激活δ阿片受体可抑制大鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙电流和瞬时外向钾电流

本研究采用全细胞膜片钳技术观察了SNCl62(一种选择性δ阿片受体激动剂)对人鼠心室肌细胞L型钙电流(L-type Ca2 current,ICa-L)和瞬时外向钾电流(transient outward K current,Ito)的影响.结果显示,SNCl62明显抑制大鼠心室肌细胞,Ica L和Ica L,对Ica L.和k的最大抑制率分别为(46.13±4.12)%和(36.53±10.57)%.1x10-4mol/L SNCl62使,Ica L的甲均电流密度从(8.98±0.40)pA/pF下降到(4.84±0.44)pA/pF(P<0.01,n=5),Ito的平均电流密度从(18.69±2.42)pA/pF降低到(11.73±1.67)pA/pF(P<0.01,n=5).单独应用naltrindole(一种选择性δ阿片受体拮抗剂)对大鼠心室肌细胞Ica L和Ito无显著作用,但预先应用naltrindole可以消除SNCl62对Ica L和Ito的抑制作用.结果表明,通过δ阿片受体,SNCl62(1x10-6～1x10-4mol/L)浓度依赖性地抑制人鼠心室肌细胞Ica L和Ito这可能是激动δ阿片受体产生抗心律失常效应的重要机制.     

抗心律失常药RP62719对哺乳动物心室肌K+电流的抑制

使用全细胞膜片箝技术, 研究RP62719对内向整流钾电流(IK1)、瞬时外向钾电流(Ito)和延迟外向整流钾电流(IK)的作用, 并探讨其抗心律失常作用的机制.实验结果表明, 在指令电压为-100 mV时, RP62719可显著抑制豚鼠心室肌细胞IK1, 半数抑制浓度(IC50)为5.0±1.0 μmol/L.RP62719 10 μmol/L在+40 mV时对犬心室肌细胞Ito抑制率为84.0±4.4%, IC50为1.2±0.51 μmol/L.在+40 mV时, 50 μmol/L RP62719还可使豚鼠心室肌细胞IKstep 减少50.0±8.3%, IKtail减少56.0±4.9%, IC50分别为4.2±0.8 μmol/L和3.3±0.75 μmol/L.提示RP62719抗心律失常的离子机制与其对IK1、Ito及IK的抑制有关.     

蛋白激酶A和蛋白激酶C对豚鼠心肌细胞延迟整流钾电流的作用

目的 :研究蛋白激酶A和蛋白激酶C对豚鼠心室肌细胞延迟整流钾电流 (Ik)的影响。方法 :采用电极内液浓度差扩散法进行细胞内给药 ,利用全细胞膜片箝技术测定单细胞Ik。结果 :cAMP15 0 μmol/L使Ik及Ik ,tail(pA/pF)从 13.7± 2 .1和 6 .1± 0 .3增至 18.5± 3.3和 6 .4± 2 .1(P <0 .0 1,n =6 ) ;8 CPT cAMP15 0 μmol/L使电流 (pA/pF)从 11.4± 1.8及 5 .3± 0 .6增至 17.9± 4 .0和 6 .2± 1.3,PKA的选择性抑制剂 6 2 2 1.0 μmol/L的可逆转二者的作用。cAMP使Ik的激活曲线左移 ,半激活电压 (V1/ 2 )从 2 3.3mV移至 18.7mV ,激活曲线斜率 (k)在用药前后变化较小。 10 μmol/LPMA可以分别使Ik和Ik ,tial(pA/pF)从 12 .9± 1.8和 5 .0± 1.7升至 2 3.7± 2 .8和 7.5±1.1。PMA使I V曲线幅值增加 ,并随去极化电压的升高其作用加强 ,同时PMA使通道的激活曲线k从 15 .3mV升到 2 5 .6mV ,但对V1/ 2 基本无影响。结论 :蛋白激酶A和蛋白激酶C均可增加豚鼠心肌细胞Ik,但二者作用特点有所不同     

小剂量辣椒素对豚鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙电流的影响

应用全细胞膜片钳技术研究低浓度辣椒素(capsaicin,CAP)对单个豚鼠心室肌细胞L-型钙电流的影响及其作用机制.CAP(1～25 nmol/L)可浓度依赖性增加电压依赖性的ICa-L的峰值并下移I-V曲线.CAPl,10,25 nmol/L使ICa-L最大峰值分别由-9.67±0.7pA/pF增至-10.21±0.8pA/pF(P＞0.05),-11.37±0.8pA/pF和-12.84±0.9pA/pF(P＜0.05).CAP25nmol/L可明显使稳态激活曲线左移,激活中点电压(V0.5)由-20.76±2.0mV变至-26.71±3.0mV(P＜0.05),表明低浓度CAP改变了钙通道激活的电压依赖性.CAP25nmol/L对电压依赖性稳态失活曲线和ICa-L从失活状态下复活过程无明显影响.辣椒素受体(VR1)阻断剂钌红(RR,10μmol/L)可阻断低浓度辣椒素的效应.以上结果表明,低浓度辣椒素使钙通道稳态激活曲线左移,增加ICa-L,这一效应可能由VRl介导.     

心房肌胞内钙浓度变化对心房颤动患者小电导钙激活钾通道电流的影响

目的：SK通道存在于心肌细胞上,其中SK2亚型主要表达在心房。SK2通道对胞内游离钙离子高度敏感,可快速将钙离子浓度的变化转换成细胞膜电位变化。本实验应用穿孔膜片钳技术记录人心肌细胞SK2电流,观察心房肌细胞SK2电流在窦性患者和心房颤动患者之间的差别,以及电极液中不同的钙浓度对两组细胞SK2电流的影响。方法：将接受体外循环手术的患者分为两组：心房颤动组和窦性心律组。以心房肌细胞为研究对象,用穿孔膜片钳技术记录人心肌细胞电流,观察窦性组与房颤组SK2通道电流的差异以及两组细胞SK2电流对电极液中钙敏感性的不同。结果：在全细胞穿孔膜片钳模式下,电极液中游离钙离子浓度为5×10-7mol/L时,记录到房颤组SK2通道电流明显大于窦性组,尤其是在超极化水平。膜电位在-130 mV时,窦性组与房颤组的SK2通道电流密度分别为（-2.92±0.35）pA/pF（n=6）,（-6.83±0.19）pA/pF（n=3,P〈0.05）。在电极液游离钙离子浓度分别为0 mol/L、5×10-7mol/L、10-6mol/L,膜电位为-130 mV时,窦性组SK2通道电流密度分别为（-1.43±0.33）pA/pF（n=7）,（-2.92±0.35）pA/pF（n=6）,（-10.11±2.15）pA/pF（n=8,P〈0.05）;房颤组SK2通道电流密度分别为（-2.17±0.40）pA/pF（n=4）（-6.83±0.19）pA/pF（n=3）（-14.47±2.89）pA/pF（n=4）（P〈0.05）。结论：人心房肌细胞SK2通道具有电压不敏感、内向整流、apamin敏感的特性。电极液中钙浓度相同的情况下,房颤组的SK2电流密度明显大于窦性组,SK2通道电流对钙离子的敏感性高于窦性组,提示SK2通道钙敏感性增加可能与心房颤动的发生发展密切相关。     

抗心律失常药RP62 71 9对哺乳动物心室肌K~ 电流的抑制

使用全细胞膜片箝技术 ,研究RP6 2 719对内向整流钾电流 (IK1)、瞬时外向钾电流 (Ito)和延迟外向整流钾电流 (IK)的作用 ,并探讨其抗心律失常作用的机制。实验结果表明 ,在指令电压为 - 10 0mV时 ,RP6 2 719可显著抑制豚鼠心室肌细胞IK1,半数抑制浓度 (IC50 )为 5 0± 1 0 μmol/L。RP6 2 71910 μmol/L在 40mV时对犬心室肌细胞Ito抑制率为 84 0± 4 4% ,IC50 为 1 2± 0 5 1μmol/L。在 40mV时 ,5 0 μmol/LRP6 2 719还可使豚鼠心室肌细胞IKstep减少 5 0 0± 8 3% ,IKtail减少 5 6 0± 4 9% ,IC50 分别为 4 2± 0 8μmol/L和 3 3± 0 75 μmol/L。提示RP6 2 719抗心律失常的离子机制与其对IK1、Ito及IK 的抑制有关     

腺苷抗豚鼠室性心律失常的电生理研究

实验用全细胞膜片钳技术在单个豚鼠心室肌细胞上研究了腺苷 (Ado)对正常及异丙肾上腺素 (Iso)致豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位、迟后除极 (DAD)、L 型钙电流 (ICa.L)和短暂内向电流 (Iti)的作用。结果表明 :(1)Ado在2 0～ 10 0 μmol/L时对豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位和ICa .L无明显直接作用 ,但却可明显降低Iso所致的动作电位时程(APD)延长和ICa .L峰值增大 ,Iso (10nmol/L)使细胞APD50 从 3 40± 2 1ms延长到 486± 2 8ms (P <0 0 1) ,APD90从 3 61± 17ms延长至 5 0 1± 2 9ms (P <0 0 1) ;ICa .L峰值从 - 6 5 3± 1 4pA/pF增大到 - 18 2 8± 2 4pA/pF (P <0 0 1) ,电流电压曲线明显左移和下移 ;Ado (5 0 μmol/L)使APD50 和APD90 降至 40 3± 19ms和 419± 2 6ms ,但并不影响动作电位其它参数 ,使ICa.L峰值降低至 - 10 2± 1 5pA/pF (P <0 0 1)。 (2 )Iso (3 0nmol/L)可诱发心室肌细胞产生DADs,其发生率为 10 0 % ;Ado (5 0 μmol/L)可完全抑制Iso引发DADs;细胞经 - 40～ +2 0mV、时程 2s的除极电压 ,Iso (3 0nmol/L)诱导出Iti,其发生率为 10 0 % ;Ado (5 0 μmol/L)可明显抑制Iso致Iti的发生 ,其发生率降为 14 3 %。研究结果提示 ,Ado对豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位和ICa.L无明显直接作用 ,但却可显著降低Is     

蝎毒素BmkTXKβ对家兔心房肌细胞瞬间外向钾电流的抑制作用

为研究蝎毒素BmkTXKβ对家兔心房肌细胞瞬间外向钾电流(I_to)的影响,采用全细胞膜片钳技术记录应用BmkTXKβ前后的I_to电流. 结果显示BmkTXKβ（1 μmol/L）使心房肌细胞I_to（刺激电压为+50 mV）从（13.63±0.87）pA/pF减少到（7.98±0.78）pA/pF,抑制率为41.4% (n=16, P＜0.001).冲洗后, I_to部分恢复至(11.18±0.82)pA/pF (n=6, P＜0.01,与给药后比较).在0.01～100 μmol/L范围内BmkTXKβ呈浓度依赖性地抑制I_to,IC₅₀的均值为0.95 μmol/L (n=10, P＜0.01),但无频率依赖性(n=6,P＞0.05). 1 μmol/L的BmkTXKβ可使I_to通道的失活动力学曲线明显左移,V_1/2分别为（－23.6±2.7） mV和（－35.3±3.6） mV（n=8,P＜0.05）,曲线斜率基本不变.同时可使I_to通道的恢复过程明显减慢,恢复曲线右移,τ值从（51.2±8.5） ms延长至（93.5±13.4） ms（n=9,P＜0.01）,但不影响其激活过程.据此推断BmkTXKβ对家兔心房肌细胞I_to具有显著的抑制作用,主要作用于失活过程,延长该通道的恢复时间.     

缺氧/复氧早期对豚鼠心室肌持续性钠电流的影响

目的:研究心室肌细胞持续性钠电流(INa.P)在缺氧/复氧早期的变化,探讨其在此病理条件下的作用及意义。方法:运用全细胞膜片钳技术记录持续性钠电流,并观察其在缺氧-复氧模型下的变化。结果:①在0.5Hz,1Hz和2Hz的刺激频率下第1个和第8个刺激脉冲引起的INa.P电流密度差值分别为(0.021±0.014)pA/pF,(0.097±0.014)pA/pF和(0.133±0.024)pA/pF(P<0.01);②分别在-150~-80mV,阶跃10mV的钳制膜电位下去极化至-30mV,INa.P逐渐减小;③在缺氧条件下,INa.P电流密度增大,并随缺氧时间延长增大更显著;④在正常、缺氧15min和复氧5min时INa.P密度分别为(0.500±0.125)pA/pF,(1.294±0.321)pA/pF和(0.988±0.189)pA/pF(与对照比较P<0.01)。结论:以上特性提示INa.P在缺氧/复氧过程心律失常的产生及钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制中起重要作用。     

神经肽Y对心室肌细胞离子通道的影响

采用全细胞膜片钳技术观察神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)对心室肌细胞离子通道的影响。结果如下：(1)NPY浓度在1．0～100nmol/L范围内剂量依赖性抑制大鼠心室肌细胞I_(Ca-L),IC_(50)值为1．86nmol/L。NPY对I_(Ca-L)的I-V曲线的最大峰值电位、激活和失活电位均无显著影响。NPY对去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)增加的I_(Ca-L)有显著抑制作用。(2)NPY对人鼠心室肌细胞I_(Na/Ca)有显著抑制作用。10nmol/L NPY使前向I__(Na/Ca)由(0．27±0．11)pA/pF减小为(0．06±0．01)pA/pF;反向I__(Na/Ca)由(0．45±0．12)pA/pF降为(0．27±0．09)pA/pF(P＜0．05,n=4)。(3)NPY对大鼠心室肌细胞I_(to)有显著增强作用。10 nmol/L NPY使I_(to)由(12．5±0．70)pA/pF增加至(14．7±0．59)pA/pF(P＜0．05,n=4)。(4)10nmol/L NPY对大鼠心室肌细胞I_(Na)没有显著影响。(5)10nmol/L NPY对豚鼠心室肌细胞I_K无明显影响。研究结果证实,NPY抑制大鼠心室肌细胞I_(Ca-L)和I_(Na/Ca),增强I_(to)对I_Na和豚鼠心审肌细胞I_K没有显著作用,表明NPY对上述主要离子通道的效应与NE的效应相拮抗。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.