CCl4肝损伤与免疫性肝损伤小鼠模型间差异性比较研究

本文对比研究了CCl4肝损伤与免疫性肝损伤小鼠模型肝组织病理切片、生理、生化指标及差异基因表达谱的变化,根据两种肝损伤模型的差异表达基因,初步探讨了它们致肝损伤的机理。结果表明,两组模型小鼠的ALT、AST等多项生化指标与正常小鼠相比存在显著性差异：通过表达谱芯片实验,在CCl4组和免疫组中分别筛选得到379条和293条与正常组差异表达基因;其中有105条基因在两个模型组中均差异表达（表达下调基因58条,表达上调基因47条）。提示CCl4肝损伤与免疫性肝损伤小鼠模型间有相似性,但差异亦较明显。     

小鼠骨骼肌电转移hPON1 Q基因可以减轻CCl4诱导的急性肝损伤

目的 研究人Q型对氧磷酶1（human paraoxonase 1 Q,hPON1Q）转基因表达对小鼠四氯化碳（carbon tetrachloride,CCl4）诱导急性肝损伤的缓解效果,为防治肝脏疾病寻找新的途径.方法 小鼠骨骼肌直接注射含hPON1Q的真核表达质粒裸DNA并用电刺激介导表达,测量血清芳香酯酶的活性变化显示hPON1Q转基因表达效果,并使用血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）为指标及肝组织病理切片检测肝损伤的程度.结果 hPON1Q转基因表达小鼠血清中芳香酯酶活性提高约50%,并可持续到16 d以后.使用PON1裸DNA电刺激治疗组比对照组小鼠在用CCl4诱导24 h后血清芳香酯酶活性高60%,两种血清转氨酶指标及肝组织切片的病理学分析表明肝脏损伤程度有明显的减轻.结论 电刺激介导的重组人PON1Q基因裸DNA在小鼠体内的表达对CCl4诱导的肝损伤具有显著的防护作用.     

免疫性损伤小鼠肝脏的基因表达谱变化

采用卡介苗和脂多糖联合诱导的方法建立小鼠免疫性肝损伤模型, 分别提取正常对照组与免疫性肝损伤组小鼠的肝脏总RNA, 经反转录用Cy3-dUTP和Cy5-dUTP分别标记制备对照组与模型组来源的cDNA探针, 并将cDNA探针与小鼠基因表达谱芯片杂交, 杂交结果经芯片扫描仪扫描并用相关软件进行分析. 结果表明, 与对照组相比, 免疫性肝损伤组有293条基因发生了差异表达, 其中188条基因表达量明显上调, 另外105条基因表达量明显下调. 通过对一些关键差异表达基因的生物学功能分析表明, 卡介苗与脂多糖联合诱导的小鼠免疫性肝损伤的发生、发展过程与肝细胞的免疫反应、细胞合成与代谢、细胞凋亡及转运等过程密切相关, 这对进一步阐明免疫性肝损伤高度相关的基因表达调控网络, 进而阐明免疫性肝损伤的病理机制具有十分重要的作用.     

金线风总黄酮对四氯化碳致急性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用及机制研究

研究金线风总黄酮(TFC)对四氯化碳(CCl4)致急性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用,并从氧化应激、炎症反应和TLR-4/NF-κB信号通路探讨其作用机制。60只小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、水飞蓟素组(150 mg/kg)、TFC低、中、高剂量组(100、200、400 mg/kg)、连续灌胃给药10 d。末次给药2 h后,除正常组外,各组腹腔注射0.1%的CCl4花生油溶液(10 m L/kg),建立小鼠急性肝损伤模型,16 h后,收集血清和肝组织。血清指标检测表明,与模型组比较,TFC能够显著降低肝脏指数、ALT和AST活性(P0.05),并减少ALP、TBIL和γ-GT含量(P0.05),且降低MDA含量(P0.05),同时增强T-SOD和GSH-Px活性(P0.05)。ELISA法检测肝组织指标结果表明,与模型组比较,TFC能够显著下调TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量(P0.05)。Western blot检测结果显示,与模型组比较,TFC能够明显降低肝组织中TLR-4和NF-κB蛋白表达(P0.05)。HE染色分析肝组织病理学变化结果表明,TFC能够有效改善肝组织损伤程度。综上所述,TFC对CCl4诱导的急性肝损伤小鼠具有保护作用,其保肝作用机理可能与抑制氧化应激、炎症反应以及TLR-4/NF-κB信号通路有关。     

四氯化碳诱导的小鼠肝纤维化模型中SDF-1/αCXCR4的表达及其意义

目的检测四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导的肝纤维化小鼠模型肝脏SDF-1/αCXCR4的表达,评价SDF-1/αCXCR4轴与肝纤维化的关系,为研究肝纤维化肝损伤发生及损伤修复机制研究提供基础。方法选用6周龄雌性纯系C57小鼠,采用40%的CCl4/橄榄油溶液腹腔注射,剂量为1 mL/kg,每周2次,共4周,制成肝纤维化模型,取肝纤维化及正常对照组小鼠肝脏标本,采用RT-PCR及免疫组化检测SDF-1α的表达,采用RT-PCR及Western检测CXCR4受体的表达。结果与对照组相比,SDF-1α及CXCR4在肝纤维化模型小鼠肝脏组织中的表达较对照组明显上调,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论肝纤维小鼠肝组织的SDF-1/αCXCR4受体表达上调,为研究肝纤维化肝损伤机制及干细胞移植治疗提供理论基础。     

CCl4肝损伤与免疫性肝损伤小鼠模型间差异性比较研究

本文对比研究了CCl_4肝损伤与免疫性肝损伤小鼠模型肝组织病理切片、生理、生化指标及差异基因表达谱的变化,根据两种肝损伤模型的差异表达基因,初步探讨了它们致肝损伤的机理。结果表明,两组模型小鼠的ALT、AST等多项生化指标与正常小鼠相比存在显著性差异;通过表达谱芯片实验,在CCl_4组和免疫组中分别筛选得到379条和293条与正常组差异表达基因;其中有105 条基因在两个模型组中均差异表达(表达下调基因58条,表达上调基因47条)。提示CCl_4肝损伤与免疫性肝损伤小鼠模型间有相似性,但差异亦较明显。     

紫堇灵对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及机制的研究

探讨紫堇灵(Corynoline,COR)对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及其机制。50只昆明种小鼠随机均分成5组,分别为正常组(Con)、GW9662阻断剂组(GW)、模型组(CCl4)、紫堇灵预处理组(COR)以及紫堇灵与阻断剂GW9662联合处理组(COR+GW),采用腹腔注射0.2%四氯化碳(CCl4)玉米油溶液(10 m L/kg)建造小鼠急性肝损伤模型。20 h后,小鼠脱臼处死后取血清,使用ELISA法检测血液中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性。检测肝脏组织中C反应蛋白(CRP)的含量和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的含量。利用HE染色观察肝组织病理学变化,通过Western blot方法检测肝脏组织中过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)和NF-κB的蛋白表达。结果显示,紫堇灵能显著降低CCl4性肝损伤所引起的血清中ALT、AST活性升高,明显改善肝组织病理损伤程度;抑制肝脏中炎症因子CRP和TNF-ɑ含量和NF-κB蛋白表达量的升高;有效地拮抗受损肝脏组织中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor,PPAR-γ)蛋白表达量的降低。并且我们发现紫堇灵的这种减轻CCl4性肝损伤的作用几乎全部被GW9662阻断。COR对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤有一定的保护作用,其机制可能与PPAR-γ和NF-κB信号通路有关。     

经程序化冷冻的小鼠休眠胚胎的基因表达谱差异分析

目的探讨小鼠休眠胚胎经程序化冷冻后基因表达谱的变化及相关信号通路的改变趋势。方法采用Affymetrix基因芯片检测小鼠正常休眠胚胎和经程序化冷冻后的休眠胚胎的差异表达基因;采用GO分析和Pathway分析等生物信息学方法进一步了解相关信号通路的改变。结果经程序化冷冻后的小鼠休眠胚胎与正常休眠胚胎相比,存在228个差异表达基因,其中50个基因表达上调,178个基因表达下调。Pathway分析显示黏着斑通路、细胞外基质受体相互作用通路、肌动蛋白细胞骨架调节通路、细胞凋亡通路、细胞通讯通路、泛素介导的蛋白质水解通路、甘油磷脂代谢通路、小细胞肺癌通路、TGF-β信号通路、MAPK信号通路等基因差异表达变化趋势明显。结论小鼠休眠胚胎经程序化冷冻后会导致一系列基因调控变化,并可能影响多条信号通路的协同变化。     

糖尿病肝脏基因表达谱代谢学分析

目的:探讨糖尿病患者肝脏与正常对照肝脏基因表达谱的变化,并进行代谢通路生物信息学分析.方法:应用Affymetrix的Human Genome U133A array芯片检测糖尿病肝脏组织(n=2)和正常对照肝脏组织(n=2)的基因表达谱变化,通过DAVID分析平台对芯片监测到的表达上调的基因进行KEGG通路分析,并用RT-PCR验证部分基因的表达情况.结果:以比值大于2或小于-2为准,共有492条基因明显上调,820条基因明显下调;在差异表达明显的前20位基因中,涉及氧化应激、免疫炎症反应和脂代谢.KEC-G代谢通路分析显示:该差异表达基因谱符合2型糖尿病的发病机制,其差异表达明显基因的代谢通路涉及胰岛素信号通路、脂代谢、补体和凝血系统、糖代谢、粘附功能和细胞因子和受体的相互作用.RT-PCR证实差异表达明显基因SOD2mRNA和CRPmRNA确实表达明显上调.结论:糖尿病肝脏与正常肝脏组织基因表达谱的变化在代谢通路上主要表现为在糖、脂代谢和胰岛素信号通路、补体和凝血系统等的改变,肝脏在糖尿病发病机制中的作用可能与其参与糖脂代谢和胰岛素的作用异常有关.     

Keap1/Nrf2/ARE通路相关基因在热诱导的氧化应激小鼠肝脏中的表达

为了研究热应激对小鼠肝脏抗氧化功能及Keap1 (kelch-like ECH-associated protein- 1)/Nrf2（NF-E2-related factor 2）/ARE (antioxidant response element)通路相关基因表达的影响,选用30只8周龄雄性小鼠随机分成6组,每 d连续42 ℃热处理2 h,分别在热处理0 d(对照组)、1 d、2 d、4 d、8 d和12 d时观察肝脏组织形态学和免疫组织化学分析,另取一部分肝脏组织保存于-80 ℃用于后续荧光定量PCR实验,检测肝脏抗氧化指标及Keap1/Nrf2/ARE通路相关基因的表达．结果显示：小鼠的体表温度和直肠温度在热处理后都极显著高于热处理前．组织形态学观察发现,热处理导致小鼠肝脏组织充血和肝细胞水肿．小鼠肝脏氧化应激指标 MDA (malondialdehyde)含量在热处理第2 d较对照组显著升高,GSH (glutathione)含量、GSH-PX (glutathione peroxidase)活力和总SOD (superoxide dismutase)活力在第4 d和12 d都有升高．免疫组织化学发现,与对照组和第12 d组相比,Nrf2蛋白在第1 d,2 d,4 d,8 d表达明显,其中Nrf2蛋白在第4 d表达最为显著. 荧光定量RT PCR结果表明,与对照组比较Keap1基因的表达量从热处理第1 d开始显著降低,Nrf2基因的表达量在第4 d和12 d显著升高,HO-1 (Heme oxygenase-1)基因的表达量在第1 d显著升高,NQO1 (Quinone oxidoreductase)和GCLC (Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic)基因的表达量在第1 d和4 d显著升高．上述结果表明,热应激引起了小鼠肝脏氧化损伤, Keap1/Nrf2/ARE通路可能参与了肝脏自身缓解热应激的过程.     

Gene expression profiling reveals the mechanism and pathophysiology of mouse liver regeneration

Comprehensive analysis of the changes in gene expression during liver regeneration was carried out by using an in-house microarray composed of 2,304 distinct mouse liver cDNA clones. Mice were subjected to partial two-thirds hepatectomy, and changes in mRNA levels were monitored up to 48 h. Of the 2,304 genes analyzed, 496 genes showed expression levels measurable at all time points after the partial hepatectomy. 317 genes were up- or down-regulated 2-fold or more at least at one time point during liver regeneration and were classified into eight clusters based on their expression patterns. With a more stringent cut-off value of +/-2 S.D., 68 genes were listed and were classified into five clusters. In these two analyses with different clustering criteria, functionally categorized genes showed similar cluster distributions. Genes involved in protein synthesis and posttranslational processing were significantly enriched in the cluster characterized by rapid gene activation and subsequent persistence. This suggests the importance of modulating the efficiency of protein supply and/or altering the composition of protein population from the early phase of hepatocyte proliferation. Genes for two major liver functions, i.e. plasma protein secretion and intermediate metabolism were enriched in distinct clusters exhibiting the features of gradual gene activation and sustained repression, respectively. Therefore, these genes are differentially regulated during the regeneration, possibly leading to changes in the flow of amino acids and energy from enzyme proteins to plasma proteins in their synthesis. Thus, clustering analysis of expression patterns of functionally classified genes gave insights into mechanism and pathophysiology of liver regeneration.     

Differential expression of apoptosis-associated genes post-hepatectomy in cirrhotic vs. normal rats

Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy or liver injury is controlled by a wide variety of growth factors that are proven activators or inhibitors of hepatocyte proliferation. Liver regeneration post-hepatectomy has been proven to be decreased and delayed in cirrhotic vs. normal liver. Apoptosis seems to play an important role in cellular proliferation and in liver regeneration. Therefore, this study has analyzed the expression of apoptosis-associated genes following 2/3 hepatectomy in cirrhotic vs. normal rats. Cirrhosis was induced by a weekly intragastric administration of CCl4 for 16 weeks followed by hepatectomy and histological examination of the resected liver. Rats were sacrificed at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, or 72 h after liver resection. The expression of proapoptotic (Bad, Bak, Bax) and antiapoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL) genes was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. We have observed an early increase in antiapoptotic mRNA levels and a delayed increase in proapoptotic mRNA levels in normal liver following hepatectomy. Before resection, proapoptotic mRNA levels were significantly higher in cirrhotic vs. normal liver. After hepatectomy, apoptotic mRNA levels were decreased and delayed as compared with that observed following hepatectomy in normal liver. These results indicate that apoptosis takes place in liver during CCl4-induced cirrhosis and could participate in the impaired regenerative response observed in cirrhotic liver.     

Analysis of the role of the integrin signaling pathway in hepatocytes during rat liver regeneration

To explore the role of the integrin signaling pathway in hepatocytes during rat liver regeneration, the integrin signaling pathway-related gene expression profile in hepatocytes of regenerative liver was detected using Rat Genome 230 2.0 array. The chip data showed that 265 genes of the integrin signaling pathway were included by Rat Genome 230 2.0 array and 132 genes showed significant expression changes in hepatocytes of regenerative liver. The numbers of up-, down- and up/down-regulated genes were 110, 15 and 7 respectively. In addition, bioinformatics and systems biology methods were used to analyze the role of the integrin signaling pathway in hepatocytes. The analysis of gene synergy value indicated that paths 1, 8, 12, and 15 promoted hepatocyte proliferation at the priming phase of liver regeneration; paths 1, 3, 8, and 12–15 enhanced hepatocyte proliferation at the progressing phase; paths 11 and 14 promoted hepatocyte proliferation, while paths 12 and 13 reduced hepatocyte proliferation at the terminal phase. Additionally, the other 8 paths (2, 4, 5–7, 9–10, and 16) were not found to be related to liver regeneration. In conclusion, 132 genes and 8 cascades of the integrin signaling pathway participated in regulating hepatocyte proliferation during rat liver regeneration.     

四氯化碳损伤成年大鼠肝细胞后原癌基因（c－fos／c－jun）表达的观察

用四氯化碳（ＣＣｌ４）损伤正常大鼠后,采用Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹法和免疫组化法观察肝细胞原癌基因（ｃ－ｆｏｓ／ｃ－ｊｕｎ）的表达。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹法表明,当成年大鼠的静息期肝细胞受到ＣＣｌ４损伤性刺激后,ｃ－ｆｏｓ／ｃ－ｊｕｎ产物（Ｆｏｓ和Ｊｕｎ）水平升高,在ＣＣｌ４处理后３０ｍｉｎ开始升高,在４ｈ时消失。８ｈ后Ｆｏｓ／Ｊｕｎ再度出现,并持续２４ｈ以上。ＩＣＣ法表明,Ｊｕｎ阳性细胞为靠近肝中央静脉区的肝实质细胞。根据上述资料推测,肝受ＣＣｌ４损伤后肝细胞的原癌基因ｃ－ｆｏｓ／ｃ－ｊｕｎ出现即时的与滞后的两次表达,这与肝细胞进入细胞周期有关,这种基因表达也许可作为肝再生过程中识别特殊体液因子的标志。     

Time course of gene expression profiling in the liver of experimental mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis

Background

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a severe chronic parasitic disease which behaves like a slow-growing liver cancer. Clinical observations suggest that the parasite, Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) influences liver homeostasis and hepatic cell metabolism. However, this has never been analyzed during the time course of infection in the common model of secondary echinococcosis in experimental mice.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Gene expression profiles were assessed using DNA microarray analysis, 1, 2, 3 and 6 months after injection of E. multilocularis metacestode in the liver of susceptible mice. Data were collected at different time points to monitor the dynamic behavior of gene expression. 557 differentially expressed genes were identified at one or more time points, including 351 up-regulated and 228 down-regulated genes. Time-course analysis indicated, at the initial stage of E. multilocularis infection (month 1–2), that most of up-regulated pathways were related to immune processes and cell trafficking such as chemokine-, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and down-regulated pathways were related to xenobiotic metabolism; at the middle stage (month 3), MAPK signaling pathway was maintained and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway emerged; at the late stage (month 6), most of up-regulated pathways were related to PPAR signaling pathway, complement and coagulation cascades, while down-regulated pathways were related to metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of a random selection of 19 genes confirmed the reliability of the microarray data. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was increased in the liver of E. multilocularis infected mice from 2 months to 6 months.

Conclusions

E. multilocularis metacestode definitely exerts a deep influence on liver homeostasis, by modifying a number of gene expression and metabolic pathways. It especially promotes hepatic cell proliferation, as evidenced by the increased PCNA constantly found in all the experimental time-points we studied and by an increased gene expression of key metabolic pathways.     

CCl4诱导的大鼠急性肝衰竭与恢复过程中基因表达变化及作用分析

急性肝［功能］衰竭(acute liver failure, ALF)是一种危害较大的肝疾病,因其诱发和影响因素众多,导致其发生和发展机制尚不完全清楚。本文构建了四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的大鼠ALF模型,通过检测血清ALT和AST活性、肝系数及形态结构进行建模评估,用大鼠基因组 230 2.0芯片和生物信息学方法检测和分析了相关基因表达变化,用qRT-PCR和Western印迹检测了其机制相关基因在mRNA和蛋白质水平的表达变化。结果表明,本研究成功建立了可靠的大鼠ALF模型。检测发现,6 681个基因发生了有意义的表达变化。其中,4 819个基因与ALF相关。在急性肝［功能］衰竭过程中,细胞存活、增殖和分化等生理活动及IL-1、IL-6和IL-8等信号通路的信号传导活性增强,而细胞凋亡以及p53、ATM和AMPK等信号通路减弱。基于本文结果推测,在ALF的损伤和进展阶段,炎症因子IL-1R1、TNFR1和TNFR2等通过IL-1α→IL-1R1→→MAPK8→FOS/JUN途径和/或TNF-α→TNFR1/B→→ NF-κB→→ Caspases途径促进细胞凋亡、炎症反应和免疫应答;抑癌基因TP53在进展和恢复阶段,通过p53途径调节细胞凋亡;TNF-α和IL-10在恢复阶段,通过NF-κB、JAK-STAT和MAPK等信号通路激活增殖相关基因表达,促进肝细胞增殖。本文推测,在CCl4诱导的急性肝［功能］衰竭中,IL-1R1、TNFR1、TNFR2、CASPASE3、TP53、PCNA和NF-κB等基因发挥重要作用。本文为了解急性肝［功能］衰竭的发生和发展机制提供了有用的信息。     

Protective role of estrogen-induced miRNA-29 expression in carbon tetrachloride-induced mouse liver injury

Previous studies have indicated that female animals are more resistant to carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver fibrosis than male animals, and that estradiol (E(2)) treatment can inhibit CCl(4)-induced animal hepatic fibrosis. The underlying mechanism governing these phenomena, however, has not been fully elucidated. Here we reported the role of estrogen-induced miRNA-29 (miR-29) expression in CCl(4)-induced mouse liver injury. Hepatic miR-29 levels were differentially regulated in female and male mice during CCl(4) treatment. Specifically, the levels of miR-29a and miR-29b expression were significantly decreased in the livers of male, but not female, mice following 4 weeks of CCl(4) treatment. The down-regulation of miR-29a and miR-29b in male mouse livers correlated with the early development of liver fibrosis, as indicated by increased expressions of fibrotic markers in male mice relative to female mice. In addition, E(2) was maintained at a higher level in female mice than in male mice. In contrast to TGF-β1 that decreased miR-29a/b expression in murine hepatoma IAR20 cells and normal hepatocytes, E(2) enhanced the expression of miR-29a/b through suppression of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signal pathway, which negatively regulates miR-29 expression. Furthermore, both E(2) treatment and intravenous injection of the recombinant adenovirus expressing miR-29a/b markedly increased the miR-29a/b level and attenuated the expression of fibrotic markers in mouse livers during CCl(4) treatment, supporting the protective role of E(2)-induced miR-29 in CCl(4)-induced hepatic injury. In conclusion, our results collectively demonstrate that estrogen can inhibit CCl(4)-induced hepatic injury through the induction of hepatic miR-29.     

Large scale of identification of differentially expressed genes in the regenerating rat liver after SISPH

Extensive gene expression analysis was carried out after a 0, 4, 36, 72, 96 h short interval successive partial hepatectomy (SISPH) was performed. A total of 185 elements were identified as differing by more than two-fold in their expression levels at one or more time points. Of these 185 elements, 103 were up-regulated, 82 were down-regulated and 86 elements were unreported genes. Quite a few genes were previously unknown to be involved in liver regeneration (LR). Using cluster and general analysis, we found that the genes at five time points of the SISPH share eight different types of different expression profiles and eight distinct temporal induction or suppression patterns. A comparison of the gene expression in SISPH with that after PH found that 41 genes were specifically altered in SISPH, and 144 genes were simultaneously up-regulated or down-regulated in SISPH and after PH, but they were present in different amounts at the different time points. The conclusions are that (i) microarrays combined with suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) can effectively identify genes involved in LR on a large scale; (ii) more genes were up-regulated than down-regulated; (iii) there are fewer abundantly expressed genes than those with increased levels of 2–5 fold.     

Identification and characterization of 177 unreported genes associated with liver regeneration

The mammalian liver has a very strong regeneration capacity after partial hepatectomy (PH). To further learn the genes participating in the liver regeneration (LR), 551 cDNAs selected from subtracted cDNA libraries of the regenerating rat liver were screened by microarray, and their expression profiles were studied by cluster and generalization analyses. Among them, 177 genes were identified unreported and up-or down-regulated more than twofold at one or more time points after PH, of which 62 genes were down-regulated to less than 0.5; 99 genes were up-regulated to 2-10 folds, and 16 genes were either up- or down-regulated at different time points during LR. By using BLAST and GENSCAN, these genes were located on responsible chromosomes with 131 genes on the long arms of the chromosomes. The cluster and generalization analyses showed that the gene expression profiles are similar in 2 and 4, 12 and 16, 96 and 144 h respectively after PH, suggesting that the actions of the genes expressed in the same profiles are similar, and those expressed in different profiles have less similarity. However, the types,characteristics and functions of the 177 genes remain to be further studied.