饲养林麝的种群特征和幼麝的存活研究

对饲养在上海崇明岛东平林场的林麝种群特征以及1998～2000 年间该种群所出生的74 只幼麝存活情况进行分析研究。结果表明: 该林麝种群中能繁殖的个体占51.1 % , 种群数量逐渐增长。种群存活率曲线呈C 型,说明林麝的死亡主要发生在幼麝时期。从不同年龄段性比变化来看, 初生幼麝的性比接近1∶1 , 由于雌幼麝比雄幼麝具有更高的存活率( P < 0.05) , 进入亚成体以后雄性比例逐渐下降, 显示幼麝时期存在偏雄性死亡。早出生幼麝的存活率明显高于晚出生幼麝( P < 0.05) 。引起幼麝死亡的主要原因是疾病(45. 9 %) 。     

陕西凤县驯养林麝的种群动态、性比和年龄结构

林麝是濒危资源动物,林麝驯养是保育濒危林麝资源及可持续利用麝香的有效方式。基于对2001至2012年间的陕西凤县林麝驯养的监测和调查,分析了其种群动态、性比和年龄结构。结果表明,陕西凤县的林麝驯养在近10余年获得了快速发展,全县共有150余个麝场,麝场数呈指数式增长,增长率达27.33%,但其平均驯养规模无明显增长,平均存栏种群仅为16.38头。凤县的驯养麝种群总体增长近似指数式增长,增长率达27.22%,目前存栏种群已达3712头。区分性别和年龄,各亚群的增长均呈指数式增长,幼年麝的增长率(30.30%)高于成年麝(27.16%),雄麝的增长率(28.30%)高于雌麝(27.78%)。在2001至2012年间,幼麝种群的雌雄性比((102.64±3.15)%,n=12)和成年麝种群的雌雄性比((100.85±2.585)%,n=10)均显著偏雌(P0.01),但幼麝、成年麝种群间的性比差异不显著(P0.05)。在2005年及2010—2012年间,幼麝(0.5岁龄)占种群的比例为31.91%,亚成体麝(1.5岁龄)占种群的比例为21.11%,成麝(2.5—12.5岁龄)比例为42.72%,老年麝(13.5岁龄及以上)仅占种群的4.26%。合并年龄分析,育龄前个体(幼麝和亚成体麝)的平均比例为53.02%,表明凤县驯养林麝属快速增长种群,其增长潜力较大。在林麝驯养实践中,管理部门可制定准入制度或适当重组现有麝场,促进较大的驯养种群构建,并建立通畅的麝香交易渠道,控制林麝种源的过热交易,以利于林麝驯养种群的性比平衡及可持续的繁育、增长。     

灰麝鼩的种群数量变动

汇集了1989～1996年云南保山市坝区的调查资料和其它地区的文献资料,对灰麝鼩种群数量变动进行了分析,灰麝鼩集中分布于海拔1650m的保山市坝区,具有较强的区域性和海拔高度的局限性特征.种群相对数量高峰分别出现在6月和8～12月.灰麝鼩的年变动在保山坝区居民区鼠型小兽群落中组成相对稳定.     

陕西省林麝驯养分布、种群动态及疾病发生

作为濒危麝类动物(Moschus spp.)迁地保育及麝香生产的重要方式,我国的麝类驯养开始于1958年,林麝(M.berezovskii)是最主要的驯养麝种,陕西是我国林麝驯养的重点省份。对陕西2001—2012年的麝类驯养进行监测和分析,结果表明:陕西省林麝驯养在空间上分布极不均匀,其麝场多分布在野生林麝的核心分布区,即秦巴山区的安康、汉中和宝鸡地区,存栏林麝种群达4725头,其种群增长近似指数式增长,种群增长率高达25.06%。此外,全省的麝场数近10年增加较快,年均增长率高达27.92%,但麝场驯养规模却呈下降趋势,2005、2010年全省的麝场平均存栏种群分别为20.53和19.45头。驯养林麝的易发疾病有10类53种,消化道疾病、寄生虫病及呼吸系统疾病为易发疾病。陕西林麝驯养中存在偏雄性死亡,在疾病致死病例中的雄麝(54.28%)显著高于雌麝(45.72%)(P0.05)。此外,因病死亡比例在各年龄组的分布不均匀,成体比例(35.99%)显著高于亚成体(31.86%)(P0.01)和幼体(32.15%)(P0.05),而后二者间差异不显著(P0.05)。为实现陕西林麝的迁地保育和麝香的可持续供给,需大力提高驯养林麝种群的增长率,并加强其疾病防控。     

树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓性比和有性生殖的比例

通过对贵州梵净山树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓的野外调查和室内研究,结果表明,在44个被调查样方共计1320株植株中,尖叶拟船叶藓单株的性比为8♀∶1♂(N=1320),其中25.0%的单株没有进行性表达;其种群的性比为5♀∶1♀♂(雌性种群:混合种群,N=44),没有发现雄性种群;其单株的有性生殖的比例为10.5%,种群的有性生殖比例为9.3%。结果表明尖叶拟船叶藓种群具有明显的雌性偏向,其种群的自然更新更多的是依赖各种营养繁殖。     

大麝鼩韩国种群与俄罗斯远东种群之间的遗传分化:基于线粒体Cyt b 基因的分析

为重新分析韩国大麝鼩种群与相邻的俄罗斯远东种群之间的遗传分化情况,我们获得9 条来自韩国4 个地点和俄罗斯3 个地点的大麝鼩线粒体细胞色素b 基因(Cyt b)全序列,并将其与来自GenBank 的4 条Cyt b 全序列和4 条Cyt b 部分序列进行比较。结果发现韩国的大麝鼩并非只有一种基因型,因此,在利用Cyt b 部分序列进行种群遗传学分析时需格外注意。基于Cyt b 全序列分析,发现韩国的大麝鼩与俄罗斯远东地区的大麝鼩之间存在1.08% 的平均JC 距离和7 个位点的差异,推测韩国的大麝鼩与俄罗斯远东地区的大麝鼩在包括末次冰盛期在内的很长时期都没有进行过遗传交流。目前的测序结果不支持当前认为大麝鼩为单系群的亚种分类理论,支持韩国大麝鼩是C. l. thomasi 亚种的分类理论,但还需进一步对中国东北地区的样品进行测序分析后才能最终确认。     

灰麝Ju的种群数量变动

汇集了1989-1996年云南保山市坝区的调查资料和其它地区的文献资料,对灰麝Ju和群数量变动进行了分析。灰麝Ju集中分布于海拔1650m的保山市坝区,具有较强的区域性和海拔高度的局限性特征,种群相对数量高峰分别出现在6月和8-12月,灰麝Ju的年变动在保山坝区居民区鼠型小兽群落中组成相对稳定。     

圈养林麝春季活动节律及时间分配

2006 年春季,使用红外夜间观察记录仪,对崇明东平麝场12 只成年林麝(8 雌,4 雄)的行为进行了24 h昼夜连续观察。发现春季林麝的行为有37 种,可归并为休息、摄食、运动、社会、维持和排遗6 大行为类型,据此,建构了春季林麝的行为谱。根据各行为持续时间比率和频次分析表明,林麝的主要行为为休息;雌麝的摄食行为所占的比率高于雄麝,这是由于春季雌麝妊娠的能量需求较高所致。活动节律呈典型的晨昏双峰型,清晨(4:00 ～ 6:00)和傍晚(17:00 ～ 19:00)为活动高峰;夜间活动性显著高于白天。     

驯养林麝泌香生理反应时间与年龄、地域分布的关系

以3处不同地域驯养林麝种群为研究对象,采用分层随机抽样法对四川某麝场61只林麝(离散型年龄分布群)、陕西安康某麝场23只和凤县某麝场5只成体麝(>2岁)泌香期不同生理阶段持续时间、主要气候因子及产香状况等进行观测、记录、统计分析。研究显示陕西、四川驯养种群泌香生理反应均存在2个泌香高峰期,安康驯养种群泌香高峰期集中于5月初和5月底,以5月底频发,四川则出现在6月初和6月下旬,以6月初频发,且5岁前随着年龄的增长,泌香反应集中且明显,此后随年龄增长而趋于平缓,四川驯养种群泌香启动时间较陕西晚1个月左右,两者泌香高频发期接近且两地麝群泌香生理反应主要在40d内完成;四川麝群不同年龄林麝泌香生理反应初期、盛期、后期及总持续时间无显著性差异(P>0.05),合并育成组和成年组仅麝群在泌香后期组间有显著差异;安康、四川两地麝群仅泌香后期持续时间差异显著(P<0.05);麝群中存在11.48%的个体在泌香季节出现2次泌香生理反应现象,但其麝香产量相对较低、且集中于8—9岁以上雄麝,麝群空香率9.8%左右,主要集中于9岁以上雄麝个体;麝群低产麝(产香量≤10g)占18.93%,中产...     

贺兰山马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)生境适宜性评价

马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)是我国特有种,在贺兰山分布数量不足百头,对贺兰山马麝进行生境适宜性评价是保护和恢复贺兰山马麝种群的前提和依据。2014—2016年通过样线法对贺兰山马麝的野外分布情况进行调查,确定了750个马麝出现位点,结合13个环境因子变量,利用最大熵(MAXENT)模型,并根据最大约登指数划分贺兰山马麝适宜生境及不适宜生境的分布区,对贺兰山地区马麝的生境适宜性进行评价。研究结果表明：在众多影响贺兰山马麝分布的环境因子中,针叶林、距水源距离、距护林点距离、海拔高度、距矿区距离和距道路距离六种环境因子影响较大;贺兰山地区适宜马麝分布的生境面积极小,仅占贺兰山地区总面积的3.27%,面积为120.24 km²,而不适宜生境面积为3 555.72 km²。利用受试者工作特征性曲线对模型进行检测,结果表明预测水平达到优秀,可以为马麝保护工作提供参考。为保护和恢复马麝种群,建议管理部门加强管理力度,严格控制人为干扰,识别和建立马麝各适宜生境之间的生态廊道,加强对零散分布的潜在适宜生境区域的利用。     

我国人工养麝研究进展及养麝效益问题

我国人工养麝已历经半个世纪,人工养麝研究取得了重要进展,但从整体上看,疾病控制、产香量及养麝的整体效益仍是有待深入研究的课题.为进一步推进我国人工养麝研究和养麝业的发展,现就一些主要的研究进展进行了综述,提出了麝场的经济效益公式,认为在现有的管理体制下,养麝规模越大,经济效益反而越低.鉴于我国养麝业的特殊性及其存在的具体问题,国家应该将养麝业作为一项公益性的事业予以特殊的政策和资金方面的扶持.同时,鼓励医药企业积极投身于养麝研究与麝场建设,以共同推进养麝业的持续健康发展,从而使人工养麝能够为我国麝资源的保护和传统中药的传承做出应有的贡献.     

Seasonal behavioral patterns of captive alpine musk deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Moschus sifanicus</Emphasis>): Rut and pre-rut comparisons

Alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus), well-known for their musk production, are endemic to western China. Due to historical unrestricted illegal hunting and habitat loss, captive farming has been employed as a means of conserving this endangered species and developing sustainable musk harvesting techniques. For captive animals, an understanding of behavioral characteristics is vital to improve management practices. This study addressed a lack of information regarding the behavioral characteristics of alpine musk deer; specifically daily activity patterns in respect to gender and reproductive season. From August 2002 to January 2003, focal sampling was employed to observe 32 adult captive alpine musk deer (13 females and 19 males), at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm (XMDF), located at Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province, China. Results indicated that the general behavioral patterns were similar between female and male captive alpine musk deer throughout both reproductive and non-reproductive seasons (rut and pre-rut season). Both male and female alpine musk deer demonstrated tail-pasting behavior during rut season, a previously male-only behavior trait. Female musk deer also rested comparatively more than males during pre-rut season.     

Relationships between musk extraction, social rank and tail-rubbing in male Alpine musk deer, Moschus sifanicus

Musk deer (Moschus spp.) are small, solitary forest ruminants well-known for the musk secreted by adult males. Because of illegal hunting and habitat degradation and loss, the five species of musk deer are classified as endangered. Musk deer farming has been a positive example of ex situ conservation, maintaining deer numbers whilst sustaining musk production. This study was conducted at the Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm in Gansu Province in northwest China, and was designed to explore the relationships among musk extraction, fighting ability and social rank in captive, male alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus). Results showed that musk production was related to a male’s rank in the dominance hierarchy. Males in the middle rank of the dominance hierarchy tended to produce more musk than deer of higher and lower ranks. This is due to the time-energy budgeting patterns and captive stress of males with different status in the dominance hierarchy. That is, high-ranking males need to budget more time and energy to maintain their higher rank, while low-ranking males are exposed to more aggression from higher-ranking individuals, thus limiting their access to resources such as food and shelter. Accordingly, high-ranking and low-ranking males endured more stress than middle-ranking males, negatively affecting their annual musk production. Supporting the correlation between musk production and the frequency of tail-rubbing behavior was not significant, average musk extraction could not be predicted based on the frequency of tail-rubbing alone. Status in the dominance hierarchy, however, was positively correlated with tail-rubbing frequency, with males of higher rank tending to tail-rub more frequently. Conflict winners tended to initiate tail-rubbing after the conflict; tail-rubbing accounted for 83.33% of the post-conflict behavior expressed by the winner. Tail-rubbing was one of the behavioral rewards of winning a conflict and was also related to releasing aggression; not solely for scent marking territory and trails. Based on the results of this study, there was no direct relationship between musk production and captive males’ status in the dominance hierarchy (and, therefore, in the intensity of aggression displayed). If the sole aim of musk deer farms is to domesticate musk deer for maximum production of musk, we suggest that highly aggressive males be removed from the population. Musk production will remain unchanged, however, aggression level and intensity of fighting could be lessened thus reducing farming costs.     

林麝(Moschus berezovskii)研究概况和进展

林麝（Moschus berezovskii）是国家一级保护动物,已被列入CITES附录Ⅰ中,由于连续多年的恶性捕杀,加上国际高价走私,使中国的野生林麝资源遭到严重破坏。作者根据大量文献资料结合自己的研究,从林麝的分类地位、地理分布、组织解剖、种群生态和人工饲养等几个方面较为全面地总结了国内林麝研究的概况和进展,指出了林麝种群研究中存在的一些问题以及今后的研究方向。     

兴隆山自然保护区驯养马麝的麝香分泌及与其种群动态和年龄结构的关系

马麝(Moschus sifanicus)分布于我国青藏高原及周边区域,雄麝可分泌麝香。因历史上的过度利用及生境丧失等原因,马麝已极度濒危。马麝驯养是保育野生马麝资源及可持续生产麝香的有效方式。我国于1990年在甘肃兴隆山保护区开始马麝驯养,并于1996年实现了可持续的活体取香。分析了兴隆山麝场1996—2006年间的麝香生产及与泌香雄麝种群增长和种群结构的关系,结果表明:兴隆山麝场11a间共取香430头次,麝香总产量达3846.6 g,年均麝香产量为(349.69±84.69)g(n=11)。泌香雄麝的种群数与麝香年产量存在极显著的相关(R=0.638,P0.01),增长模型y=e(6.4285-3.6578/t)(R2=0.735,df=9,F=24.94,P=0.0010.01)和y=e(4.2049-3.4523/t)(R2=0.700,df=9,F=21.02,P=0.0010.01)可分别模拟该麝场的麝香年产量及泌香雄麝种群的增长。泌香雄麝的平均泌香量为(8.93±0.56)g/头(n=68),各年度的雄麝平均泌香量与麝香年产量相关极显著(R=0.442,P0.01),其增长模式呈指数式增长(y=7.5126e0.0244t)(R2=0.373,df=9,F=5.36,P=0.0460.05)。各年龄组雄麝间的平均泌香量差异显著(ANOVA,F7,59=2.522,P=0.0240.05),1.5岁马麝的泌香(2.00±1.82)g,(n=10)显著高于其他各年龄组马麝(P0.05),其余年龄组间的平均泌香量无显著差异(P0.05)。雄麝的年龄组与麝香年产量呈极显著的负相关(R=-0.936,P=0.0010.01),1.5—6.5岁雄麝占种群比例91.16%,生产麝香(3560.1g)占总产量的92.55%。以麝香生产为主的麝场,其驯养雄麝种群配置应以6.5岁龄以下雄麝为主。     

陕西秦岭西部林麝养殖现状及存在问题

2006年3~4月以秦岭地区林麝饲养为主要研究对象,选定养殖规模较大的秦岭西部凤县、太白、留坝3县进行调查,初步了解了中小规模养麝场当地的饲养技术特点,结合周边生态环境,分析并评估林麝在饲养过程中的优势和现阶段存在的问题,对现行林麝养殖场经营方式作出综合性评定。     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii)

This study reported the isolation and characterization of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci in endangered forest musk deer Moschus berezovskii. An improved enrichment protocol was used to isolate microsatellites, and polymorphism was explored with samples from wild musk deer population collected in Miyalo of Sichuan Province in China. Approximately 70% of clones from the genomic library constructed in current study contained dinucleotide (AC) repeats. Eight microsatellite loci amplified were highly polymorphic within forest musk deer population. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 6 to 14, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.41 approximately 1.0 and from 0.8 approximately 0.9, respectively. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) value for these markers was 0.82. This demonstrated that the eight microsatellite loci developed here are highly polymorphic, and can be used as genetic markers for further investigation of musk deer. Also, the results showed that the musk deer distributed in Miyalo had a relatively higher level of genetic variation.     

Species dilemma of musk deer (Moschus spp) in India: molecular data on cytochrome c oxidase I suggests distinct genetic lineage in Uttarakhand compared to other Moschus species

Musk deer are of high conservation priority owing to poaching pressure because of its musk pod. Representation of musk deer status using genetics is poorly documented in India, and it is not confirmed as to how many species of musk deer are present. We characterize for the first time, the genetic diversity of musk deer from Uttarakhand using Cytochrome Oxidase sub-unit (COI) gene (486?bp) and compared with the data available for other species. Results revealed the presence of six haplotypes in the Uttarakhand population amongst 17 sequences. Of these, 12 sequences shared the single haplotype. The intra-species sequences divergence was 0.003–0.017, whereas divergence with other species of musk deer was 0.071–0.081. Bayesian phylogenetic tree revealed that samples from Uttarakhand formed a separate clade with respect to other species of musk deer, whereas three species distributed in China clustered in the same clade and showed low sequences divergence, i.e., 0.002–0.061. Because of different ecomorph reported, we suggest using the barcoding based approach for inter and intra-species distinction and delineating species boundaries across the range for effective conservation. Besides, systematic classification, DNA barcoding would also help in dealing wildlife offence cases for disposal of the legal report in court.     

基于最大熵模型的野生马麝夏季生境适宜性研究

野生马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)是珍稀濒危资源动物,分布于我国青藏高原及周边地区。甘肃兴隆山国家级自然保护区是野生马麝最重要的分布区之一,深入了解保护区的生境结构、质量及分布是对区域内野生马麝进行成功保护的前提和基础,但迄今缺乏大尺度的马麝生境适宜性研究。利用实地调查得到的兴隆山保护区的野生马麝夏季分布点数据,采用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型,结合地形、归一化植被指数、距河流距离、距道路距离等环境变量数据,进行野生马麝的夏季生境适宜性分析。结果表明：影响野生马麝夏季生境适宜性的主要生态因子是海拔、坡向、植被和河流,其贡献率分别达40.3%,23.4%,18.6%和10.9%;兴隆山保护区野生马麝的夏季潜在适宜生境分布面积为123.34 km²,占整个保护区的41.11%,占保护区林地的61.92%;野生马麝夏季潜在适宜生境主要集中在保护区的中部和西部,其中高适宜性生境约为保护区的4.47%,各适宜区间及适宜区之内均存在一定程度的不连续分布。为加强对兴隆山保护区野生马麝种群及生境的就地保护,建议通过生境保育措施,提高野生马麝潜在分布区的生境适宜性,...