陕西凤县驯养林麝的种群动态、性比和年龄结构

林麝是濒危资源动物,林麝驯养是保育濒危林麝资源及可持续利用麝香的有效方式。基于对2001至2012年间的陕西凤县林麝驯养的监测和调查,分析了其种群动态、性比和年龄结构。结果表明,陕西凤县的林麝驯养在近10余年获得了快速发展,全县共有150余个麝场,麝场数呈指数式增长,增长率达27.33%,但其平均驯养规模无明显增长,平均存栏种群仅为16.38头。凤县的驯养麝种群总体增长近似指数式增长,增长率达27.22%,目前存栏种群已达3712头。区分性别和年龄,各亚群的增长均呈指数式增长,幼年麝的增长率(30.30%)高于成年麝(27.16%),雄麝的增长率(28.30%)高于雌麝(27.78%)。在2001至2012年间,幼麝种群的雌雄性比((102.64±3.15)%,n=12)和成年麝种群的雌雄性比((100.85±2.585)%,n=10)均显著偏雌(P0.01),但幼麝、成年麝种群间的性比差异不显著(P0.05)。在2005年及2010—2012年间,幼麝(0.5岁龄)占种群的比例为31.91%,亚成体麝(1.5岁龄)占种群的比例为21.11%,成麝(2.5—12.5岁龄)比例为42.72%,老年麝(13.5岁龄及以上)仅占种群的4.26%。合并年龄分析,育龄前个体(幼麝和亚成体麝)的平均比例为53.02%,表明凤县驯养林麝属快速增长种群,其增长潜力较大。在林麝驯养实践中,管理部门可制定准入制度或适当重组现有麝场,促进较大的驯养种群构建,并建立通畅的麝香交易渠道,控制林麝种源的过热交易,以利于林麝驯养种群的性比平衡及可持续的繁育、增长。

Population dynamics, sex ratio, and age-structure of captive forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) in Fengxian of Shaanxi Province, China

The forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) is a valuable wildlife resource, which has an endangered status owing to the significant habitat loss and overwhelming exploitation. Musk deer farming has become an effective measure to conserve wild populations while producing medicinal musk sustainably. Based on the survey of musk deer farming in Fengxian of Shaanxi Province carried out between 2001 and 2012, population dynamics, sex ratio, and age structure of captive musk deer were analyzed. Our results showed that musk deer farming in Fengxian developed rapidly during this decade, with musk deer farms increasing exponentially at a rate of 27.33% per annum. Although there have been more than 150 musk deer farms in Fengxian, the average population size, only 16.38 individuals per farm, has not significantly increased. All gender and age sub-populations also increased exponentially, with higher increase rate of younger deer (30.30%) than that of adult deer (27.16%), and higher rate of male (28.30%) deer than the female (27.78%) deer. Between 2001 and 2012, the sex ratio in younger deer ((102.64±3.15)%, n= 12) and adult deer ((100.85±2.585)%, n= 10) was significantly biased toward males (P < 0.01); however, no significant difference existed between the adults and the younger deer (P > 0.05). In 2005 and from 2010 to 2012, 31.91% of the farmed musk deer were younger deer, 21.11% were sub-adult, 42.72% adult, and 4.26% older individuals. The total combined percentage of younger and sub-adult musk deer classes was 53.02%, which shows that the captive musk deer population has been increasing at a high rate. These results obtained from the forest musk deer farming in Fengxian indicated that the creation of new musk deer farms should be discouraged until the currently established farms are refurbished and/or merged to allow for increased captive population size. Moreover, a formal musk deer trading market should be established, which would limit the trading of female musk deer, resulting in a balanced sex-ratio of captive deer, increasing the breeding success, and therefore, allowing higher farm populations.