脊髓GSK-3β信号通路在大鼠慢性吗啡耐受形成中的作用

目的:评价脊髓糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK-3β)信号通路在大鼠慢性吗啡耐受形成中的作用。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠,体重200~250 g,经枕骨大孔行鞘内置管。取鞘内置管成功的40只大鼠,采用随机数字表法,将大鼠随机分为5组(n=8):生理盐水组(C组)、慢性吗啡耐受组(M组)、吗啡+GSK-3β抑制剂(SB216763)组(MS组)、GSK-3β抑制剂组(S组)和二甲基亚砜组(D组)。皮下注射吗啡10 mg/kg,每天2次,连续5 d,建立吗啡耐受模型。在第6天皮下注射吗啡前30 min MS组、S组和DMSO组分别鞘内注射SB216763(溶于10μl DMSO中)14 pmol、SB216763(溶于10μl DMSO中)14 pmol和DMSO 10μl。于皮下注射吗啡前1 d(基础值)、皮下注射吗啡后30 min第1、2、3、4和5天,第6天鞘内注射后1 h,测定大鼠甩尾潜伏期,以计算最大抗伤害效应百分比(MPAE)。鞘内注射4 h后取8只大鼠,处死后取脊髓组织,采用Western blot法测定p-GSK-3β的表达水平。结果:与第1天比较,M组和MS组第4、5天MPAE明显降低(P0.05);与C组比较,M组和MS组MPAE升高,M组脊髓GSK-3β表达没有变化,MS组脊髓p-GSK-3β表达上调(P0.05),DMSO组和S组上述指标差异无统计学意义;与M组比较,MS组MPAE升高,脊髓p-GSK-3β表达上调(P0.05)。结论:脊髓GSK-3β信号通路可能参与了大鼠吗啡慢性耐受的形成。     

脊髓水平给予胍丁胺对鞘内吗啡镇痛的影响

目的：观察脊髓水平给予胍丁胺对鞘内吗啡镇痛作用的影响。方法：30只sD大鼠随机分为3组（n=10）：C1组：鞘内注射生理盐水（10出）;M1组：鞘内注射吗啡（15μg／10μl）;AMI组：鞘内同时给予吗啡15μg＋胍丁胺12．5μg／10出。所有大鼠均于鞘内给药后5min于跖部皮下注射蜜蜂毒50m（0．2mg）致痛,观察并纪录1h内大鼠的自发缩足反射次数。另30只SD大鼠分组为C2,M2和AM2（n=10）,每组给药分别同前,用来测定机械痛阈和热刺激阈值。结果：与C1组比较,M1组1h内大鼠的自发缩足反射次数显著减少,提示鞘内注射吗啡对蜜蜂毒诱致的自发痛具有显著性抑制作用（P〈0．05）;鞘内同时给予吗啡和胍丁胺（AM1组）,大鼠自发缩足反射次数进一步减少,与M1组比较具有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。与对照组C2组比较,M2组大鼠的热刺激闽值和机械性痛闽明显提高;AM2组热刺激潜伏期显著延长,机械刺激阈值显著提高;AM2组与M2组比较热刺激潜伏期和机械刺激阈值有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论：鞘内胍丁胺和吗啡联合用药可显著增强吗啡对蜜蜂毒诱致自发痛的抑制作用,具有加强效应。     

八肽胆囊收缩素对抗吗啡对丘脑束旁核痛反应神经元放电的影响

已知脑室注射硫化八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)对吗啡镇痛效应(用辐射热甩尾反应的潜伏期作测痛指标)有对抗作用。本工作研究了脑室注射CCK-8对吗啡引起的大鼠丘脑两侧束旁核痛反应神经元同时电变化的影响。结果如下:(1)腹腔注射吗啡(10mg/kg)可抑制痛兴奋神经元(PEN)和加强痛抑制神经元(PIN)的电活动。(2)脑室注射CCK-8(15ng/15μl)能对抗吗啡引起PEN放电的抑制作用和PIN电活动的加强作用。无硫CCK-8对吗啡的效应没有对抗作用。(3)注射CCK-8可同时对抗吗啡对束旁核中一个PEN的抑制作用和一个PIN的加强作用。上述结果与甩尾阈测痛的结果一致,即CCK-8对吗啡引起的镇痛效应有明显的对抗作用。     

外侧隔核注射促甲状腺素释放激素对丘脑束旁核痛放电的影响

本实验用细胞外记录法,观察大鼠外侧隔核(LS)微量注射促甲状腺素释放激素(TRH)对丘脑束旁核痛兴奋神经元(PEN)放电的影响。结果如下:(1)LS注射TRH对束旁核PEN痛放电产生明显的抑制效应;TRH的最大抑制效应及持续时间与TRH剂量(1,2.5,5μg/1μl)的对数呈正线性相关;(2)预先 LS 注射纳洛酮(3μg/1 μl)不能改变TRH抑制柬旁核PEN痛放电效应;(3)预先LS注射阿托品(5μg/lμl)阻断了TRH对束旁核PEN痛放电的抑制效应。结果表明:LS是TRH参与镇痛的一个有效的作用部位。LS胆碱能M受体可能参与了TRH的抑制PEN痛放电效应,而TRH的抑制效应未涉及阿片受体。     

MrgC受体激活翻转慢性应用吗啡诱发的谷氨酸转运体和nNOS改变

本研究旨在探讨激活MrgC受体(Mas-related gene C receptors)调制吗啡耐受的细胞学机制。对大鼠连续6天鞘内注射10μL生理盐水、吗啡(20μg)、吗啡+牛肾上腺髓质8-22(bovine adrenal medulla 8-22,BAM8-22,1 nmol,隔天注射)或(Tyr6)-2-MSH-6-12(MSH,5 nmol,隔天注射);用Western blot、免疫组织化学和实时荧光定量PCR的方法检测脊髓和背根神经节(dorsal root ganglion,DRG)中与吗啡耐受相关分子的表达。结果显示:鞘内给予选择性MrgC受体激动剂BAM8-22或MSH,能抑制慢性应用吗啡所诱发的脊髓背角和/或DRG中谷氨酸转运体(GLAST、GLT-1、EAAC1)的减少和神经元型一氧化氮合酶(neuronal nitric oxide synthase,nNOS)的增加。此外,检测到MrgC受体样免疫活性表达于脊髓背角浅层;慢性应用吗啡使脊髓背角MrgC受体样免疫活性和DRG中MrgC受体mRNA水平都增加。这些结果提示,MrgC受体通过抑制慢性应用吗啡所诱发的脊髓和DRG中的痛介质增加,而抑制吗啡耐受。     

大鼠脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射5-羟色胺和吗啡的镇痛作用

本工作利用大鼠脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射的方法,观察了在脊髓水平5-HT 和吗啡的镇痛作用及其相互关系。结果如下:(1)脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射 200μg 5-HT 或10μg吗啡可产生明显的镇痛作用,并分别被 5-HT受体阻断剂肉桂硫胺和阿片受体阻断剂纳洛酮所对抗。(2)单纯使用肉桂硫胺可产生痛敏。纳洛酮对痛阈无明显影响。(3)5-HT 镇痛作用不能被大剂量纳洛酮(10mg/kg,sc)阻断。吗啡镇痛作用则可被脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射肉桂硫胺所削弱。后一效应可能与肉桂硫胺本身可引起痛敏有关。上述结果表明,在脊髓水平5-HT 和吗啡可通过各自的受体产生镇痛作用,两者间无明显依赖关系。5-HT 可能有紧张性活动,内源性阿片肽似不存在紧张性作用。     

M受体对吗啡戒断大鼠脊髓和脑干NMDA受体基因表达及中脑导水管周围灰质中谷氨酸释放的调节

应用鞘内注射反义寡脱氧核苷酸技术和RT—PCR反应,观察毒蕈碱型乙酰胆碱受体(muscarinic acetylcholine receptor,M)对吗啡依赖大鼠脊髓和脑干NMDA受体NR1A和NR2A mRNA表达和中脑导水管周围灰质区(periaqueductal grey,PAG)中谷氨酸释放的影响。结果显示,吗啡依赖大鼠脊髓NR1A和NR2A mRNA表达明显升高,而脑干中NR1A和NR2A mRNA表达没有显著变化;注射纳洛酮后1h,吗啡戒断大鼠脊髓和脑干中NR1A和NR2A表达显著高于依赖组,经NMDA受体拮抗剂MK801(0．125mg／kg,i．p．)、M受体拮抗剂东莨菪碱(0．5mg／kg,i．p．)、M1受体拮抗剂呱伦西平(10mg/kg,i．p．)和NOS抑制剂L-NAME(10mg／kg,i．p．)处理后,脊髓和脑干中NR1A和NR2A基因表达都较戒断组明显减少。在纳洛酮激发前24h鞘内注射NR1A和M2受体的反义寡脱氧核苷酸(4μg／只),戒断症状评分值及脊髓和脑干的NR1A mRNA的表达均较对照组明显减少。吗啡依赖大鼠在纳洛酮注射前24h鞘内注射M2受体反义寡脱氧核苷酸(4μg/只),可以明显减少PAG内透析液中谷氨酸含量。上述结果提示：NMDA受体的基因表达和谷氨酸释放参与吗啡戒断过程,而这种表达受到M受体的调节。     

脊髓水平iNOS在吗啡依赖大鼠戒断反应中的作用

目的:探讨脊髓水平诱导型一氧化氮合酶在吗啡依赖大鼠戒断反应中的作用。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠72只,体重200~250 g,吗啡剂量每次10 mg/kg,每日2次,隔日每次增加10 mg/kg,至第6天末次注射50 mg/kg,大鼠腹腔注射纳洛酮4 mg/kg建立吗啡依赖及戒断模型,在纳洛酮激发戒断前30 min鞘内注射iNOS特异性抑制剂氨基胍(AG)150μg。分为正常对照组、吗啡依赖组、吗啡戒断组、AG组。采用行为学(n=8)、免疫组织化学(n=6)和Western blot(n=4)方法观察鞘内应用iNOS特异性抑制剂氨基胍对吗啡依赖大鼠纳洛酮催促戒断反应和脊髓神经元iNOS表达的影响。结果:AG组戒断症状评分和戒断组促诱发痛评分均低于戒断组(P<0.05)。免疫组织化学和Western blot显示戒断组大鼠脊髓iNOS阳性神经元的数目和蛋白的表达增高,而AG组大鼠脊髓iNOS阳性神经元的数目和iNOS蛋白的表达低于戒断组(P<0.05)。结论:脊髓水平iNOS表达上调可能参与介导吗啡戒断反应。     

脊髓蛋白激酶Cα和γ亚型在吗啡依赖和戒断反应中的不同作用

在大鼠吗啡依赖和戒断模型上,采用行为学、免疫组织化学和Western blot方法观察鞘内应用蛋白激酶C(protien kinase C,PKC)抑制剂chelerythrine chloride(CHE)对吗啡依赖大鼠纳洛酮催促成断反应、脊髓Fos蛋白表达和脊髓神经元胞膜和胞浆PKCα、γ表达的影响,以探讨不同亚型PKC在吗啡依赖和戒断反应中的作用。结果表明,鞘内注射CHE能明显减轻吗啡成断症状的评分和吗啡戒断引起的痛觉异常,抑制吗啡成断期间脊髓Fos蛋白表达的增加;吗啡依赖可引起脊髓神经元PKCα和γ表达的上调和转位：吗啡戒断期间存在明显的且可被鞘内注射CHE抑制的PKCα转位,但未观察到明显的PKCγ转位。上述结果表明,脊髓PKC表达上调和转何可能参与吗啡依赖的形成和戒断反应的表达,且PKCα和γ亚型在吗啡依赖和戒断反应中的作用存在差异。     

下丘脑外侧区注射TRH对大鼠胃酸分泌的影响

本文采用连续收集胃腔灌流法,观察下丘脑外侧区(LHA)注射促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH)对大鼠胃酸分泌的影响,并分析TRH在LHA促进胃酸分泌的作用机制。结果表明:(1)LHA注射TRH(1μg)明显地刺激胃酸分泌;(2)预先向LHA注射酚妥拉明(10μg)、美多心安(5μg)及胃泌素抗体1μl(1:640)并不影响TRH的泌酸作用,如预先向LHA注射阿托品(5μg)则可消除TRH的泌酸效应;(3)垂体摘除及肾上腺切除均不影响TRH的泌酸作用;(4)隔下迷走神经切断后,LHA注入TRH的泌酸效应仍然出现,但持续时间显著缩短;腹腔交感神经节摘除后,TRH仍能促进胃酸分泌,但分泌量少而平稳。以上结果提示:LHA是TRH中枢泌酸效应的有关结构之一,其中枢机制是通过胆碱能M受体中介的,腹腔交感神经节和膈下迷走神经是TRH泌酸效应的传出途径。前者引起的泌酸反应出现较早且引起泌酸高峰,但持续时间短;后者则引起低平的持续分泌。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.