The Epstein-Barr Virus BDLF4 Gene Is Required for Efficient Expression of Viral Late Lytic Genes

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gammaherpesvirus, associated with infectious mononucleosis and various types of malignancy. We focused here on the BDLF4 gene of EBV and identified it as a lytic gene, expressed with early kinetics. Viral late gene expression of the BDLF4 knockout strain was severely restricted; this could be restored by an exogenous supply of BDLF4. These results indicate that BDLF4 is important for the EBV lytic replication cycle, especially in late gene expression.     

The Link between Knowledge,Attitudes and Practices in Relation to Atmospheric Haze Pollution in Peninsular Malaysia

Transboundary haze episodes caused by seasonal forest fires have become a recurrent phenomenon in Southeast Asia, with serious environmental, economic, and public health implications. Here we present a cross-sectional survey conducted among people in Kuala Lumpur and surrounds to assess the links between knowledge, attitudes, and practices in relation to the transboundary haze episodes. Of 305 respondents, 125 were amateur athletes participating in a duathlon event and the remainder were surveyed in an inner-city shopping mall. Across the whole sample, people who possessed more factual information about the haze phenomenon showed significantly higher levels of concern. Duathletes were more knowledgeable than non-duathletes and also more concerned about the negative effects of haze, especially on health. For all people who regularly practice outdoor sports (including people interviewed at the shopping mall), higher levels of knowledge and concerned attitudes translated into a greater likelihood of engaging in protective practices, such as cancelling their outdoor training sessions, while those with greater knowledge were more likely to check the relevant air pollution index on a daily basis. Our results indicate that the provision of accurate and timely information about air quality to residents will translate into beneficial practices, at least among particularly exposed individuals, such as amateur athletes who regularly practice outdoor sports.     

Cloning and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a cDNA for swine PIT-1, a gene controlling growth hormone expression*

A partial swine cDNA which encodes the functional domain of PIT-1 was isolated by the polymerse chain reaction (PCR). The swine PIT-1 cDNA clone is 95% identical at the protein level to the rat Pit-1 gene. Thus, Pit-l's known function in control of rat growth hormone and prolactin expression is likely to be conserved in swine. This swine cDNA clone was used to investigate genetic variability at PIT-1 in several American and Chinese breeds. Polymorphic BamIII fragments were found in pure-bred Meishan animals (n= 13), but only monomorphic fragments in five American breeds (n= 36).     

Synthesis and expression of genes encoding tuna, pigeon, and horse cytochromes c in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Genes encoding tuna, pigeon, and horse cytochromes c were constructed with synthetic oligodeoxyribonucleotides having preferred codons and portions of the iso-1-cytochrome c-encoding gene from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The genes were ligated into an expression vector, which contains the normal 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of the yeast iso-1-cytochrome c gene, and were integrated in single copy into the chromosome. Yeast strains were also constructed with multiple integrated copies of the pigeon gene. The heterologous and normal mRNA levels of the single-copy strains were equivalent. Although the N-terminal methionines were completely cleaved in the heterospecific proteins, the levels of trimethylation of Lys72 and acetylation of N-terminal glycines ranged from 39-78% and 10-70%, respectively. Horse cytochrome c was produced at a nearly normal level, whereas the pigeon and tuna cytochromes c were produced at approx. 40% of the normal levels. The levels of the cytochromes c and growth of the mutant yeast strains indicated that the heterospecific cytochromes c had approx. 50% specific activity in vivo.     

The role of the epidermal growth factor-1 and hydrophobic stack domains of human factor IX in binding to endothelial cells.

To determine the function and specificity in factor IX of the first epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain and the eight-amino acid hydrophobic stack encoded by exon C (residues 39-46), these domains were replaced by the corresponding polypeptide regions of factor X and chimeric proteins were produced in human embryo kidney cells. Both chimeras were activated by factor XIa at a rate similar to plasma factor IX and exhibited calcium-dependent fluorescence quenching similar to plasma factor IX. Both chimeras competed equally for binding to the endothelial cell receptor. Our findings make it unlikely that the first EGF-like domain or the hydrophobic stack of factor IX are responsible for the specific binding of factor IX to its endothelial cell receptor.     

Regulation of Escherichia coli secA mRNA translation by a secretion-responsive element.

The Escherichia coli secA gene, whose translation is responsive to the proficiency of protein export within the cell, is the second gene in a three-gene operon and is flanked by gene X and mutT. By using gene fusion and oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis techniques, we have localized this translationally regulated site to a region at the end of gene X and the beginning of secA. This region has been shown to bind SecA protein in vitro. These studies open the way for a direct investigation of the mechanism of secA regulation and its coupling to the protein secretion capability of the cell.