不同波段电磁辐射对大鼠Sertoli细胞雄激素受体和卵泡刺激素受体表达的影响

探讨不同波段电磁辐射对大鼠睾丸Sertoli细胞雄激素受体(androgen receptor,AR)和卵泡刺激素受体(follicle stimulating hormone receptor,FSHR)表达的影响。原代培养的Sertoli细胞分别经场强6×104 V/m的电磁脉冲(electromagnetic pulse,EMP)、平均功率密度为100 mW/cm2的S波段微波(S-band high power microwave,S-HPM)和X波段微波(X-bandhigh power microwave,X-HPM)辐射4 min。应用real-time RT-PCR和Western blot方法检测Sertoli细胞AR的表达,结果显示具有不同程度的降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);Wistar大鼠分别经S-HPM、X-HPM和EMP照射20 min,应用免疫组化方法检测睾丸组织AR的表达,发现辐射后7 d有显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。三者比较,AR的表达总体呈EMP>X-HPM>S-HPM的趋势,而FSHR的表达无明显变化。Sertoli细胞AR表达的变化,可能参与了电磁辐射致...     

FSH与睾酮在Sertoli细胞中的信号转导通路

卵泡刺激素(Follicilestimulatinghormone,FSH)与睾酮(Testosterone)在哺乳动物精子发生过程中起重要的调控作用。两种激素的作用靶点均为曲细精管的支持细胞(Sertoli细胞)。Sertoli细胞对生精细胞的物理支持及营养供应等是维持正常精子发生所必需的。FSH与睾酮在Sertoli细胞中有各自的胞内信号通路,近年来该领域的研究取得了较大的进展,本文将综述FSH、睾酮激活Sertoli细胞内信号通路的研究进展,讨论不同信号通路对Sertoli细胞代谢、基因表达及精子发生的调控机制。     

Sertoli细胞饲养层对小鼠精原干细胞增殖的影响

摘要 目的 以小鼠睾丸支持细胞(Sertoli)为饲养层,小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(STO) 饲养层做对照,研究它对小鼠精原干细胞增殖的影响。方法 用无血清StemPro-34 SFM培养基培养2～5日龄小鼠精原干细胞,分别用相差显微镜观察,免疫组化法研究Sertoli饲养层对精原干细胞生物学行为的影响。结果 发现精原干细胞在Sertoli及STO两种饲养层上的一周内的生物学行为非常相似,但培养1周后,Sertoli细胞作饲养层的培养体系中保留的精原干细胞要比对照组明显增多,约有30%的精原干细胞能存活下来并能维持存活到60d以上。结论 Sertoli细胞作饲养层明显促进精原干细胞的更新增殖。     

文昌鱼Sertoli细胞超微结构的进一步研究

用光镜和电镜技术观察厦门文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri Gray)精巢中Sertoli细胞在不同发育时期的细微结构后发现:精巢发育Ⅰ—Ⅱ期,Sertoli细胞贴近基底膜,与生殖细胞相间排列;Ⅲ—Ⅳ期时,逐渐向管腔方向移动;这种细胞在核的顶部及其周围胞质中,有丰富的粗面内质网、发育良好的高尔基复合体、大量溶酶体及糖元颗粒,并可见精细胞附着在Sertoli细胞的胞质中。据此,我们认为Sertoli细胞具有营养、吞噬和释放精子的功能。本文旨在为研究这种细胞的内分泌功能提供有价值的依据。     

不同方法分离的成人睾丸支持细胞与胰岛共移植的效果对比

目的比较成人睾丸支持（Sertoli）细胞不同分离方法的效果,建立成人Sertoli细胞简便高效的分离方法。方法将质量相等的睾丸组织按照不同分离方法随机分为3组：A组采用胰蛋白酶、DNA酶、胶原酶和透明质酸酶一步消化法;B组采用胰蛋白酶和DNA酶第一步消化,胶原酶和透明质酸酶第二步消化;C组采用胰蛋白酶和DNA酶第一步消化,透明质酸酶第二步消化,胶原酶第三步消化;D组为对照组。采用形态学观察和免疫组化鉴定Sertoli细胞;MTT法和流式细胞仪法测定3组Sertoli细胞的活性和纯度;应用生存分析方法比较3组Sertoli细胞与胰岛共移植至糖尿病鼠的效果。结果分离获得的细胞经形态学和免疫组化鉴定,具有Sertoli细胞的特征,A、B、C三组Sertoli细胞的纯度分别为（85．17±1．8）％、（92．33±2．5）％和（93．12±2．6）％,B组和C组的Sertoli细胞纯度显著高于A组（t=7．35,t=7．95,P=0．00,P=0．00）。B组Sertoli细胞活性于培养14d时达到峰值,此后缓慢下降。B组Sertoli细胞活性显著高于A组和C组（t=4．02,t=2．77,P=0．00,P=0．01）,且B组Sertoli细胞与胰岛共移植术后胰岛移植物存活时间显著高于A、c、D组（F=165．548,P=0．000）。结论采用两步消化的方法能够获得纯度和活性较高的Sertoli细胞,其与胰岛共移植能够显著延长移植物存活。     

细鳞鱼精巢超微结构和精子发生

细鳞鱼Brachymystax lenok(Pallas)精巢为叶型;支持细胞(Sertoli cell)和Leydig细胞具有典型内分泌细胞的一些结构特征;A型精原细胞的细胞器是区域性分布,精原细胞线粒体的发育与拟染色质 (chromatoid bodies)有关;生精细胞(spermatogenic cell)核膜孔由均匀排布最终演变为区域性聚集。重复注射绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)可促进雄鱼性成熟;精子质量受到多种因素的影响。     

过表达水牛睾丸FGF2基因维持水牛精原细胞的体外培养

水牛睾丸支持细胞(Sertoli cells)是环绕在精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)周围的一类体细胞,为SSCs增殖提供物理支持及稳定的环境,同时参与血睾屏障形成.支持细胞可分泌FGF2,从而提高SSCs存活和增殖.至今为止,水牛SSCs培养体系仍然面临许多挑战,推测内源性的...     

LPS对冷应激大鼠Mφ、Sertoli细胞分泌IL-1的影响

目的 为探讨LPS对冷应激大鼠外周血巨噬细胞（Mφ）和睾丸支持细胞（Sertoli）分泌IL-1的影响,本文检测了大鼠Mφ细胞和Sertoli细胞IL-1的含量。方法体外分离培养大鼠Mφ细胞、大鼠睾丸Sertoli细胞和小鼠胸腺细胞,设37℃对照组与0℃、-4℃冷应激实验组,IL-1含量测定采用放免分析方法。结果外周血MφIL-1含量：0℃组高于37℃对照组,分别为20444.7±8936.3和10281.2±1435.8,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;-4℃和37℃对照组分别为10307.2±2648.6和10281.2±1435.8,差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。睾丸Sertoli细胞IL-1含量：0℃组高于37℃对照组,LPS-和LPS＋分别为54.31±0.35和41.52±0.42与99.74±0.09和82.96±0.33,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;-4℃和37℃对照组分别为38.11±0.14和41.52±0.42与45.84±0.11和82.96±0.33,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论冷应激抑制LPS诱导Mφ和Sertoli细胞的IL-1含量分泌,但在早期Mφ和Sertoli细胞均出现免疫系统激活的过程,其作用机制有待深入研究。     

正常Wistar大鼠血睾屏障的建立和棉酚对其影响的研究

大量实验资料表明哺乳动物睾丸曲细精管中存在一种屏障,该屏障类似于血脑屏障,能选择性阻止血液中某些物质进入管腔中,因此称为血睾屏障(blood-testis barrier)。目前已知分化着的生精细胞(精母细胞和精子细胞)是处在由支持细胞(Sertoli cell)之间的紧密连接所创     

FasL在睾丸细胞的定位

FasL/Fas系统介导的胞外信号凋亡途径是哺乳动物睾丸生殖细胞凋亡的一条主要途径,然而,关于FasL在睾丸细胞中的定位却存在争议。本文对近年来国内外关于FasL在睾丸中的细胞定位研究进行了综述,为阐明FasL/Fas系统介导生殖细胞凋亡的机制提供资料,对深入理解睾丸中Sertoli细胞和生殖细胞间的调控关系及临床实践具有一定的指导作用。     

三种波段电磁辐射致大鼠睾丸损伤的比较

目的对比性探讨电磁脉冲(EMP)、S带高功率微波(S-HPM)和X带高功率微波(X-HPM)三种波段电磁辐射致睾丸组织受损的近期和远期效应及其相关敏感指标。方法雄性Wistar大鼠192只,随机分为EMP组、S-HPM组、X-HPM组和对照组,于照后不同时间点采集睾丸组织称重,光镜观察睾丸损伤,并用图像分析技术对曲细精管病变进行定量分析。结果三种波段电磁波辐照后睾丸结构和生精细胞形态损伤基本相似:早期睾丸重及睾丸重/体重比值呈下降趋势;曲细精管生精上皮变薄,生精细胞排列紊乱,精原细胞变性坏死并由管壁脱落,精母细胞和精子数量减少并团聚于管腔中央,支持细胞和间质细胞不同程度变性;曲细精管受损百分率显示EMP组最重,S-HPM最轻,生精细胞受损数量与程度显著增加(P0.05)。结论三种波段电磁辐射对睾丸生精细胞的损伤,具有速发性、时相性、分布不均一性特点;损伤程度呈EMPX-HPMS-HPM;睾丸曲细精管受损百分率可定量反映其损伤程度,可望成为评估电磁辐射致睾丸损伤的敏感指标之一。     

电磁辐射对原代培养海马神经元的损伤效应及其机制探讨

研究X带高功率微波、S带高功率微波及电磁脉冲辐射对原代培养海马神经元的损伤效应并探讨其机制。通过体外培养原代海马神经元,建立电磁波辐照细胞模型。采用Annexin V-PI双标记、流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡与坏死,原子力显微镜检测细胞膜表面形态,Fluo-3-AM荧光探针负载、激光扫描共聚焦显微镜测定胞内[Ca2 ]i。结果表明,辐射后海马神经元凋亡与坏死均增加,其中坏死增加明显;细胞膜表面粗糙度加大,膜穿孔增多;胞内[Ca2 ]i明显升高。且以上变化均以X带高功率微波组最重,S带高功率微波组次之,电磁脉冲组最轻。提示细胞膜穿孔增多,膜通透性增加,导致胞外Ca2 内流增加,甚至胞内钙超载是辐射致海马神经元凋亡与坏死的机制之一;三种电磁辐射对海马神经元的损伤程度与照射频率呈正相关。     

电磁辐射对大鼠海马Raf／MEK／ERK信号通路的影响

目的：研究电磁辐射后大鼠海马Raf／MEK／ERK通路相关信号分子的表达变化规律。探讨辐射损伤机制。方法：分别采用X波段高功率微波（X-HPM）、S波段高功率微波（S-HPM）及电磁脉冲（EMP）模拟源辐射大鼠,建立电磁辐射动物模型。通过Western blot检测海马Raf-1、磷酸化Raf-1和磷酸化ERK的表达。结果：三种电磁辐射后6h-14d,Raf-1表达均下调,以7d最为显著,至28d基本恢复,辐射组间未见明显差异。辐射后6h和7d,磷酸化Raf-1和磷酸化ERK表达均上调,6h较为明显,磷酸化ERK的变化以两微波组更为显著。S-HPM辐射后6h～14d,磷酸化Raf-1表达持续上调,磷酸化ERK的变化呈波浪状,以6h和3d为高峰。结论：Raf／MEK／ERK信号通路参与了电磁辐射所致海马损伤;ERK通路过度活化导致神经元凋亡与坏死可能是电磁辐射致认知功能障碍的重要机制。     

电磁脉冲辐照大鼠海马区细胞凋亡与形态学变化

以体外原代培养的大鼠海马神经元和Wistar大鼠为研究对象,探讨电磁脉冲(场强为6× 104 V/m)辐照后早期海马区细胞凋亡和病理形态学的变化.在照射后1h、6h、12h、24h和48h分别采用MTT法和流式细胞仪测定死亡细胞和凋亡细胞的比例,用光镜和电镜分别进行形态学观察.结果显示在电磁脉冲辐照后,海马神经细胞不仅发生快速的坏死,而且还发生凋亡,同时在早期即可见到血管、胶质细胞和神经元等组织的形态学异常.表明大鼠大脑受电磁脉冲辐照后早期海马区可发生神经细胞坏死和凋亡,以及各组织成分的病理形态学改变,上述变化可能与电磁脉冲致细胞DNA损伤有关.     

The effect of 2450 MHz microwave radiation on histamine secretion by rat peritoneal mast cells

Isolated rat peritoneal mast cells actively secrete histamine in response to reaginic or chemical stimulation. Mast cells were irradiated in a waveguide microwave exposure chamber at 2450 MHz with power absorptions of 8.2 and 41.0 mW/g for periods up to 3 h. These levels of microwave absorption caused no change in the morphological characteristics or viability of the cells. Irradiated mast cells were stimulated with compound 48/80, a potent, noncytotoxic histamine releasing agent. The dose response curves showed that neither prior nor simultaneous irradiation of mast cells at 37°C affected 48/80-induced secretion. However, microwave power absorptions of 41.0 mW/g inhibited secretion at 44.0°C. Precise measurements of the effect of heat on secretion indicated that this level of inhibition could have been produced by a radiation induced increase in cell temperature between 0.4 and 0.9°C above ambient levels. Alternatively, the heat stress produced at 44°C may have sensitized the cells to the electromagnetic effects of the microwave radiation. Rat peritoneal mast cells can therefore be useful as a model for the study of functioning secretory cells during microwave irradiation and can also be used to monitor the synergistic effects of cell heating during in vitro exposure.     

Effects of electromagnetic pulse exposure on gelatinase of blood–brain barrier in vitro

The biological effects of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) on the brain have been focused on for years. It was reported that gelatinase played an important role in maintaining brain function through regulating permeability in the blood–brain barrier (BBB). To investigate the effects of EMP on gelatinase of BBB, an in vitro BBB model was established using primary cultured rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC), astrocytes and half-contact culture of these cells in a transwell chamber. Cultured supernatant and cells were collected at different time points after exposure to EMP (peak intensity 400 kV/m, rise time 10 ns, pulse width 350 ns, 0.5 pps and 200 pulses). Protein levels of cellular gelatinase MMP-2 and MMP-9, and endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were detected by Western blot. The activity of gelatinase in culture supernatant was detected by gelatin zymography. It was found that compared with the sham-exposed group, the protein level of MMP-2 was significantly increased at 6 h (p < 0.05), and the protein level of its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-2 did not change after EMP exposure. In addition, the protein levels of MMP-9 and its endogenous inhibitor TIMP-1 did not change after EMP exposure. Gelatin zymography results showed that the activity of MMP-2 in the inner pool and the outer pool of the transwell chamber was significantly increased at 6 h after EMP exposure compared with that of the sham group. These results suggested that EMP exposure could affect the expression and activity of MMP-2 in the BBB model.     

Electromagnetic pulse reduces free radical generation in rat liver mitochondria in vitro

Abstract

Non-ionizing radiation electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is generally recorded to induce the generation of free radicals in vivo. Though mitochondria are the primary site to produce free radicals, a rare report is designed to directly investigate the EMP effects on free radical generation at mitochondrial level. Thus the present work was designed to study how EMP induces free radical generation in rat liver mitochondria in vitro using electron paramagnetic resonance technique. Surprisingly, our data suggest that EMP prevents free radical generation by activating antioxidant enzyme activity and reducing oxygen consumption and therefore free radical generation. Electron spin resonance measurements clearly demonstrate that disordering of mitochondrial lipid fluidity and membrane proteins mobility are the underlying contributors to this decreased oxygen consumption. Therefore, our results suggest that EMP might hold the potentiality to be developed as a non-invasive means to benefit certain diseases.     

电磁脉冲辐照对培养的大鼠下丘脑神经细胞内外 LDH、AST、CHE、K+ 和Na+ 的影响

为探讨电磁脉冲对下丘脑神经细胞损伤的机制,测定了电磁脉冲辐照培养下丘脑神经细胞前后细胞内LDH和培养上清中LDH、AST、CHE、K+、Na+浓度及与时间的关系。对新生的Wistar乳鼠下丘脑神经细胞在6孔板中进行原代培养,在培养14天时,用高场强EMP模拟源(场强为6×104V/m,脉冲上升时间为20ns,脉宽为30滋s,主要频率成分为0—100MHz),以脉冲重复频率为2.5次/min,辐照2min。并于辐照后0h(即刻)、1h、6h、12h和24h应用生化检测试剂盒测定细胞内和培养上清中LDH及培养上清中AST、CHE、K+、Na+浓度。结果表明,电磁脉冲辐照后即刻就可引起培养上清LDH、AST明显升高;辐照后1h细胞内LDH明显降低,而培养上清中LDH、AST、CHE、和K+明显升高;辐照后6h细胞内LDH明显降低,而培养上清中LDH、AST、CHE、K+和Na+明显升高;辐照后12h细胞内LDH明显降低,培养上清中CHE、K+和Na+明显升高;辐照后24h上述所有指标基本恢复。由此可以认为,电磁脉冲辐照后可引起下丘脑神经元细胞膜的损伤。     

Cellular neoplastic transformation induced by 916 MHz microwave radiation

There has been growing concern about the possibility of adverse health effects resulting from exposure to microwave radiations, such as those emitted by mobile phones. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cellular neoplastic transformation effects of electromagnetic fields. 916 MHz continuous microwave was employed in our study to simulate the electromagnetic radiation of mobile phone. NIH/3T3 cells were adopted in our experiment due to their sensitivity to carcinogen or cancer promoter in environment. They were divided randomly into one control group and three microwave groups. The three microwave groups were exposed to 916 MHz EMF for 2 h per day with power density of 10, 50, and 90 w/m(2), respectively, in which 10 w/m(2) was close to intensity near the antenna of mobile phone. The morphology and proliferation of NIH/3T3 cells were examined and furthermore soft agar culture and animal carcinogenesis assay were carried out to determine the neoplastic promotion. Our experiments showed NIH/3T3 cells changed in morphology and proliferation after 5-8 weeks exposure and formed clone in soft agar culture after another 3-4 weeks depending on the exposure intensity. In the animal carcinogenesis study, lumps developed on the back of SCID mice after being inoculated into exposed NIH/3T3 cells for more than 4 weeks. The results indicate that microwave radiation can promote neoplastic transformation of NIH/3T3cells.     

EMP‐induced BBB‐disruption enhances drug delivery to glioma and increases treatment efficacy in rats

Chemotherapy on gliomas is not satisfactorily efficient because the presence of blood‐brain barriers (BBB) leads to inadequate exposure of tumor cells to administered drugs. In order to facilitate chemotherapeutics to penetrate BBB and increase the treatment efficacy of gliomas, electromagnetic pulse (EMP) was applied and the 1‐(2‐Chlorethyl)‐cyclohexyl‐nitrosourea (CCNU) lomustine concentration in tumor tissue, tumor size, tumor apoptosis, and side effects were measured in glioma‐bearing rat model. The results showed that EMP exposure could enhance the delivery of CCNU to tumor tissue, facilitate tumor apoptosis, and inhibit tumor growth without obvious side effects. The data indicated that EMP‐induced BBB disruption could enhance delivery of CCNU to glioblastoma multiforme and increase treatment efficacy in glioma‐bearing rats. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:60–67, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.