β-葡聚糖酶高产菌株BS9418F的选育及其发酵条件的研究

经60 Coγ射线辐照处理获得的诱变菌株芽孢杆菌BS9418F ,其产酶活力比出发菌株提高 30 %以上。该菌株以大麦粉 7%、玉米粉 3%、豆粕 3%及适量无机盐为培养基最佳配比 ,其最适培养条件为 :培养基初始 pH 7.0 ,摇瓶装量 5 0mL/ 30 0mL三角瓶 ,种龄 16～ 2 0h ,接种量 2 %～ 3% ,培养温度 36～ 37℃ ,发酵周期 40h。在优化条件下 ,摇瓶发酵产 β 葡聚糖酶活力高达 5 5 0 0u/mL以上 ,比出发菌株初始发酵水平提高了 4倍以上     

小麦白粉病生防菌G-1菌株原生质体诱变育种

以链霉菌G-1(Streptomyces sp.G-1)为出发菌株,通过研究菌株G-1原生质体形成与再生的条件,发现该菌株在含0.5%甘氨酸的菌丝体培养基中经过二次培养后,所得菌丝体用2 mg/mL溶菌酶在30℃下处理90 min,可获得大量原生质体,其再生率可达8.2%。菌株G-1的原生质体经紫外诱变和宁南霉素抗性筛选后,得到一高产突变株G-1-125,其有效组分A的产量达到794mg/L,较出发菌株提高了180%。     

褐黄孢链霉菌原生质体制备与再生

以纳他霉素产生菌株褐黄孢链霉菌SG-2002为出发菌株,考察了菌丝体培养基、甘氨酸浓度、培养时间、溶菌酶浓度、酶解温度、酶解时间及再生培养基对原生质体形成与再生的影响.原生质体形成和再生的最佳条件为S培养基中添加1%的甘氨酸,菌丝体培养 30 h,溶菌酶浓度 40 mg/(g菌体干重),酶解温度 30 ℃,酶解时间 60 min.褐黄孢链霉菌的原生质体形成量达到4.0×106 个/mL,再生培养基选择R5′培养基,再生率为9.0%.     

芘高效降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性的研究

以芘为惟一碳源.采用寓集培养方法,从沈抚灌区石油污染土壤中分离得到一株芘降解菌B05.根据形态学观察、生理牛化鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析结果.将菌株B05鉴定为Aminobacter ciceronei.在芘初始浓度为1mg/L的液体无机盐培养基中,培养10d,菌株B05对芘的降解率为51%;在芘初始浓度为1mg/kg的土壤培养基条件下,培养30d,菌株B05对芘的降解率可达51%;在芘初始浓度为50mg/L的乙醇液体培养基条件下,培养5d,菌株B05对芘的降解率可达25.9%.对菌株培养条件进行优化,经SlideWrite统计软件拟合,菌株B05在牛肉膏蛋白胨液体培养基上的最适生长pH值为7.3,最适生长温度为32.5℃,最适装液量为25.4mL(150mL三角瓶).     

α-氯丙酸脱卤酶发酵条件研究

以从厌氧污泥中分离筛选获得的对α-氯丙酸有高效脱卤能力的微生物菌株W20为出发菌株,对其发酵生产脱卤酶的工艺进行了研究。其产脱卤酶培养基组成为:葡萄糖20.0 g/L,尿素1.0 g/L,酵母膏0.5 g/L,Na2HPO4.12H2O 3.2 g/L,KH2PO41.5 g/L,无水MgSO40.098 g/L,微量元素液10 mL/L,维生素溶液5.0 mL/L。产酶条件为:接种量10%,培养基初始pH7.0,培养温度30℃,装液量80 mL/250 mL摇瓶,摇床转速180 r/min。在以上获得的培养基和培养条件下培养48 h后测酶活,脱卤酶活力达到8.76 U/g干菌体,比在原始条件下提高约10倍。     

高温蛋白酶产生菌的筛选及其产酶条件和酶学性质分析

从徂徕山温泉附近土样中分离到9株产高温蛋白酶菌株,选取一株碱性蛋白酶高产菌株L7为出发菌株,进行显微形态、16S rRNA基因序列分析,将其初步鉴定为短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus sp.)。研究该菌株发酵条件,确定产酶的最佳培养基组成为葡萄糖40 g/L,蛋白胨20 g/L,磷酸氢二钠1.4 g/L,氯化钙0.6 g/L,硫酸镁0.4 g/L,通过培养基优化,酶活达到103.08 U/mL。最佳培养条件为250 mL三角烧瓶中装液量50 mL、pH8.0、培养温度为55℃、培养时间为24 h。对该菌株酶学性质研究,L7菌株所产高温蛋白酶的最适温度为55℃,最适pH为10,并且具有良好的温度稳定性和pH稳定性,酶活性受PMSF强烈抑制。     

废弃活性污泥中产聚羟基脂肪酸酯菌株Bacillus sp. PB-3的发酵条件优化

通过尼罗红染色法结合荧光显微镜镜检,从废弃活性污泥中分离得到1株高产聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)的菌株Bacillus sp.PB-3,经气相色谱法鉴定该菌株胞内产物为聚β-羟基丁酸酯(PHB)。对培养基成分及发酵条件优化后,获得最佳培养方案:12 g/L的葡萄糖为C源,2 g/L的牛肉膏为N源,初始pH 7.5,培养基装液量80 mL,转速为200 r/min,37℃培养48 h,PHB质量分数可达菌体干质量的32.09%,比优化前提高30%。     

链霉菌产木聚糖酶条件和酶学性质以及重离子诱变对产酶的影响研究

以一株由青藏高原牦牛粪中分离出的链霉菌为出发菌株,对其培养特性、产酶条件和酶学性质进行初步研究.通过重离子诱变,筛选出遗传稳定的高产菌株.结果表明,该菌以玉米芯和麸皮(1∶1)为碳源能高效地诱导木聚糖酶的胞外分泌,其最适培养基和培养条件氮源为酵母膏、初始pH7、培养温度为25℃,在此条件下,第4天酶活力达到峰值3480.25 U/mL.说明该酶能够利用农业废弃物高效生产木聚糖酶.该菌株所产木聚糖酶的最适反应温度为15℃、pH4,属低温酸性木聚糖酶.经重离子诱变后,筛选出一株高产菌株SZ10-7,其酶活力可达5 338.42 U/mL.     

低双乙酰啤酒酵母菌株BEZ112的选育

以啤酒酿造生产菌株啤酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)FB作为出发菌株,用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变,经分离筛选得到一株优良的啤酒酵母菌株BEZ112。该菌株的絮凝性、发酵度、酒精度、发酵液的总酯和总高级醇的含量等特性保持了亲株的优良性状。但以12°Bx麦芽汁为培养基用500mL三角瓶在12℃下发酵,该菌株发酵至第4d,发酵液中的双乙酰含量达到峰值(0.291mg/L),比出发菌株FB发酵4d的峰值降低了30％,发酵至第8d,BEZ112发酵液中的双乙酰含量比出发菌株FB的降低了23％。以12°Bx麦芽汁为培养基用500L罐在12℃下发酵8d,BEZ112发酵液中的双乙酰含量(0.091mg/L)比出发菌株FB的(0.124mg/L)降低了27％。发酵得到的啤酒口感纯正清爽。     

产壳聚糖酶菌株的分离、鉴定及发酵条件优化

从废弃食用菌培养基周围土壤中分离得到一株产壳聚糖酶的菌株,结合形态学特征与26SrDNA序列进行了分类学鉴定,结果表明,该菌株与高山被孢霉(Mortierella alpina)的同源性较高,达99%,初步鉴定为被孢霉属的一种,命名为KB-1001。并对该菌株的产酶特性进行了研究,结果表明,该菌株液体发酵培养产酶高峰出现在第84h,最适碳源为1%的水溶性壳聚糖,最适氮源为1.87%的(NH4)2SO4,摇瓶培养的最适初始pH值为6.0,最适温度为28℃～30℃,接种量为4%,最佳装瓶量为70 mL/250 mL,150 r/min摇瓶培养,经优化培养后,该菌株发酵液中壳聚糖酶活力最高达到8.130 U/mL。比原始的未经发酵条件优化的产酶活性提高了12.78%。     

Strain Identification and Quantitative Analysis in Microbial Communities

Microbiology has long studied the ways in which subtle genetic differences between closely related microbial strains can have profound impacts on their phenotypes and those of their surrounding environments and communities. Despite the growth in high-throughput microbial community profiling, however, such strain-level differences remain challenging to detect. Once detected, few quantitative approaches have been well-validated for associating strain variants from microbial communities with phenotypes of interest, such as medication usage, treatment efficacy, host environment, or health. First, the term “strain” itself is not used consistently when defining a highly-resolved taxonomic or genomic unit from within a microbial community. Second, computational methods for identifying such strains directly from shotgun metagenomics are difficult, with several possible reference- and assembly-based approaches available, each with different sensitivity/specificity tradeoffs. Finally, statistical challenges exist in using any of the resulting strain profiles for downstream analyses, which can include strain tracking, phylogenetic analysis, or genetic association studies. We provide an in depth discussion of recently available computational tools that can be applied for this task, as well as statistical models and gaps in performing and interpreting any of these three main types of studies using strain-resolved shotgun metagenomic profiling of microbial communities.     

Perceptual strain index for heat strain assessment in an experimental study: An application to construction workers

Although the physiological strain index (PhSI) is universal and comprehensive, its restrictions are recognized in terms of invasive on-site measurements and the requirement of accurate instruments. The perceptual strain index (PeSI) has been proposed as a user-friendly and practical indicator for heat strain. However, the application of this index in assessing the heat strain of construction workers has yet to be examined and documented. This study aims to ascertain the reliability and applicability of PeSI in an experimental setting that simulates a stressful working environment (i.e., environment, work uniform, and work pace) experienced by construction workers. Ten males and two females performed intermittent exercise on a treadmill while wearing a summer work uniform at 34.5 °C and 75% relative humidity in a climatic chamber. Physiological parameters (core temperature, heart rate) and perceptual variables (thermal sensation, perceived exertion) were collated synchronously at 3 min intervals. The results of two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (clothing×time) revealed that the PeSI was useful in differentiating the heat strain levels between different work uniforms. Not only did the PeSI change in the same general manner with the PhSI, but it was also powerful in reflecting different levels of physiological strain. Thus, the PeSI offers considerable promise for heat strain assessment under simulated working conditions.     

低温下水稻幼苗形态生理应变研究

低温下水稻幼苗形态生理应变研究李太贵王磊（中国水稻研究所，杭州３１０００６）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｆＭｏｒｐｈｏＰｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＳｔｒａｉｎｏｆＲｉｃｅＳｅｅｄｌｉｎｇＵｎｄｅｒＬｏｗＴｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ．ＬｉＴａｉｇｕｉ，ＷａｎｇＬｅｉ（Ｃｈｉ...     

Construction of an inducible, pfkA and pfkB deficient strain of Escherichia coli for the expression and purification of phosphofructokinase from bacterial sources

As the key obligatory step in the glycolytic pathway, the regulation of phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) has been the focus of study of several laboratories. While standard cloning procedures have opened the door to study PFK from a vast array of sources, a good pfk knockout Escherichia coli strain has not previously been developed. Many laboratories rely on DF1020 or similar derivatives for PFK expression. Unfortunately, DF1020 grows poorly and does not have an inherent means for controlling expression of genes from plasmids. More importantly, however, DF1020 has a tendency to grow on minimal media when glucose is used as the sole carbon source. In this study, a new E. coli PFK expression strain lacking both PFK-1 and PFK-2 has been engineered using lambda-red mediated chromosomal deletion. The resulting strain has been designated RL257. In addition to having both pfkA and pfkB deleted, RL257 contains the lacI(q) allele, which allows for inducible expression when coupled with an expression vector containing either the lac or tac promoter.     

Cadmium sequestration in cells of two stains of Alcaligenes eutrophus

Abstract Alicaligenes eutrophus CH34 and its plasmid-free derivative were cultivated in the presence of cadmium. The wild type strain A. eutrophus CH34 harboured two plasmids and was cadmium-resistant, while the plasmid-free mutant AE104 was cadmium-sensitive. The Cd-resistant strain immobilized more cadmium than the Cd-sensitive one. Cadmium was mainly located in the cell envelopes of the Cd-resistant strain. Several cellular modifications were observed: thickening of the cell envelopes and changes int he peptidoglycan, i.e. its proportion in the envelopes, the ratio between glutamic acid and diaminopimelic acid, the presence of aspartic acid. These modifications should contribute to increase the cadmium sequestration capacity of the envelopes.     

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌的体外抗菌活性

【背景】甘蔗黑穗病是一种主要的甘蔗病害,易造成甘蔗严重减产;鼠李糖脂是一种生物表面活性剂,可作为多种植物真菌病害的抑菌剂。【目的】研究生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌的体外抗菌活性及初步的抗菌机理。【方法】采用甘蔗黑穗病冬孢子萌发试验研究鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病冬孢子的抗菌作用。采用菌丝生长速率法和菌丝干重法对鼠李糖脂的体外抑菌试验进行检测;通过菌丝电导率的变化研究鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌细胞膜通透性的影响。【结果】鼠李糖脂能显著抑制甘蔗黑穗病菌孢子萌发,其中2.0 g/L鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病冬孢子萌发的抑制效果最好,抑制率达45.03%。鼠李糖脂能显著抑制甘蔗黑穗病菌双核菌丝体、单胞菌a和单胞菌b的生长。鼠李糖脂能使甘蔗黑穗病单胞菌细胞膜透性增加,与对照相比,2.0 g/L鼠李糖脂处理甘蔗黑穗病双核菌丝体0.5min后电导率升高了约9倍,处理单胞菌a30min后电导率提高了94.23%;0.1g/L鼠李糖脂处理甘蔗黑穗病单胞菌b30min后电导率升高了54.49%,随着浓度的增加,各处理电导率升高显著。【结论】鼠李糖脂对甘蔗黑穗病菌有良好的抗菌作用,有望为甘蔗黑穗病的防治提供新方法。     

竹红菌素产生菌的筛选与鉴定

通过多点采集、反复筛选,从野生竹黄子实体中筛选出1株产北醌类光敏色素的真菌。通过对菌株的个体形态特征、菌落形态特征进行观察,结合其显微结构特征最终鉴定为竹黄菌（Shiraia bambuscola)。     

Immersion anaesthesia with tricaine methanesulphonate or propofol on different sizes and strains of silver catfish Rhamdia quelen

The efficacy of immersion anaesthesia with tricaine methanesulphonate (MS222) or propofol on albino and grey silver catfish Rhamdia quelen was assessed through induction and recovery times and observation of mortality. Besides reporting a novel, efficient and practical use of propofol as an immersion anaesthetic, the study shows that it is essential to consider size and strain when anaesthetizing R. quelen with MS222 or propofol bath solution in order to minimize physiological impact.     

提高Lovastatin产生菌生物合成能力的研究

用微波等离子体(N^ 20w，4win)诱变M．ruber，筛选到一株高产菌株，再经过发酵工艺优化，最终Lovastaitin的发酵产率提高21．8％。     

Bone strain magnitude is correlated with bone strain rate in tetrapods: implications for models of mechanotransduction

Hypotheses suggest that structural integrity of vertebrate bones is maintained by controlling bone strain magnitude via adaptive modelling in response to mechanical stimuli. Increased tissue-level strain magnitude and rate have both been identified as potent stimuli leading to increased bone formation. Mechanotransduction models hypothesize that osteocytes sense bone deformation by detecting fluid flow-induced drag in the bone''s lacunar–canalicular porosity. This model suggests that the osteocyte''s intracellular response depends on fluid-flow rate, a product of bone strain rate and gradient, but does not provide a mechanism for detection of strain magnitude. Such a mechanism is necessary for bone modelling to adapt to loads, because strain magnitude is an important determinant of skeletal fracture. Using strain gauge data from the limb bones of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, we identified strong correlations between strain rate and magnitude across clades employing diverse locomotor styles and degrees of rhythmicity. The breadth of our sample suggests that this pattern is likely to be a common feature of tetrapod bone loading. Moreover, finding that bone strain magnitude is encoded in strain rate at the tissue level is consistent with the hypothesis that it might be encoded in fluid-flow rate at the cellular level, facilitating bone adaptation via mechanotransduction.