特种稻种质资源研究进展与展望

我国从20世纪80年代开始广泛关注特种稻种质资源研究.至今以丰富的特种稻种质资源为基础,积极开展特种稻特殊性状遗传分析的同时,将常规育种与生物技术相结合,创新黑米、红米、软米、巨胚米、甜米等一系列特种稻新种质,并在水稻育种和生产上提供应用,为增加稻农收入做出了积极贡献.广泛开展特种稻资源的特殊性状鉴定和评价,筛选具有独特特性的优异种质资源,并进行基因型检测与遗传多样性分析和核心种质构建;将多个特殊性状相聚合,创新赖氨酸、微量元素、维生素等含量较高,黄酮、花青3-葡萄糖苷、生物碱等生理活性物质含量较高的水稻种质是今后我国特种稻资源研究的重要内容.     

特种稻种质创新与营养特性评价

将系谱选择和花药培养相结合,分别选育出具有巨胚、甜味、有色种皮、软米、香味等单一特殊性状和聚合上述2个以上特殊性状的特种稻种质12份,并对这些种质进行了营养特性评价。结果表明,创新的特种稻种质营养成分含量明显高于普通稻,其中甜黑米1569和甜红米1571糙米千粒重很小(8．4g、8．2g),蛋白质(12．4％、11．7％)、赖氨酸(0．75％、0．76％)、脂肪(5．29％、4．86％)、油酸(2．15％、1．93％)和亚油酸(1．93％、1．86％)、维生素B1(8．42mg／kg、1．60mg／kg)年口钙含量(36．8mg／100g、29．5mg／100g)较高;巨胚香糯1574和白巨胚米1575的胚较大,千粒胚重1．4g以上,胚重占糙米重的比率8％以上,蛋白质(9．9％、10．6％)、维生素B1(3．30mg／kg、0．98mg／kg)和钙含量(27．7mg／100g、32．5mg／100g)较高;黑糯米1568的维生素B1(6．57mg／kg)、铁扣锌含量(4．0mg／100g、7．2mg／100g)较高;红米1201的蛋白质(11．1％)、锌(7．0mg／100g)和硒(85．4ug／kg）含量较高,巨胚,甜味,有色种皮,香味等2个以上特殊性状的聚合是增加水稻种质营养保健功能性的有效途径之一。     

富γ-氨基丁酸水稻种质筛选及与子粒性状相关性分析

利用高效液相色谱法,测定了108份水稻种质资源材料子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量,分析了不同种质资源材料间γ-氨基丁酸含量差异及与子粒性状的相关性,以γ-氨基丁酸含量差异较大的高粱稻-1与宁农黑粳配制杂交组合,测定亲本、杂交F1及216个F2子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量,分析其含量与相对胚重和子粒性状的相关性及变异系数,估算各性状的广义遗传力。结果表明:108份种质资源材料子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量变异范围为2.39~12.03 mg/100g,,平均含量为6.30±1.99 mg/100g,变异系数为31.59%;不同水稻种质资源材料子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量与粒厚、千粒重呈极显著的负相关;杂交F1子粒γ-氨基丁酸含量为8.39±0.11 mg/100g,介于双亲之间;F2单株子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量总体呈偏正态分布,且出现明显的超亲现象,说明水稻子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量是由多基因控制的数量性状遗传;杂交F2子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量与相对胚重呈极显著的正相关,与粒厚、千粒重呈极显著的负相关,与粒长呈显著的负相关;F2单株子粒中的γ-氨基丁酸含量、粒厚和千粒重的广义遗传力相对较高,分别为98.12%、91.99%、96.37%,在育种中对这些性状可进行早期选择。     

养生保健谷物—黑米

黑米,也称“药米”,“长寿米”,与普遍糯米相比,它不仅营养丰富,而且具有一定的药用价值,是养生保健的佳品。 通常黑米的蛋白质含量为9％至13.3％,总氨基酸含量可高达14％左右。其中,对人体肝病有明显疗效的精氨酸含量为0.53％至1.36％,其他有药用价值的氨基酸如蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、赖氨酸等的含量均比普通大米高出1—3倍。黑米中还存在     

山西重要黍稷种质资源品质性状的初步鉴定与评价

营养品质和口感品质是组成黍稷种质子粒品质的重要组成部分。粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量是组成营养品质的主要成分,赖氨酸和可溶性糖含量是组成口感品质的主要成分。通过对山西省有代表性的90份黍稷种质的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、赖氨酸和可溶性糖的测定,评价了参试黍稷种质资源的营养品质和口感品质。结果表明,黍稷种质资源的粗蛋白平均含量为11.88%,粗脂肪平均含量为3.69%,赖氨酸平均含量为0.19%,可溶性糖平均含量为2.04%。鉴定筛选出7份粗蛋白含量13.00%、粗脂肪含量4.00%以上的高营养品质种质;15份赖氨酸含量0.20%以上、可溶性糖含量2.00%以上的口感品质优的种质;3份粗蛋白含量13.00%以上、粗脂肪含量4.00%以上、赖氨酸含量0.20%以上和可溶性糖含量2.00%以上的营养品质和口感品质均优的种质。营养品质和口感品质与不同类型种质的相关性分析表明,稷的营养品质好于黍,黍的口感品质好于稷,红粒种质营养品质和口感品质最好,白、褐、复色的种质居中,黄粒的最差;粒形和营养品质及口感品质相关不显著。研究结果为今后优质种质利用提供了参考依据。     

寒地粳稻品种功能营养品质分析

功能型稻米因其具有调节人体生理功能、改善人体健康等特点,越来越受到人们的重视。本研究对226份寒地粳稻品种的6种功能营养品质进行了遗传变异、相关分析和主成分分析。结果表明,2年间各功能营养品质差异不显著,赖氨酸、谷蛋白、γ-氨基丁酸、总黄酮含量、平均胚重和胚占糙米重在226份寒地粳稻品种中均呈现较大的变异,其中平均胚重的变异系数最大为92.17%,总黄酮含量的变异系数最小为11.51%。绥粳3号、绥粳5号、牡丹江21号、合粳1号、牡丹江22号、龙糯2号、系选1号7个品种,同时具有2种功能营养品质优良的特点。赖氨酸含量与平均胚重和胚占糙米重呈极显著正相关,总黄酮含量与γ-氨基丁酸含量呈显著负相关,与谷蛋白含量呈显著正相关。胚型因子、黄酮和谷蛋白型因子、γ-氨基丁酸型因子的累计贡献率达到69.149%,是影响寒地粳稻功能营养品质的主要因子。在功能型稻米品种选育过程中,应首先注意对巨胚、高γ-氨基丁酸和低谷蛋白的选择,并可以利用分子标记辅助选择或转基因育种手段,实现多个功能营养品质性状的聚合育种。     

特种稻不育系巨胚813A的选育与研究

用350 Gy剂量的Co60-γ射线照射水稻三系保持系813B种子,获得巨胚突变体,命名为巨胚813B（简称813geB）。用巨胚813B回交813A育成特种稻不育系-巨胚813A（简称813geA）。对巨胚813B及巨胚813A的生物学特性进行研究,结果表明：巨胚813A与813A的主要农艺性状、雄性不育性及产量构成因素均无明显差异。巨胚813B与813B具有相似的农艺性状,但绝对胚重由0.61mg提高到1.36mg,相对胚重由2.70%提高到6.96%。巨胚813B糙米的蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维及必需氨基酸含量均比813B高。其中蛋白质含量9.77%,比813B提高了8.80%;粗脂肪含量5.28%,比813B提高了87.23%;8种必需氨基酸含量均有提高。利用巨胚恢复系与巨胚813A可组配成巨胚杂交稻。     

有色稻米Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn含量及与种皮颜色相关分析

用AAS方法测定了弥勒县相同生态条件下种植的27份有色稻和34份普通稻糙米4种矿质元素含量,并对有色米和普通米Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn含量进行了比较研究。结果表明,有色稻米4种矿质元素含量明显高于无色稻米,其差异均达显著水平,其含量高低依次为Zn>Fe>Cu>Mn;对黑、褐、红、黄、绿5种不同种皮颜色的稻米4种矿质元素含量进行比较研究,发现稻米Fe含量(mg/kg)依次为黑>绿>褐>红>黄,Zn含量(mg/kg)依次为绿>红>黑>褐>黄,Cu含量(mg/kg)依次为黑>褐>红>黄>绿,Mn含量(mg/kg)依次为褐>黑>红>黄>绿;并且Fe和Mn含量在不同颜色稻米间差异均达显著水平,与有色米种皮颜色密切相关,而Zn和Cu差异不显著,与有色米种皮颜色关系不大。黑米和褐米富Fe、Zn、Cu和Mn,绿米富Fe和Zn,红米富Zn和Cu,黄米4种矿质元素含量较低,Fe、Cu和Mn均低于普通稻米。     

江西红米稻种资源主要农艺性状及营养特性分析与评价

对94个江西红米地方品种主要农艺性状及其中33个地方品种营养成分进行分析评价。结果表明,江西红米地方品种具有结实率较高（大于65．0％的品种占84．0％）、千粒重中等（20—30g的品种占93．6％）、易倒伏、抗稻瘟病能力较弱、属保持系类型等特点。脂肪含量较高,有26个品种脂肪含量大于3．0％,其中柳水红脂肪含量4．62％。筛选出多个钙、硒、维生素B1和B2含量较高的材料,其中红米麻壳钙含量81．6mg／kg,红金米硒含量0．09mg／kg,明显高于一般水稻品种。糯子红等6个品种维生素B1含量均大于2．0mg／kg,其中早红维生素B1含量高达17．0mg／kg;红米麻壳等10个品种维生素B2含量均大于0．1mg／kg,其中油红子维生素B2含量达0．6mg／kg。这些优异地方红米种质资源的发掘,可为种质资源的创新与利用提供优异种质。     

水稻地方品种铁含量的差异评价

以来自我国12个省的113份水稻地方品种为试验材料,分析了不同省份、不同类型、不同品种糙米铁含量的差异.结果表明,113份水稻地方品种的铁含量变异范围为8.1～19.9mg/kg,平均值为11.5mg/kg,变异系数为15.56%.各省份水稻地方品种的平均铁含量大小顺序为吉林>江西>福建>广东>安徽>四川>云南>广西>江苏>湖北>湖南>贵州.粳米的铁含量显著高于籼米;糯米的铁含量显著高于粘米;紫米的铁含量显著高于普通米和红米.福建省的陆种糯和吉林省的红毛稻铁含量较高,分别为19.9mg/kg和16.5mg/kg.今后应重视吉林省地方品种以及粳稻、糯稻和紫稻地方品种的铁含量分析,积极发掘富铁水稻种质,以提供利用于水稻育种研究.     

Application of Cyanidin-3-Glucosides as a functional food ingredient in rice-based bakery products

BackgroundBlack pericarp rice has recently become popular among rice consumers for its diverse health benefits specially anti-cancer effect. Cyanidin-3-Glucosides (C3G), an prominant bioactive component of anthocyanins which is abundantly present in black pericarp rice.ObjectivesWe investigated, how effectively it can be used to fortify Cyanidin-3-Glucosides (C3G) content in red and white pericarp polished rice or rice based bakery products for more nutritional value.MethodIn the present study, we have characterized several black pericarp rice cultivars along with some red pericarp and white pericarp rice cultivars by physicochemical including mineral profiling, and quantified the C3G by UFLC and LCMS.ResultsC3G content was significantly reduced from raw rice to cooked rice condition. All the black pericarp rice cultivars synthesized C3G, while this content was not detected in red and white pericarp rice cultivars. However, when 25% of black pericarp rice were mixed with 75% red or white pericarp polished rice, C3G content was significantly retained in cooked rice conditions. Formulation of rice-based bakery food product using black pericarp rice powder was also remarkably retained the C3G content as compared to that of cooking. Black rice is harder in texture, difficult to digest and needs higher energy for cooking. Therefore, we tried to circumvent these challenges by fortifying 25% of black pericarp rice with white or red pericarp rice.ConclusionFortification of C3G enriched black rice (25%) with red or white pericarp rice (75%) might bring a better nutritional quality in both cooking and baking condition. This may lead a way to the effective management of the non-communicable disease such as cancer for common rice consuming population.     

特种稻不育系巨胚813A的选育与研究

用350Gy剂量的Co^60-γ射线照射水稻三系保持系813B种子,获得巨胚突变体,命名为巨胚813B（简称813geB）。用巨胚813B回交813A育成特种稻不育系——巨胚813A（简称813geA）。对巨胚813B及巨胚813A的生物学特性进行研究,结果表明：巨胚813A与813A的主要农艺性状、雄性不育性及产量构成因素均无明显差异。巨胚813B与813B具有相似的农艺性状,但绝对胚重由0．61mg提高到1．36mg,相对胚重由2．70％提高到6．96％。巨胚813B糙米的蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维及必需氨基酸含量均比813B高。其中蛋白质含量9．77％,比813B提高了8．80％;粗脂肪含量5．28％,比813B提高了87．23％;8种必需氨基酸含量均有提高。利用巨胚恢复系与巨胚813A可纽配成巨胚杂交稻。     

Survey of fungal counts and natural occurrence of aflatoxins in Malaysian starch-based foods

In a survey of starch-based foods sampled from retail outlets in Malaysia, fungal colonies were mostly detected in wheat flour (100%), followed by rice flour (74%), glutinous rice grains (72%), ordinary rice grains (60%), glutinous rice flour (48%) and corn flour (26%). All positive samples of ordinary rice and glutinous rice grains had total fungal counts below 103 cfu/g sample, while among the positive rice flour, glutinous rice flour and corn flour samples, the highest total fungal count was more than 103 but less than 104 cfu/g sample respectively. However, in wheat flour samples total fungal count ranged from 102 cfu/g sample to slightly more than 104 cfu/g sample. Aflatoxigenic colonies were mostly detected in wheat flour (20%), followed by ordinary rice grains (4%), glutinous rice grains (4%) and glutinous rice flour (2%). No aflatoxigenic colonies were isolated from rice flour and corn flour samples. Screening of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin G2 using reversed-phase HPLC were carried out on 84 samples of ordinary rice grains and 83 samples of wheat flour. Two point four percent (2.4%) of ordinary rice grains were positive for aflatoxin G1 and 3.6% were positive for aflatoxin G2. All the positive samples were collected from private homes at concentrations ranging from 3.69–77.50 μg/kg. One point two percent (1.2%) of wheat flour samples were positive for aflatoxin B1 at a concentration of 25.62 μ};g/kg, 4.8% were positive for aflatoxin B2 at concentrations ranging from 11.25–252.50 μg/kg, 3.6% were positive for aflatoxin G1 at concentrations ranging from 25.00–289.38 μg/kg and 13.25% were positive for aflatoxin G2 at concentrations ranging from 16.25–436.25 μg/kg. Similarly, positive wheat flour samples were mostly collected from private homes. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Physicochemical properties of giant embryo rice Seonong 17 and Keunnunjami

This study was carried out to determine the physicochemical properties of giant embryo rice “Seonong 17” and “Keunnunjami” in comparison with the normal embryo rice. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that Seonong 17 and Keunnunjami have larger embryo and that starch granules from Keunnunjami were more tightly packed with smaller air spaces between granules. Seonong 17 exhibited the lowest amylose content. Keunnunjami showed the highest protein content, pasting temperature, peak and breakdown viscosities, and gelatinization temperature and enthalpy. Both giant embryo rice samples contained significantly higher amounts of essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids than the normal rice. Proteomic analysis using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed differences in the protein profile of Seonong 17 and Keunnunjami. The results could serve as baseline information in evaluating the quality of these two giant embryo rice cultivars and provide a better understanding of their potential uses and food industry applications.     

Expressing the maize anthocyanin regulatory gene Lc increased flavonoid content in the seed of white pericarp rice and purple pericarp rice

The colour of red, purple, brown and white occurs in pericarp of rice. Here, the maize anthocyanin regulatory gene Lc under control of the promoter of the rice glutelin gene Gt1 was introduced in the white pericarp rice “Chao2-10” and purple pericarp rice “Qingjiaozidao”. The results demonstrated that some transgenic “Chao2-10” rice pericarps became brown, and the total flavonoid contents in the unpolished rice of the two transgenic rices increased significantly compared with their respective controls. Unpolished rice kernel thickness and weight in the two transgenic rices decreased slightly.     

60份国内外藜麦材料子粒的品质性状分析

研究藜麦子粒的品质性状,可以为藜麦育种、加工及消费提供参考。本研究对4份国内和56份国外藜麦材料子粒的品质性状进行了分析,结果表明60份藜麦材料子粒的千粒重、灰分、蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪、粗纤维、总黄酮和总多酚平均含量分别为4.23 g、2.28%、14.03%、57.71%、6.53%、2.46%、1.83 mg/g和1.49 mg/g。国内藜麦材料的灰分、蛋白质和总多酚平均含量较高,分别为3.47%、14.92%和1.78 mg/g;秘鲁藜麦材料的脂肪、粗纤维和总黄酮平均含量较高,分别为6.69%、2.66%和2.03 mg/g;美国藜麦材料的淀粉平均含量较高,为59.91%;玻利维亚藜麦材料的千粒重较高,为4.32 g;不同子粒颜色藜麦材料之间的品质存在差异,黑色藜麦材料的蛋白质含量较高,白色和红色藜麦材料的淀粉含量较高,红色和黑色藜麦材料的粗纤维、总黄酮和总多酚含量较高。     

广西水稻地方品种耐冷性鉴定及相关分析

对419份广西水稻地方品种初级核心种质进行芽期、苗期的耐冷性鉴定及相关分析,结果表明:广西水稻地方品种芽期、苗期耐冷性主要集中在7级和9级,总体耐冷性较弱。芽期、苗期极强耐冷种质(1级)分别为24份和27份,占参试总数的5.73%和6.44%,其中10份种质芽期和苗期均表现极强耐冷(1级)。芽期、苗期耐冷性呈极显著正相关(r=0.66)。粳稻芽期、苗期耐冷性均显著高于籼稻;粘糯稻之间耐冷性差异是由籼粳稻类型的耐冷差异引起的;来自高寒山区稻作区的品种芽期和苗期平均耐冷表现最强。利用34个SSR标记与芽期、苗期耐冷性进行Pearson相关分析,在第7和第9染色体上,各鉴定出1个同时与芽期和苗期耐冷性相关联的位点。本研究为水稻芽期、苗期耐冷育种提供新的抗源材料,并为水稻耐冷基因定位及机理研究奠定基础。     

Comparison of gamma-aminobutyric acid production in Thai rice grains

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has many pharmacological functions including being a major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Two comparative methods for GABA production in rice grains as main food source in Thailand were investigated in this study. Fermentation and germination method were separately carried out using seven selected local grain cultivars in northern Thailand. Red yeast rice, obtained from the fermentation method, gave the higher GABA concentration than the germinated rice produced from the germination method in most rice cultivars. The highest GABA concentration was 28.37 mg/g at 3 weeks fermentation time of glutinous rice, O. sativa L. cv. Sanpatong 1 cultivars, while germinated rice from glutinous rice; O. sativa L. cv. Korkor6 (RD6) cultivars contained the highest GABA concentration of 3.86 mg/g. These results provide information for the basis of an appropriate method for GABA production. The fermentation produced higher GABA concentration but required longer production period and red yeast rice was obtained as product. On the other hand, the germination method yielded rice grains with lower GABA but in more suitable form for consumption. Both methods are considered to be economical and efficient methods to increase GABA in rice grains, providing alternative products with higher nutritional values.     

引进巨胚稻与普通稻的米质和营养成分分析比较

对引进的巨胚稻进行引种栽培并对其米质和营养成分进行全面分析.结果表明,巨胚稻的胚重是普通水稻胚重的3～5倍,多项营养成分如蛋白质、钙、磷、钾、钠、锰、VE、VB6和膳食纤维等的含量比普通稻米要高得多,这个结果表明巨胚稻是加工婴幼儿食品非常好的原料.