一般为体形较小,活动能力较弱的种类,往往是一些底层鱼类和虾类等良好的天然饵料。珠江口海域渔业资源丰富,是中国南海区的主要渔场之一,因此,对该海域饵料底栖动物进行研究有重要意义。通过1999年9月和2000年4月分别对珠江口底栖生物进行的两个航次的采泥样调查,分别鉴定出底栖动物15衙睡21种,共计32种。底栖动物的优势种,秋季为光滑河篮蛤Potamocorbula laevis(Hinds)(Y=0.387),春季为光滑河篮蛤（Y＝0．464）和欧虫Owenia fusformis Delle Chiaje(Y=0.120)。平均个体数量和生物量,春季为591.7ind./m^2和26.7g/m^2,秋季为85.0ing./m^2和7.4g/m^2;而在各类群生物中,软体动物占绝大部分,其次为多毛类,其它各类群所占比例都不足5％。生物多样性,个体数量和生物量的分布均呈由北向南增加的趋势。另外,与近20a中的历史资料相比,珠江口底栖动物个体数量变化不大,除2000年春季较高为591.7ind./m^2外,其变化范围在72.4-128ing./m^2之间。春季生物量除1991年较高为27．0g/m^2外,变化不是很大,大约10g/m^2;但秋季生物量呈明显下降趋势,1980年为30.1g/m^2,1990年为27.8g/m^2,1999年秋季急剧下降至7.4g/m^2。此外,从底栖动物各大类群的百分组成变化情况来看,一般以软体动物个体数量（22．7％－83．2％）和生物量（57．9％－82．5％）都最高;多毛类的个体数量百分组成占第二倍,其范围是13．4％－52．3％;其它各类群的百分组成除个别时候所占比例较大外,一般都较小。     

The benthic macrofauna community of Kenyan waters of Lake Victoria

The benthic macroinvertebrates in the Kenya waters of Lake Victoria (ca. 1400 km²) were surveyed during four 10 day sampling periods in February, April, August and November 1984. Fourty three taxonomic groups were recorded. Oligochaetes, molluscs and dipteran larvae were the most abundant and widely distributed groups. The dominant oligochaetes were Branchiura sowerbyii Beddard and the swamp worm Alma emini Michaelsen, which were abundant in all silty and soft mud areas in both littoral and open water zones. Melanoides tuberculata Müller, Bellamya unicolor Olivier and Caelatura spp. were the most abundant molluscs. Different patterns were observed between near-littoral stations (<8 m deep) and deep water stations (8–40 m deep). After 10 years (1994), the macroinvertebrates of Lake Victoria were examined again. No evidence was found of seasonal changes in the composition or benthos density, although local changes occurred in some species which were attributed to swarming behaviour or larval settlement patterns. The spatial distribution of the fauna may be influenced primarily by oxygen availability and industrial effluent discharged from paper mill and agro-based industries in the catchment of the lake. There has been a shift in abundance, from an Oligochaeta and Insecta dominated community in 1984, to the present community dominated by Mollusca and Oligochaeta. The ecological role of the benthic community and its recent changes to fisheries production in the lake is discussed.     

Changes in the functional feeding groups of macrobenthic fauna during mangrove forest succession in Zhanjiang,China

Understanding the relationships between mangrove forest succession and the functional diversity of mangrove fauna could facilitate the restoration of mangrove ecosystems, which have been severely damaged in recent decades. The current report describes changes in macrobenthic functional diversity in a mangrove chronosequence that included a primary community (unvegetated shoal), an early community (Avicennia marina), a middle community (Aegiceras corniculatum), and a late community (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza?+?Rhizophora stylosa) in Zhanjiang, China. Phytophages were the dominant macrobenthic functional feeding group regardless of mangrove succession stage, sampling season, or macrobenthic faunal parameter (species richness, abundance, and biomass). As mangrove succession progressed, the proportions of macrobenthic species richness, abundance, or biomass represented by omnivores significantly increased (except for biomass and in the late stage; ranged from 0.065 to 0.230 and 0.033 to 0.368, respectively in wet season, and 0.000 to 0.192 and 0.000 to 0.396, respectively in dry season), while the proportions significantly decreased for detritivores during the dry season (ranged from 0.156 to 0.056, 0.107 to 0.019, and 0.066 to 0.005, respectively). Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and PERMANOVA also indicated that the structure of macrobenthic faunal functional feeding groups was significantly affected by mangrove succession. Further analyses indicated that the changes in the relative dominance among macrobenthic faunal functional feeding groups during mangrove succession were mainly associated with changes in plant density, coverage/canopy density, and total nitrogen content of sediment, i.e., they were mostly associated with changes in food sources. The results increase our understanding of the relationship between benthic functional diversity and mangrove succession and could help guide mangrove restoration in China and around the world.     

底栖动物对红树林生态系统的影响及生态学意义

底栖动物是红树林生态系统的重要组成部分。本文总结了近年来国内外红树林底栖动物的生物多样性、分布模式及其影响因素的研究进展,并从以下5个方面阐述了底栖动物(尤其是相手蟹)对红树林生态系统的影响:1)维持系统初级生产;2)丰富系统有机物生产;3)影响红树植物生长;4)降低幼苗竞争压力;5)改变沉积物性质。除传统的群落结构、生物多样性和个体生物学研究外,目前红树林底栖动物生态学的研究正逐步向红树林沙蟹等其他海洋无脊椎动物的种间关系、底栖生物区系与栖息地间相互关系研究发展。有必要重新认识蟹类的生物扰动对红树林更新和红树林生态系统能量流动的积极意义。     

The Near-bottom Layer as an Ecological Boundary in Marine Ecosystems: Diversity, Taxonomic Composition and Community Definitions

The near-bottom layer of the ocean represents a boundary between two oceanic biotopes (pelagial and benthal), and as a result, the animal populations living in this habitat belong to various diverse ecological groups. There is a profusion of terms to designate the organisms which live near the sea bottom, both in relation to their behaviour and to boundary-layer hydrodynamics. Do the fauna living above the sea bottom form a true community? Should the fauna in this habitat be considered as a true community or a mixed assemblage comprised of benthic and pelagic organisms? Between 1988 and 1996, more than 500 suprabenthic hauls were taken with a modified Macer-GIROQ sledge at 15 sites in the English Channel and the Seine Estuary (5–70 m), at 13 sites on the southern edge of the Cap Ferret Canyon (Bay of Biscay, 350–1100 m), and at 8 sites on the Atlantic seamounts south of the Azores (260–2235 m). This intensive sampling permitted the collection of more than several hundred species and will serve to facilitate discussion concerning the biodiversity of the fauna collected near the sea bottom. This paper proposes that in the estuary, the near-bottom layer is colonized by a mixed assemblage of both pelagic and benthic organisms, while in the coastal and in the bathyal zones, the response to the gradual extinction of light and the decreasing benthic resuspension at near-bottom depths leads to an ecocline.     

A mangrove community in the New Hebrides, south-west Pacific

A general survey of the mangal at Port Stanley, Malekula, New Hebrides, the most extensive mangal in the archipelago, was conducted over an 11-day period in September/October 1971. Seventeen species of true mangrove tree and mangrove associates were recorded. As is characteristic of mangal, this flora was distributed in a zonal pattern, four zones being recognized. Certain anomalies in zonation were attributed to a recent episode of crustal uplift. The aquatic component of the fauna was dominated by molluscs (26 species) and Crustacea (20 species). The terrestrial vertebrate fauna consisted of 4 species of reptiles, 21 birds and 5 mammals.
The mangrove community at Port Stanley is an integral part of that of the Indo-West Pacific region. However it is much restricted in number of species, and reasons for this are suggested: distance from Malesia, lack of fresh water, and shallow soils with little silt deposition. Faunal impoverishment is clearly associated with floral impoverishment.