CCl_4诱导的大鼠急性肝[功能]衰竭与恢复过程中基因表达变化及作用分析

急性肝[功能]衰竭(acute liver failure,ALF)是一种危害较大的肝疾病,因其诱发和影响因素众多,导致其发生和发展机制尚不完全清楚。本文构建了四氯化碳(CCl_4)诱导的大鼠ALF模型,通过检测血清ALT和AST活性、肝系数及形态结构进行建模评估,用大鼠基因组230 2. 0芯片和生物信息学方法检测和分析了相关基因表达变化,用qRT-PCR和Western印迹检测了其机制相关基因在mRNA和蛋白质水平的表达变化。结果表明,本研究成功建立了可靠的大鼠ALF模型。检测发现,6 681个基因发生了有意义的表达变化。其中,4 819个基因与ALF相关。在急性肝[功能]衰竭过程中,细胞存活、增殖和分化等生理活动及IL-1、IL-6和IL-8等信号通路的信号传导活性增强,而细胞凋亡以及p53、ATM和AMPK等信号通路减弱。基于本文结果推测,在ALF的损伤和进展阶段,炎症因子IL-1R1、TNFR1和TNFR2等通过IL-1α→IL-1R1→→MAPK8→FOS/JUN途径和/或TNF-α→TNFR1/B→→NF-κB→→Caspases途径促进细胞凋亡、炎症反应和免疫应答;抑癌基因TP53在进展和恢复阶段,通过p53途径调节细胞凋亡; TNF-α和IL-10在恢复阶段,通过NF-κB、JAK-STAT和MAPK等信号通路激活增殖相关基因表达,促进肝细胞增殖。本文推测,在CCl_4诱导的急性肝[功能]衰竭中,IL-1R1、TNFR1、TNFR2、CASPASE3、TP53、PCNA和NF-κB等基因发挥重要作用。本文为了解急性肝[功能]衰竭的发生和发展机制提供了有用的信息。     

灵芝多糖对单核巨噬白血病细胞株的体外作用

目的:研究灵芝多糖对单核巨噬白血病细胞THP-1和RAW264.7的肿瘤生物学活性的影响。方法:用1、50和100μg/ml的灵芝多糖和脂多糖(LPS)刺激THP-1和RAW264.7细胞,CCK-8法测定巨噬细胞的增殖活力、流式细胞仪检测细胞的凋亡活性、Q-PCR检测细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和IL-12基因、相关凋亡信号通路基因TRADD、TNFSF10、TNFRSR10b、NFκBI、Caspase10和Caspase 3基因的mRNA表达水平。结果:灵芝多糖可以呈反浓度依赖性地刺激两种细胞的增殖,在50和100μg/ml浓度下可引起细胞凋亡,凋亡信号基因TNFRSR10b和NFκBI的mRNA水平在24h升高了53%和48%;在1~100μg/ml浓度下可上调细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6和IL-12细胞因子mRNA的表达水平。结论:灵芝多糖对白血病细胞株具有双重作用,在低浓度下促进细胞增殖,而在高剂量时诱导细胞凋亡,均可上调免疫相关细胞因子的表达。     

基于IPA分析自噬对大鼠肝再生中树突状细胞的调节作用

为探讨自噬对大鼠肝再生中树突状细胞(Dendritic cells, DCs)的调节作用,文章通过Percoll 密度梯度离心结合免疫磁珠分选分离大鼠DCs,Rat Genome 230 2.0芯片检测大鼠肝再生中自噬相关基因表达变化,利用IPA等软件分析自噬在DCs中的生理活动。结果表明,LC3、BECN1、ATG7和SQSTM1等关键基因在部分肝切除后不同恢复时间段有明显表达变化;芯片中对应的自噬相关基因为593个,其中210个基因发生了有意义的变化。比较分析自噬生理活动情况,发现自噬在再生早期和晚期阶段增强,增殖期减弱。与自噬相关的生理活动主要有RNA表达、RNA转录细胞分化和增殖,其中涉及的信号通路主要有PPARα/RXRα激活、急性期反应、TREM1 信号通路、IL-6 信号通路、IL-8 信号通路和IL-1 信号通路等,它们在肝再生阶段发生了不同程度的上调或下调。Cluster 分析还发现,P53和AMPK信号参与调控DCs的自噬活动,在肝再生早期主要是AMPK信号,在肝再生末期P53和AMPK信号共同参与自噬的调节。以上研究结果说明DCs自噬可能在肝再生早期激活细胞免疫反应和后期清除DCs等方面发挥着重要作用。     

Rig-I对LPS诱导的巨噬细胞增殖、凋亡及功能的作用研究

该研究旨在探讨维甲酸诱导基因I(retinoic acid-inducible gene I,Rig-I)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的巨噬细胞增殖、凋亡和细胞因子分泌等生物学功能的影响及其作用机制。以不同剂量的LPS刺激Rig-I基因沉默和过表达的小鼠巨噬细胞系Raw264.7细胞,采用CCK-8和流式细胞术检测细胞的生长状态,采用q PCR方法检测细胞因子TNF-α、IL-10、IL-1和IL-6相关基因的表达水平,并采用Western blot方法检测LPS诱导的TLR4信号通路的相关蛋白表达水平。CCK-8和流式细胞术结果显示,Rig-I促进巨噬细胞的增殖并抑制LPS诱导的细胞凋亡;q PCR结果表明,Rig-I促进巨噬细胞中TNF-α、IL-10、IL-1和IL-6基因的表达。进一步的实验证实,Rig-I通过激活AKT及其下游蛋白p-38、NF-κB和Bcl-x L等抑制细胞凋亡并促进细胞因子的表达。该研究首次证实了Rig-I可通过AKT信号通路对LPS诱导的巨噬细胞增殖、凋亡及功能进行调节。     

异位（过）表达PGRN抑制IL-1β引起的髓核细胞损伤

炎症因子IL-1β是引起髓核细胞功能异常的关键因素之一。颗粒体蛋白原（progranulin,PGRN）是一种多功能生长因子,在组织修复、炎症反应等过程中发挥重要作用,但其在髓核细胞中的作用尚不清楚。本研究以IL-1β诱导的髓核细胞炎性损伤模型为研究对象,探讨PGRN对IL 1β诱导的髓核细胞损伤的保护作用及其机制。基因转染结合MTT方法证明,与IL-1β处理的细胞比较,过表达PGRN可逆转IL-1β引起的原代培养的髓核细胞生长抑制,促进细胞增殖。TUNEL技术和流式细胞分析显示,PGRN抑制IL-1β诱导的髓核细胞凋亡。Western印迹和RT-qPCR方法揭示,与IL-1β处理的细胞相比,过表达PGRN显著上调聚蛋白聚糖（aggrecan）和II型胶原（collagen type II）的蛋白质表达,但下调基质金属蛋白酶-13（MMP-13）、分解素-金属蛋白酶ADAMTS-5的表达,同时抑制IL-1β诱导的炎性因子IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的表达,说明PGRN可缓解IL-1β引起的炎性反应,并减少细胞外基质（ECM）相关蛋白质的降解。此外,过表达PGRN还可降低p65、p-IkB a和β-catenin的蛋白质表达水平,提示PGRN可抑制IL-1β下游TNF-α介导的NF-κB信号途径及β-catenin途径。总之,上述结果提示,过表达PGRN可通过抑制IL-1β诱导的炎性反应、髓核细胞凋亡及基质代谢紊乱,缓解IL-1β诱导的髓核细胞损伤;PGRN的这种抗炎、抗基质降解作用可能与PGRN参与调控NF-κB和β-catenin信号途径有关。     

紫甘薯花青素对肝癌的影响及其机制的研究

为研究紫甘薯花青素对体外培养的人肝癌细胞SNU-387的影响及其可能的机制。在不同终浓度紫甘薯花青素处理下,利用MTT法和Hoechst 33258染色法,测定人肝癌细胞SNU-387增殖活力,通过测定细胞TNF-α含量来考察死亡受体TNFR1介导的外源性凋亡通路的作用,通过测定细胞内Caspase-8表达量变化来考察NF-κB和MAPK信号通路的作用。结果表明在细胞凋亡实验中,不同浓度紫甘薯花青素作用下,人肝癌细胞SNU-387增殖活力降低,出现核固缩等凋亡特征,细胞内TNF-α含量和Caspase-8表达量提高;在阻断剂PDTC作用下,Caspase-8表达量无差异;在阻断剂SB203580作用下,Caspase-8表达量下降。综上,紫甘薯花青素可以通过死亡受体TNFR1介导的外源性凋亡通路和MAPK信号通路参与介导肝癌细胞SNU-387的凋亡过程。     

RECS1负调控肿瘤坏死因子受体2介导的NF-κB激活

RECS1(responsive to centrifugal force and shear stress gene 1)是一血液剪切力应答蛋白.RECS1基因敲除的小鼠年老时易患主动脉囊性中层坏死并表现有大动脉扩张症,暗示RECS1可能参与调控血管的发育重塑.免疫组化分析发现,RECS1基因敲除(RECS1 knockout, RECS1 KO)的小鼠主动脉基质金属蛋白酶-9（matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9）的表达水平明显提高,但RECS1的结构与功能及相关作用机理仍不清楚.研究发现,RECS1是肿瘤坏死因子受体2（tumor neucrosis factor receptor 2, TNFR2）的结合蛋白质.报告基因检测实验表明,RECS1能特异地抑制TNFR2特异的激动性抗体或过量表达TNFR2诱导的核转录因子-κB（nuclear factorκB,NF-κB）活化.NPLY模体缺失突变的RECS1不能结合TNFR2,并丧失对TNFR2介导NF-κB活化的抑制能力.稳定表达RECS1的MEFS细胞中,TNFR2特异的激动性抗体诱导的IκB (inhibitor of NF-κB)降解和NF-κB靶基因白介素-6（interleukin-6,IL-6）的表达均受到明显抑制.该研究揭示了RECS1通过与TNFR2的相互作用,负调控TNFR2介导肿瘤坏死因子信号传递的新功能及RECS1参与血管发育重塑调控的可能机制.     

黄芪多糖对炎性微环境中BMSCs的IL-6R、TNFR及肿瘤相关基因表达的影响

该文旨在观察黄芪多糖(astragalus polysaccharide, APS)对IL-6和TNF-α所致炎性微环境中骨髓间充质干细胞(bone mesenchymal stem cells, BMSCs)白介素-6受体(IL-6 receptor, IL-6R)、肿瘤坏死因子受体(tumor necrosis factor receptor, TNFR)表达的影响,探讨IL-6和TNF-α导致BMSCs炎性损伤的可能物质基础。首先运用100 ng/mL IL-6和50 ng/mL TNF-α建立炎性微环境。设立对照组(control组)、模型组(D组)和50μg/m L黄芪多糖干预组(H组)。之后,应用ELISA法检测s IL-6R的表达水平。免疫荧光法检测IL-6R、gp130、TNFR I、TNFR II的表达水平。Western blot技术检测抑癌基因P53、PTEN和原癌基因Ras、C-myc的蛋白表达水平。检测结果显示,与对照组比较,模型组细胞上清液中的s IL-6R含量降低,模型组细胞IL-6R、gp130、TNFR I、TNFR II、Ras、C-myc表达均升高, P53、PTEN表达均降低。与模型组比较,黄芪多糖组细胞上清液sIL-6R含量升高,细胞IL-6R、gp130、TNFR I、TNFR II、Ras、C-myc表达均下降,而P53、PTEN表达均升高。结果提示,黄芪多糖能够减弱炎性微环境对刺激BMSCs表达IL-6R、TNFR的影响作用,并且维护肿瘤相关基因表达的相对稳定性。     

Prosaposin对细胞增殖和凋亡的调控及其分子机制

为研究鞘脂激活蛋白原(Prosaposin)对细胞增殖、细胞凋亡的调控及其可能的分子机制, 以pcDNA3.1 in NIH3T3阴性对照细胞株和过表达prosaposin的Psap-Myc in NIH3T3细胞株为模型, 噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测prosaposin对细胞增殖的影响; Annexin V联合碘化丙啶(Propidium iodide, PI)法检测血清饥饿状态下prosaposin对细胞凋亡的影响; Western blotting检测PI3K/Akt信号通路中蛋白磷酸化水平的变化; Real-time PCR检测PI3K/Akt信号通路下游靶分子表达水平的改变。结果表明prosaposin可活化PI3K/Akt信号通路, 提高Akt^Ser473的磷酸化水平, 抑制细胞周期抑制基因P27^KIP1的表达, 上调细胞周期蛋白Cyclin D1的表达, 促进细胞周期从G1→S期进展; 诱导survival基因cIAP1、cIAP2的表达, 促进细胞存活。这些结果提示, prosaposin对细胞增殖和凋亡的调控可能是通过PI3K/Akt信号通路及其下游靶分子进行的。     

IL-6通过Sirt1/p53/caspase-3通路介导胰岛β细胞凋亡

目的 探讨炎性因子IL-6是否通过Sirt1/p53/caspase-3通路介导胰岛β细胞凋亡.方法 Western 印迹检测Sirt1在小鼠各组织器官和胰岛β细胞系NIT-1细胞中的表达,免疫荧光法检测Sirt1在细胞中的定位.IL-6（10 ng/ml）处理NIT-1细胞48 h,Hoechst3334染色及流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,Western印迹检测细胞内Sirt1、P53、乙酰化P53（acety-P53）、caspase-3和cleaved caspase-3的水平变化.结果 Sirt1在小鼠各组织器官和胰岛β细胞中均有表达,主要定位于细胞核.IL-6处理NIT-1细胞后,伴随Sirt1表达的显著减少,acety-P53明显上调,p53/caspase-3通路活化,NIT-1细胞凋亡增加.结论 IL-6通过下调Sirt1进而激活p53/caspase-3信号通路引起胰岛β细胞凋亡.     

离心力和剪应力应答蛋白1是肿瘤坏死因子受体1的新调控因子

离心力和剪应力应答基因1(responsive to centrifugal force and shear stress gene 1,RECS1)被剔除的小鼠易患囊性内侧坏死和动脉扩张症,伴随着血管组织基质金属蛋白酶9表达水平的增强.本室前期研究发现,稳定表达RECS1的小鼠成纤维细胞对肿瘤坏死因子受体2激动性抗体的敏感性被明显弱化,显示RECS1参与肿瘤坏死因子信号的调控.本文研究了RECS1对肿瘤坏死因子受体1（tumor necrosis factor receptor-1, TNFR1）的调控作用.结果显示,RECS1结合TNFR1,并抑制过量表达TNFR1诱导的核转录因子-κB (NF-κB)活化.缺失突变研究发现,RECS1分子上有NPLY和SPEDY两个模体是其抑制TNFR1信号所必需的.免疫共沉淀实验发现,NPLY是RECS1与TNFR1结合所必需的.而SPEDY的缺失不影响RECS1与TNFR1的结合.另外,免疫共染色实验显示,RECS1与TNFR1共定位于细胞内核体.这些实验结果进一步揭示了RECS1负调控肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)信号进而参与调控血管发育与重塑的生物功能及可能机理.     

The therapeutic effect of TNFR1-selective antagonistic mutant TNF-alpha in murine hepatitis models

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is critically involved in a wide variety of inflammatory pathologies, such as hepatitis, via the TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1). To develop TNFR1-targeted anti-inflammatory drugs, we have already succeeded in creating a TNFR1-selective antagonistic mutant TNF-alpha (R1antTNF) and shown that R1antTNF efficiently inhibits TNF-alpha/TNFR1-mediated biological activity in vitro. In this study, we examined the therapeutic effect of R1antTNF in acute hepatitis using two independent experimental models, induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) or concanavalin A (ConA). In a CCl(4)-induced model, treatment with R1antTNF significantly inhibited elevation in the serum level of ALT (alanine aminotransferase), a marker for liver damage. In a ConA-induced T-cell-mediated hepatitis model, R1antTNF also inhibited the production of serum immune activated markers such as IL-2 and IL-6. These R1antTNF-mediated therapeutic effects were as good as or better than those obtained using conventional anti-TNF-alpha antibody therapy. Our results suggest that R1antTNF may be a clinically useful TNF-alpha antagonist in hepatitis.     

Epidermal growth factor/TNF-α transactivation modulates epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis in a mouse model of parenteral nutrition

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) signaling are critical for effective proliferative and apoptotic actions; however, little is known about the codependency of these signaling pathways in the intestinal epithelium. Because total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is associated with loss of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) proliferation and increased apoptosis, we utilized a mouse model to explore these transactivation pathways in small bowel epithelium. Mice underwent intravenous cannulation and were given enteral nutrition or TPN for 7 days. Outcomes included IEC proliferation, apoptosis, and survival. To address transactivation or dependence of EGF and TNF on IEC physiology, TNF-α receptor knockout (KO) mice, TNFR1-KO, R2-KO, or R1R2-double KO, were used. Exogenous EGF and pharmacological blockade of ErbB1 were performed in other groups to examine the relevance of the ErB1 pathway. TPN increased IEC TNFR1 and decreased EGF and ErbB1 abundance. Loss of IEC proliferation was prevented by exogenous EGF or blockade of TNFR1. However, EGF action was prevented without effective TNFR2 signaling. Also, blockade of TNFR1 could not prevent loss of IEC proliferation without effective ErbB1 signaling. TPN increased IEC apoptosis and was due to increased TNFR1 signaling. Exogenous EGF or blockade of TNFR1 could prevent increased apoptosis, and both pathways were dependent on effective ErbB1 signaling. Exogenous EGF prevented increased apoptosis in mice lacking TNFR2 signaling. TPN mice had significantly decreased survival vs. controls, and this was associated with the TNFR1 signaling pathway. We concluded that these findings identify critical mechanisms that contribute to TPN-associated mucosal atrophy via altered TNF-α/EGF signaling. It emphasizes the importance of both TNFR1 and TNFR2 pathways, as well as the strong interdependence on an intact EGF/ErbB1 pathway.     

Modulation of endotoxin-induced NF-kappa B activation in lung and liver through TNF type 1 and IL-1 receptors

We investigated the requirement for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-1 receptors in the pathogenesis of the pulmonary and hepatic responses to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by studying wild-type mice and mice deficient in TNF type 1 receptor [TNFR1 knockout (KO)] or both TNF type 1 and IL-1 receptors (TNFR1/IL-1R KO). In lung tissue, NF-kappaB activation was similar among the groups after exposure to aerosolized LPS. After intraperitoneal injection of LPS, NF-kappaB activation in liver was attenuated in TNFR1 KO mice and further diminished in TNFR1/IL-1R KO mice; however, in lung tissue, no impairment in NF-kappaB activation was found in TNFR1 KO mice and only a modest decrease was found in TNFR1/IL-1R KO mice. Lung concentrations of KC and macrophage-inflammatory peptide 2 were lower in TNFR1 KO and TNFR1/IL-1R KO mice after aerosolized and intraperitoneal LPS. We conclude that LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation in liver is mediated through TNF-alpha- and IL-1 receptor-dependent pathways, but, in the lung, LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation is largely independent of these receptors.     

Disruption of tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 1 signaling accelerates NAFLD progression in mice upon a high-fat diet

Obesity is accompanied by a low-grade inflammation state, characterized by increased proinflammatory cytokines levels such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). In this regard, there exists a lack of studies in hepatic tissue about the role of TNFα receptor 1 (TNFR1) in the context of obesity and insulin resistance during the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of high-caloric feeding (HFD) (40% fat, for 16 weeks) on liver inflammation-induced apoptosis, insulin resistance, hepatic lipid accumulation and its progression toward nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in TNFR1 knock-out and wild-type mice. Mechanisms involved in HFD-derived IL-1β release and impairment of insulin signaling are still unknown, so we determined whether IL-1β affects liver insulin sensitivity and apoptosis through TNFα receptor 1 (TNFR1)-dependent pathways. We showed that knocking out TNFR1 induces an enhanced IL-1β plasmatic release upon HFD feed. This was correlated with higher hepatic and epididymal white adipose tissue mRNA levels. In vivo and in vitro assays confirmed an impairment in hepatic insulin signaling, in part due to IL-1β-induced decrease of AKT activation and diminution of IRS1 levels, followed by an increase in inflammation, macrophage (resident and recruited) accumulation, hepatocyte apoptotic process and finally hepatic damage. In addition, TNFR1 KO mice displayed higher levels of pro-fibrogenic markers. TNFR1 signaling disruption upon an HFD leads to an accelerated progression from simple steatosis to a more severe phenotype with many NASH features, pointing out a key role of TNFR1 in NAFLD progression.     

MRI study of the inhibitory effect of new spin traps on in vivo CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Acute CCl₄ hepatotoxicity is thought to occur as a result of free generated from the metabolism of CCl₄ in the liver. With the use of MRI it is possible to detect in vivo a CCl₄-induced edematous region surrounding the major branch of the hepatic portal vein in the right lobe. Inhibition of the CCl₄-induced response has been obtained by pretreatment with the spin trap, PBN, 30 min prior to CCl₄ exposure. The inhibitory effect of two new traps, M₃PO or methyl-DMPO, and PhM₂PO or phenyl-DMPO, on in vivo CCl₄-induced acute hepatotoxicity was investigated. Both PhM₂PO and M₃PO were found to inhibit the CCl₄-induced response at lower concentrations (0.35 M/kg body weight) than PBN (0.70 M/kg body weight). However, both M₃PO and PhM₂PO were also found to induce and edematous response at the same concentrations used for the PBN studies (0.70 M/kg body weight). PhM₂PO, at a concentration of 0.35 M/kg body weight, was 93% as efficient as PBN, at a concentration of 0.70 M/kg body weight; whereas M₃PO, at a concentration of 0.35 M/kg, was 89% as efficient as PBN at 0.70 M/kg body weight. Electron micrographs were obtained from small liver sections taken in proximity to the major branch of the hepatic portal veins of all treatment groups. The electron microscopy investigations support the MRI findings.     

Death deflected: IL-15 inhibits TNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis in fibroblasts by TRAF2 recruitment to the IL-15Ralpha chain.

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a potent inhibitor of several apoptosis pathways. One prominent path toward apoptosis is the ligand-induced association of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) with death domain adaptor proteins. Studying if and how IL-15 blocks TNFR1-mediated apoptosis in a murine fibroblast cell line (L929), we show here that IL-15 blocks TNFR1-induced apoptosis via IL-15Ralpha chain signaling. The intracellular tail of IL-15Ralpha shows sequence homologies to the TRAF2 binding motifs of CD30 and CD40. Most important, binding of IL-15 to IL-15Ralpha successfully competes with the TNFR1 complex for TRAF2 binding, which may impede assembly of key adaptor proteins to the TNFR1 complex, and induces IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. Thus, IL-15Ralpha chain stimulation is a powerful deflector of cell death very early in the apoptosis signaling cascade, while TNF-alpha and IL-15 surface as major opponents in apoptosis control.     

Lack of tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 inhibits liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice

Chronic liver injury causes liver regeneration, resulting in fibrosis. The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is involved in the pathogenesis of many acute and chronic liver diseases. TNF has pleiotropic functions, but its role in liver fibrosis has not been clarified. Chronic repeated injection of CCl4 induces liver fibrosis in mice. We examined whether signaling through TNF receptors was critical for this process, using mice lacking either TNF receptor (TNFR) type 1 or TNFR type 2 to define the pathophysiologic role of TNFR signals in liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis caused by chronic CCl4 exposure was TNF-dependent; histological fibrosis was seen in wild-type (WT) and TNFR-2 knockout (KO) mice, but not in TNFR-1 KO mice. Furthermore, a marked reduction in procollagen and TGF-beta synthesis was observed in TNFR-1 KO mice, which also had little detectable NF-kappa B, STAT3, and AP1 binding, and reduced levels of liver interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA compared to WT and TNFR-2 KO mice. In conclusion, our results indicate the possibility that NF-kappa B, STAT3, and AP1 binding by signals transduced through TNFR-1 plays an important role in liver fibrosis formation.     

抑制LRP16基因的表达显著下调TNF-α介导的NF-κB转录活性

LRP16是1个雌激素(E2)通过其受体α(ERα)诱导表达的靶基因.研究表 明,LRP16可以作为多种核受体（包括AR、ERα）的转录共激活因子.采用荧光素酶报 告检测显示,抑制LRP16基因表达显著削弱了TNF-α(10 ng/mL)介导的NF-κB转录活性;采用免疫荧光和Western印迹法研究抑制LRP16对NF-κB/p65亚基核转位的影响,结果显示,抑制LRP16表达并不能参与影响p65亚基核转位．上述结果提示,LRP16可能以核激活因子角色参与了NF-κB介导的信号途径．RT-PCR实验检测抑制LRP16基因表达对TNF-α诱导NF-κB靶基因调控作用,检测的靶基因包括IκB、A20、IL-8、 FLIP、XIAP.结果表明,在这些靶基因中只有XIAP、cIAP2产生了明显的下调趋势. 因此,LRP16是NF-κB的1个共激活因子,通过调控NF-κB与靶基因的结合能力,从而增强了NF-κB的转录活性.