犬细小病毒VP2蛋白在真核细胞中的分泌表达及特性

摘要:【目的】利用真核细胞分泌表达犬细小病毒VP2蛋白和研究其特性。【方法】为构建犬细小病毒（Canine parvovirus, CPV）VP2基因的真核分泌型表达载体,首先通过酶切从含有人CD5信号肽序列的质粒中将CD5信号肽基因片段切出,将其连接到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1A的多克隆位点上,构建成pcDNA3.1-CD5sp质粒。然后再通过PCR方法从含有犬细小病毒VP2基因的质粒中扩增VP2基因,并将其插入到pcDNA3.1- CD5sp载体中CD5信号肽的下游,构建成VP2基因的真核分泌型表达载体pcDNA-CD5sp-VP2。经磷酸钙介导转染293T细胞,使其在真核细胞中进行分泌表达,并通过ELISA检测表达的VP2蛋白与犬转铁蛋白受体（TfR）结合的活性。【结果】序列分析结果表明,本实验构建的犬细小病毒VP2基因真核分泌型表达载体结构正确,将该表达载体转染的293T细胞,在培养基中通过Western-blot检测到有VP2重组蛋白的存在。经ELISA检测表明表达的重组VP2蛋白具有与犬转铁蛋白受体结合的活性。【结论】 利用人的CD5信号肽实现了犬细小病毒VP2蛋白在真核细胞中的分泌表达,表达的VP2蛋白具有与犬转铁蛋白受体结合的活性。     

家蚕miRNA Novel-31~*上调溶血素基因的表达

【目的】Novel-31*是在家蚕质型多角体病毒(Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus,Bm CPV)感染的家蚕中发现的一个差异表达miRNA。本研究旨在验证Novel-31*对其靶基因表达的调控作用,以便进一步研究miRNA及其靶基因在昆虫免疫调节中的作用。【方法】用生物信息学方法预测Novel-31*的靶基因,荧光定量PCR分析Novel-31*及其靶基因在家蚕感染Bm CPV后不同时间点的表达变化;构建miRNA慢病毒表达载体和靶基因慢病毒表达载体,转染293T细胞,同时合成Novel-31*mimics转染家蚕培养细胞Bm N,使用荧光定量PCR检测Novel-31*对靶基因表达的调控作用。【结果】生物信息学方法预测发现,溶血素基因是Novel-31*的靶基因,其结合位点位于溶血素基因的5'UTR区域。荧光定量PCR分析表明,Novel-31*及溶血素基因在感染Bm CPV的家蚕血淋巴细胞中呈现明显的上调表达。荧光定量PCR检测表明,在Novel-31*慢病毒表达载体和溶血素基因5'UTR慢病毒表达载体转染的293T细胞中和在转染Novel-31*mimics的家蚕Bm N细胞中,溶血素基因都上调表达。【结论】溶血素基因是miRNA Novel-31*的靶基因,Novel-31*与溶血素基因5'UTR结合,上调溶血素基因的表达。     

细小病毒非结构蛋白诱导细胞凋亡研究进展

迄今,据最新报道可感染哺乳动物和禽类的细小病毒有17余种。被感染细胞常出现不同程度的凋亡和坏死,呈现典型以细胞折光性增强、圆缩直至溶解脱落等为特征的细胞病变。NS1蛋白是细小病毒主要的非结构蛋白,其结构和功能保守,在病毒生命周期与感染宿主中扮演重要角色。它不仅影响病毒复制,还参与诱导宿主细胞凋亡。细小病毒NS1蛋白主要经由线粒体途径诱导被感染宿主细胞发生凋亡,本文全面归纳与总结细小病毒NS1蛋白诱导细胞凋亡的分子机制的最新研究进展。     

犬瘟热病毒抗原表位T’TB和犬细小病毒VP2蛋白的共表达及免疫小鼠特异性抗体的测定

应用PCR方法扩增犬细小病毒VP2基因,将其克隆至Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统中的转移载体pFastBacHTc上,命名为pFastBacHTc-VP2,将人工合成的犬瘟热病毒抗原表位基因T'TB克隆至VP2基因的上游,命名为 pFastBacHTc-T'TB-VP2.进而转化含穿梭载体Bacmid的感受态细胞DH10Bac中,获得携带犬瘟热病毒T'TB细胞表位和犬细小病毒VP2基因的重组转染质粒Bacmid-BacHT-T'TB-VP2,将其转染昆虫细胞Sf-9后获得融合重组T'TB-VP2蛋白,大小约为70 ku.经Western blot分析,结果显示:表达的蛋白具有良好的免疫原性.表达的重组蛋白在无佐剂参与的情况下,按确定的免疫程序免疫6～8周龄的BALB/c小鼠,检测小鼠的体液免疫学指标.结果表明:表达蛋白能诱导小鼠产生抗CDV和CPV的特异性中和抗体.本实验为重组犬瘟热与犬细小病毒新型亚单位疫苗的研制奠定了重要的物质基础.     

家蚕微孢子虫感染对家蚕BmN细胞凋亡以及凋亡蛋白抑制因子IAPs表达的影响

【目的】在无任何外界凋亡因素诱导条件下,探究家蚕微孢子虫感染对家蚕卵巢细胞-BmN凋亡的影响,以及凋亡蛋白抑制因子IAPs实相表达的变化情况。【方法】显微镜下观察家蚕微孢子虫感染BmN细胞后不同时间段宿主细胞的变化情况,以及利用荧光定量PCR方法检测家蚕促凋亡基因——细胞色素C(BmCyt c)表达水平的变化,随后检索家蚕基因组与蛋白质家族数据库搜寻家蚕凋亡蛋白抑制因子IAPs基因信息,并通过荧光定量PCR方法对这些基因的实相表达情况进行定量分析。【结果】家蚕微孢子虫感染BmN细胞的前5 d,细胞状态未见明显变化。感染后7 d,BmN细胞的生长受到了一定程度的影响。第12天时,对照组中几乎所有细胞出现空泡化或细胞死亡的现象,而感染家蚕微孢子虫的BmN细胞未见空泡的出现,并且大量细胞形态完整,细胞核清晰可见。同时,BmCyt c基因的表达几乎一直处于被抑制状态,特别是感染后的第10天与第12天,该基因的表达量显著性降低(P0.01)。通过数据库检索共得到4个家蚕凋亡蛋白抑制因子:BmIAP-1、BmIAP-2、BmSurvivin-1与BmSurvivin-2。荧光定量PCR结果表明:BmIAP-1和BmSurvivin-1基因在感染后期(10 d与12 d)表达量有上升趋势,尤其是感染后的12 d,表达量显著上升(P0.01)。然而,BmIAP-2与BmSurvivin-2基因的表达在大多数时间段均处于下调状态。【结论】当无任何外界凋亡因素诱导条件下,家蚕微孢子虫感染BmN细胞后可影响宿主细胞的生长,并可抑制细胞的正常生理凋亡。依据荧光定量PCR结果,我们推测在家蚕微孢子虫感染BmN细胞时,BmIAP-1和BmSurvivin-1蛋白可能在调节细胞凋亡的过程中起一定作用。     

家蚕凋亡蛋白抑制因子(BmIAP)基因真核表达与功能分析

【目的】家蚕Bombyx mori凋亡蛋白抑制因子(BmIAP)是在家蚕中发现的一个凋亡蛋白抑制因子(IAP)。本研究旨在验证家蚕BmIAP蛋白在家蚕细胞内的功能特征,以进一步研究BmIAP在家蚕细胞凋亡中的作用。【方法】对构建的瞬时表达载体PIZ/V5-BmIAP-dsRed,应用脂质体转染家蚕Bm N-SWU1细胞;应用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot分析BmIAP mRNA及蛋白表达水平;通过150 ng/m L放线菌素D诱导家蚕Bm N-SWU1细胞12,18和24 h,应用免疫荧光及实时荧光定量PCR方法,分析BmIAP瞬时表达与细胞凋亡的关系。【结果】构建的瞬时表达载体PIZ/V5-BmIAP-dsRed能在家蚕Bm N-SWU1细胞表达BmIAP蛋白,其BmIAP mRNA表达水平上调近45倍,融合蛋白约为60 k D;BmIAP基因瞬时表达72 h后,BmIAP能显著抑制放线菌素D诱导12 h时的家蚕Bm N-SWU1细胞凋亡。【结论】BmIAP蛋白在家蚕细胞中能抑制家蚕细胞凋亡,是家蚕的一种凋亡蛋白抑制因子。     

IGFBP-3在真核细胞中的分泌表达及功能分析

将人胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3(IGFBP-3)的cDNA片段亚克隆入pSectagA载体, 构建真核分泌型表达载体pSectag-IGFBP3。采用脂质体转染的方法将真核表达载体转染人肾癌786-O细胞, 转染48 h后用免疫印迹法检测IGFBP-3的表达状况; 同时以Annexin V-EGFP/PI染色, 流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率, 观察分泌表达的IGFBP-3对宿主细胞的促凋亡作用。转染48 h后, 经Western blotting检测, 在细胞培养上清中有分泌表达的IGFBP-3蛋白。流式细胞技术检测结果表明, 表达产物可直接作用于宿主细胞, 发挥促肿瘤细胞凋亡的作用。由此表明所构建的重组表达质粒pSectag-IGFBP3能在真核细胞水平正常表达并发挥生物学功能, 为进一步探索IGFBP-3的作用机制奠定了基础。     

IGFBP-3在真核细胞中的分泌表达及功能分析

将人胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3(IGFBP-3)的cDNA片段亚克隆入pSectagA载体, 构建真核分泌型表达载体pSectag-IGFBP3。采用脂质体转染的方法将真核表达载体转染人肾癌786-O细胞, 转染48 h后用免疫印迹法检测IGFBP-3的表达状况; 同时以Annexin V-EGFP/PI染色, 流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率, 观察分泌表达的IGFBP-3对宿主细胞的促凋亡作用。转染48 h后, 经Western blotting检测, 在细胞培养上清中有分泌表达的IGFBP-3蛋白。流式细胞技术检测结果表明, 表达产物可直接作用于宿主细胞, 发挥促肿瘤细胞凋亡的作用。由此表明所构建的重组表达质粒pSectag-IGFBP3能在真核细胞水平正常表达并发挥生物学功能, 为进一步探索IGFBP-3的作用机制奠定了基础。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因的克隆及其诱导肺腺癌细胞A549凋亡的研究

通过RT-PCR的方法克隆H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因,并构建了真核表达载体pCMV-Myc/NS1。将此真核表达质粒转染肺腺癌细胞A549,48 h后,经Western印迹检测,NS1基因能在细胞中正确表达。经荧光显微镜、透射电镜观察和流式细胞仪检测,发现该株流感病毒的NS1蛋白可诱导肺腺癌细胞A549凋亡。     

重组猪肺表面活性蛋白A在体外可抑制PRRSV感染宿主细胞

【目的】研究重组猪肺表面活性蛋白A(SP-A)在体外对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)感染的抑制作用。【方法】采用PCR方法从含有猪SP-A基因的质粒中扩增SP-A基因,并将其插入到含有人CD5信号肽序列的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1A-CD5中,构建成SP-A基因的真核分泌型表达载体pcDNA-CD5-SPA/MH。将重组表达载体通过磷酸钙介导转染HEK293T细胞进行瞬时表达,通过Western blot方法鉴定表达产物,采用Ni-NTA琼脂糖凝胶亲和层析法从培养基中分离和纯化重组SP-A蛋白,通过ELISA方法检测SP-A蛋白与PRRSV的结合活性。将SP-A蛋白与PRRSV孵育,然后感染MARC-145细胞和猪肺泡巨噬细胞,感染72 h后测定病毒滴度,分析重组SP-A蛋白对PRRSV感染的抑制作用。【结果】结果表明构建的真核表达载体能够介导SP-A基因在HEK293T细胞中进行分泌表达;表达的重组猪SP-A蛋白能够与PRRSV进行剂量依赖性结合;用重组猪SP-A蛋白与PRRSV进行孵育,然后感染MARC-145细胞和猪肺泡巨噬细胞,结果显示SP-A处理的PRRSV感染细胞后的病变程度明显低于对照组。感染72 h后,SP-A处理组的PRRSV在MARC-145细胞和猪肺泡巨噬细胞的滴度明显低于SP-A非处理组。【结论】重组猪SP-A在体外对PRRSV的感染有明显的抑制作用,揭示SP-A具有抗PRRSV的活性。     

大肠杆菌 LT B亚基基因表达载体对犬细小病毒VP2 DNA疫苗免疫应答的增强作用

【目的】通过融合基因表达载体和共免疫基因表达载体研究大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素(LT)B亚基基因对犬细小病毒VP2DNA疫苗免疫应答的影响。【方法】提取大肠杆菌44815菌株基因组DNA,通过PCR方法从基因组DNA中扩增LTB基因,同时采用PCR方法从含有犬细小病毒VP2基因的质粒中扩增VP2的主要抗原表位基因(VP2-70,编码70个氨基酸)。将上述基因分别连接到含有人CD5信号肽序列的载体pcDNA-CD5sp上,分别构建成它们的分泌型真核表达载体,pcDNA-CD5sp-LTB和pcDNA-CD5sp-VP2-70。再利用酶切连接的方法构建LTB与VP2-70融合的真核表达载体pcDNACD5sp-LTB-VP2-70。然后用pcDNACD5sp-VP2-70(VP2-70组)、pcDNACD5sp-LTB-VP2-70(VP2-LTB融合组)、pcDNA-CD5sp-LTB/pcDNACD5sp-VP2-70(VP2-LTB共免疫组)和pcDNA3.1A(空载体对照组)分别免疫小鼠。免疫后用间接ELISA检测不同时间小鼠血清的抗体水平,用MTT方法检测小鼠免疫5周后脾脏淋巴细胞的增殖活性。【结果】经过测序表明本研究扩增的LTB和VP2基因序列和构建的相关表达载体结构正确。通过Western-blot检测证明构建的表达载体均能介导相应基因在真核细胞进行分泌表达。ELISA检测结果表明,3组实验组小鼠接受VP2DNA疫苗免疫后均能产生特异的体液免疫应答反应,特别是VP2-LTB基因融合组小鼠的抗体水平在第5周时高达1:5120,明显高于其它两组(P<0.01)。3组免疫小鼠抗体的亚型均表现IgG1抗体水平明显高于IgG2a抗体水平(P<0.01)。淋巴细胞增殖实验结果表明,在ConA的刺激下,3组免疫小鼠的淋巴细胞刺激指数均明显高于对照组(P<0.01),说明VP2DNA疫苗能够引起淋巴细胞的增殖。但3组免疫小鼠之间的刺激指数没有明显差异(P>0.05)。【结论】在小鼠体内,LTB基因表达载体可明显提高CPVVP2DNA疫苗的体液免疫应答水平。     

Effect of influenza A virus non-structural protein 1(NS1) on a mouse model of diabetes mellitus induced by Streptozotocin

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease caused by proinflammatory autoreactive T cells that mediate the selective destruction of insulin-producing β cells via both direct and indirect mechanisms. Many immune cells and proinflammatory cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. Immune intervention is effective for the prevention and treatment of T1D by blocking the autoimmune assault to β cells. The non-structural protein 1(NS1) of influenza A viruses is a non-essential virulence factor encoded on segment 8 that has multiple accessory functions, including suppression of innate immunity and adaptive immunity, inhibition of apoptosis and activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). This research investigated whether the expression of NS1 can prevent and treat diabetes mellitus induced by Streptozotocin (STZ). The NS1 expressing plasmid pEGFP-C2/NS1 was constructed and injected intramuscularly to both thighs of mice. Its effect on mice was observed. Intramuscular delivery of pEGFP-C2/NS1 resulted in reduction in hyperglycemia and diabetes incidence, with an increase in insulin. pEGFP-C2/NS1 could also increase glycogen and regulated serum cytokine levels. In addition, by comparison to the mice treated with empty vector pEGFP-C2, ameliorative insulitis was observed in the mice treated with recombinant plasmid pEGFP-C2/NS1. This result suggests that the expression of NS1 is effective for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus induced by STZ in a mouse model.     

Immobilized alpha2,6-linked sialic acid suppresses caspase-3 activation during anti-IgM antibody-induced apoptosis in Ramos cells

In Ramos cells, a human Burkitt's lymphoma cell line, stimulation of the B cell antigen receptor with anti-IgM antibody (Ab) induces apoptosis as indicated by a decrease in cell viability and an increase in DNA fragmentation and cell surface exposure of phosphatidylserine. Furthermore, these changes are suppressed by incubating the cells in alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP)-coated tissue culture plates. Here, we found that, during Anti-IgM Ab-induced apoptosis in Ramos cells, caspase-3 is activated downstream of caspase-8 and the mitochondrial pathway is activated, as indicated by a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, an increase in the release of cytochrome c to the cytoplasm, and enhanced Bax expression. Anti-IgM Ab-induced apoptosis of neuraminidase-treated Ramos cells was suppressed by incubating the cells on plates coated with AGP, which contains a high concentration of alpha2,6-linked sialic acid. The incubation on plates coated with AGP also suppressed anti-IgM Ab-stimulated caspase-3 activity and increased the level of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), but it did not affect caspase-8 activity, the mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, or Bax expression. The results indicate that the interaction of Ramos cells with immobilized alpha2,6-linked sialic acid enhances XIAP expression, directly or indirectly suppressing caspase-3 activity and inhibiting anti-IgM Ab-induced apoptosis.     

嗜水气单胞菌HBNUAh01 外膜蛋白A 基因在烟草叶片细胞中的瞬时表达

【目的】从嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)HBNUAh01中克隆外膜蛋白A(outer membrane proteinA,ompA)基因并在烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)叶片细胞中瞬时表达该蛋白。【方法】以嗜水气单胞菌HBNUAh01为模板进行嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白A(AhompA)基因片段的PCR扩增,并将其克隆到pEASY-Blunt Simple载体中以进行测序。测序正确的AhompA基因序列与含有黄色荧光蛋白(yellow fluorescentprotein,YFP)基因的表达载体pCAMBIA1300构建重组表达载体。将该重组表达载体转化到农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)GV3101感受态细胞中,随后用阳性转化子转染烟草叶片细胞。使用激光扫描共聚焦成像系统(Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope)检测观察融合表达AhompA基因的黄色荧光蛋白并采用RT-PCR检测AhompA基因在烟草叶片中的转录情况。【结果】从嗜水气单胞菌HBNUAh01中克隆出大小为1032 bp的AhompA基因序列,并在烟草叶片中成功表达AhompA和YFP的融合蛋白。【结论】AhompA基因在烟草叶片细胞中的成功表达为进一步研究利用植物疫苗防治嗜水气单胞菌引起的水产动物疾病奠定了基础。     

Role of Mitochondria in Parvovirus Pathology

Proper functioning of the mitochondria is crucial for the survival of the cell. Viruses are able to interfere with mitochondrial functions as they infect the host cell. Parvoviruses are known to induce apoptosis in infected cells, but the role of the mitochondria in parvovirus induced cytopathy is only partially known. Here we demonstrate with confocal and electron microscopy that canine parvovirus (CPV) associated with the mitochondrial outer membrane from the onset of infection. During viral entry a transient depolarization of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and increase in ROS level was detected. Subsequently, mitochondrial homeostasis was normalized shortly, as detected by repolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and decrease of ROS. Indeed, activation of cell survival signalling through ERK1/2 cascade was observed early in CPV infected cells. At 12 hours post infection, concurrent with the expression of viral non-structural protein 1, damage to the mitochondrial structure and depolarization of its membrane were apparent. Results of this study provide additional insight of parvovirus pathology and also more general information of virus-mitochondria association.     

ω-3多聚不饱和脂肪酸脱氢酶的真核表达及鉴定

目的：构建ω-3多聚不饱和脂肪酸脱氢酶真核表达载体,并在293T细胞（人胚肾细胞）中实现表达。方法：通过RT-PCR法扩增得到ω-3多聚不饱和脂肪酸脱氢酶基因fat1,构建重组真核表达载体pCMV－Myc－fat1,用脂质体法转染293T细胞,Western Blot检测fat1的表达,并用间接免疫荧光（IFA）确定其在293T细胞中的定位情况。结果：构建真核表达质粒pCMV－Myc－fat1,转染293T细胞后,可检测到细胞内有fat1的表达并确定其在细胞中的位置。结论：成功构建真核表达质粒pCMV－Myc－fat1,可检测出细胞内有fat1的表达并确定其在细胞膜和细胞质内均有表达,为进行fat1的功能研究奠定了基础。     

Activation of Caspases in Pig Kidney Cells Infected with Wild-Type and CrmA/SPI-2 Mutants of Cowpox and Rabbitpox Viruses

The cowpox virus (CPV) CrmA and the equivalent rabbitpox virus (RPV) SPI-2 proteins have anti-inflammatory and antiapoptosis activity by virtue of their ability to inhibit caspases, including the interleukin-1β-converting enzyme (ICE; caspase-1). Infection of LLC-PK1 pig kidney cells with a CPV CrmA mutant, but not with wild-type (wt) CPV, results in the induction of many of the morphological features of apoptosis (C. A. Ray and D. J. Pickup, Virology 217:384–391, 1996). In our study, LLC-PK1 cells infected with CPVΔcrmA, but not those infected with wt CPV, showed induction of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)- and lamin A-cleaving activities and processing of the CPP32 (caspase-3) precursor to a mature 18-kDa form. Surprisingly, infection of LLC-PK1 cells with either wt RPV (despite the presence of the SPI-2 protein) or RPVΔSPI-2 resulted in cleavage activity against PARP and lamin A and the appearance of the mature subunit of CPP32/caspase-3. The biotinylated specific peptide inhibitor Ac-Tyr-Val-Lys(biotinyl)-Asp-2,6-dimethylbenzoyloxymethylketone [AcYV(bio)KD-aomk] labeled active caspase subunits of 18, 19, and 21 kDa in extracts from LLC-PK1 cells infected with CPVΔcrmA, wt RPV, or RPVΔSPI-2 but not wt CPV. Mixed infection of LLC-PK1 cells with wt RPV and wt CPV gave no PARP-cleaving activity, and all PARP cleavage mediated by SPI-2 and CrmA mutants of RPV and CPV, respectively, could be eliminated by coinfection with wt CPV. These results suggest that the RPV SPI-2 and CPV CrmA proteins are not functionally equivalent and that CrmA, but not SPI-2 protein, can completely prevent apoptosis in LLC-PK1 cells under these conditions.     

Zinc induces mixed types of cell death, necrosis, and apoptosis, in molt-4 cells

To investigate the mode of zinc-induced cell death, the associated morphological changes, and biological events were examined in zinc-treated Molt-4 cells. Fluorescence microscope observations with double staining of zinc-treated cells with Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide (PI) indicated that the metal induced both necrosis and apoptosis. To confirm this, cells were stained with both PI and FITC-labeled annexin V, which binds phosphatidylserine, and then analyzed by flow cytometry. The results also confirmed that zinc induces mixed types of cell death, necrosis and apoptosis, and that the former induction occurs earlier and at a greater frequency. Hallmarks of apoptosis such as abnormal chromosome condensation and release of cytochrome c, as well as the appearance of annexin-positive cells, appeared along with the expression of mitochondrial membrane protein 7A6. However, zinc did not induce increases in caspase-3 like protease and caspase-8 activities, and caused slightly hypodiploid cells. Furthermore, the induction of cell death and annexin-positive cells was not blocked by the caspase inhibitors Ac-YVAD-CHO and Ac-DEVD-CHO. These results indicate that zinc induces both necrosis and apoptosis, without caspase-3 activation.