树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓的孢子体分布格局和败育研究

通过野外定位考察和实验室观察分析,结果显示:(1)贵州梵净山树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓的孢子体种群80%分布在树干的基部;(2)尖叶拟船叶藓的孢子体在其主茎和一到四次分枝上皆有分布,但在一次分枝上分布最多,并且一次分枝上的与主茎或其它各次分枝上分布的之间存在显著差异;(3)孢子体败育发生在胚胎发育时期、孢蒴膨大期或者孢子形成期等3个时期,孢子体败育率为7.3%,败育孢子体的平均生物量为正常成熟的43.3%.表明尖叶拟船叶藓孢子体种群偏少且孢子体败育率低是其重要的生物学特征.     

濒危植物尖叶拟船叶藓的过氧化物同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分析了濒危植物尖叶拟船叶藓7个自然居群的过氧化物同工酶．结果表明：尖叶拟船叶藓在13个位点表现酶带．其中 Pod-4、Pod-6、Pod-7为7个居群共有,是尖叶拟船叶藓的特征带;1号居群酶带最多,为12条,除与其他居群共有的3条主带外,还出现了其特有的3务酶带;尖叶拟船叶藓存在哑等位基因现象,有两个稀有基因 Pod-5和 Pod-11．3号和5号、4号和6号有较强的同源性．据此认为尖叶拟船叶藓具有较丰富的遗传多样性．     

尖叶拟船叶藓种群能量生殖配置的研究

首次报道了苔藓类植物的能量生殖配置情况.在尖叶拟船藓(Dolichomitriopsis diversiformis)种群整个生长周期中,各器官热值由大到小顺序为:雌器苞(9305.1 J/g)＞成熟孢子体(9196.1 J/g)＞配子体(4075.6 ～ 6558.6 J/g).能量配置比例的顺序为:配子体>孢子体>雌器苞.配子体生长所分配的能量占绝对优势,成熟孢子体的能量配置仅为3.2 %.实验结果表明:尖叶拟船叶藓生殖器官(雌器苞和孢子体)的能量配置较低,但具有较高的热值,生殖期需要消耗较多的能量.     

分子标记在鉴别拟船叶藓属和猫尾藓属中的应用

船叶藓科的拟船叶藓属(Dolichom itriopsis)和猫尾藓属植物(Isothecium)非常相似,不易从外部表型上进行属间物种的区分.以尖叶拟船叶藓6个居群、猫尾藓1个居群及疑似尖叶拟船叶藓种1个居群为材料,进行了随机扩增多态性(RAPD)标记分析,结果表明:50个随机引物中有15个引物扩增的产物具有多态性,15个引物共扩增出77条带,其中多态性条带为71条,多态带比率高达92.21%.聚类分析结果表明,疑似种与猫尾藓有较近的亲缘关系,与尖叶拟船叶藓亲缘关系较远.同时测定了疑似尖叶拟船叶藓种的rDNA的ITS全序列,与Genbank已知序列比对结果表明,疑似种与猫尾藓的同源性高达94.74%,而与尖叶拟船叶藓的同源性只有80.64%.进一步支持了RAPD的聚类结果,说明疑似种是猫尾藓而非尖叶拟船叶藓.     

溪流岩生明叶藓的孢子体分布格局及其生殖特性研究

通过实地踏查,对湖南省德夯地质公园九龙溪景区35个样地315个样方的溪流岩生明叶藓进行调查研究,以揭示其生殖生物学特性.结果表明:(1)共分离出明叶藓单株4 427株,其中有孢子着生的单株1 439株,单株着生孢子体数量从1个到12个.(2)明叶藓种着生1个孢子体的植株数占有孢子体着生植株总数的53.79%,且分别显著多于着生孢子体2~12个的植株数(P<0.01);着生1～3个孢子体的植株数占孢子体植株总数的比例达88.74%,说明明叶藓中单株着生1～3个孢子体的植株占绝对多数.(3)明叶藓的孢子体主要着生在主茎上(94.85%),各级分枝上较少产生孢子体.(4)明叶藓在单株水平上有性生殖的比例为32.5%,在种群水平上有性生殖的比例为97.1%,说明有性生殖在雌雄同株的明叶藓种群中普遍存在.     

尖叶拟船叶藓光系统Ⅱ光合荧光特性、活性氧代谢与耐脱水生理生态适应的关系

以广布湿生藓类——湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum)为比较材料,研究东亚特有濒危植物尖叶拟船叶藓(Dolichomitriopsis diversiformis)在不同快速脱水和复水胁迫下PSⅡ的叶绿素光合荧光变化和活性氧代谢及抗氧化系统变化,探讨两种藓类生理生态适应性差异的成因,以初步确定尖叶拟船叶藓受水分条件限制分布狭窄趋于濒危的原因。结果显示:(1)尖叶拟船叶藓的光合电子传递在脱水后可被极微弱光完全抑制,其抑制光强的恢复明显慢于湿地匐灯藓;其PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学量子效率(YⅡ)先降而后升,恢复较慢;光化学淬灭(q P)复水后恢复较快,非光化学淬灭(NPQ)的绝对值和变化速率则始终低于湿地匐灯藓。(2)尖叶拟船叶藓活性氧水平明显高于湿地匐灯藓;其SOD、CAT、APX等抗氧化系统酶活性整体变化幅度较大,抗氧化保护物质(As A)含量则明显低于湿地匐灯藓。以上结果表明尖叶拟船叶藓受到环境水分因子限制的原因主要有:(1)PSⅡ的反应中心色素(P680)对脱水伤害较为敏感;(2)复水修复过程中抗氧化保护系统的保护能力偏低。     

尖叶拟船叶藓的77K荧光光谱及对强光照的短期适应

报道了东亚特有濒危植物尖叶拟船叶藓(Dolichomitriopsis diversiformis)在不同光质的光照诱导下的低温77K荧光光谱及状态转移的初步研究结果,实验中,尖叶拟船叶藓在77K下出现了3条发射带,分别是F680、F685、F720nm,并没有出现存在于大部分高等植物中的F695nm和F740nm两个峰．经过PSⅡ光诱导后、在77K下出现了F680nm,这个峰在77K下出现是首次报道,而以前的研究认为只在4K下才出现这一条光谱带,这一结果表明尖叶拟船叶藓叶绿体的两个光系统结构与其他高等植物存在着差异。在自然光下,PSⅡ与PSⅠ的总能量比是2.04,经过15min的PSⅡ光(670nm)诱导后,PSⅡ与PSⅠ的总能量比变成了1．28(状态2),当用15min的PSⅠ光(716nm)照射后,PSⅡ与PSⅠ的总能量比从2．04变成了3．4l(状态1)。在自然光下,由尖叶拟船叶藓的光系统的外部LHCⅡ所吸收的激发能是整个光系统激发能的21．19％．这说明尖叶拟船叶藓对光的短期调节能力是21．19％．尖叶拟船叶藓的光系统的外部LHCⅡ有51．7％位于PSⅡ中,48．3％在PSⅠ中.     

梵净山尖叶拟船叶藓的遗传多样性分析

采用RAPD技术,选取10个引物对梵净山的尖叶拟船叶藓(Dolichomitriopsis diversiformis)自然分布区的南、北坡14个居群153个个体的总DNA进行了扩增,共得到196个位点.统计分析表明:(1)梵净山尖叶拟船叶藓在物种水平有较高的遗传多样性,居群水平的遗传多样性相对较低.(2)该藓种遗传多样性高低与海拔高度无关,但南坡的多样性水平略高于北坡.(3)遗传多样性的63.29%发生在居群间,只有36.71%发生在居群内.研究结果提示尖叶拟船叶藓的遗传多样性受小生境的影响较大,遗传漂变和环境适应可能是影响居群分化的主要原因.     

贵州梵净山森林树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓分布格局研究

通过使用双向指示种分析（TWINSPAN）和无偏对应分析（DCA）两种方法进行研究的结果表明,梵净山树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓在群落水平上的分布与森林群落类型相对应,其所在群落可以分成贵州青冈-箭竹群落、贵州青冈＋巴东栎＋雷公鹅耳枥-箭竹群落、贵州青冈-短柱柃群落、大钟杜鹃＋多脉青冈-野八角群落、亮叶水青冈＋多脉青冈＋贵州青冈-箭竹群落和贵州青冈-尖叶山茶-野八角群落6类树附生苔藓植物群落类型。尖叶拟船叶藓在梵净山的垂直分布范围为海拔1650～2080m;在树干垂直分布表现为下部显著多于中部,中部显著多于上部;在不同树种间的分布存在显著差异。分析了影响树附生尖叶拟船叶藓生态分布的相关因素。     

贵州梵净山森林树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓分布格局研究*

通过使用双向指示种分析( TWINSPAN) 和无偏对应分析( DCA) 两种方法进行研究的结果表明, 梵净山
树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓在群落水平上的分布与森林群落类型相对应, 其所在群落可以分成贵州青冈- 箭竹群落、
贵州青冈+ 巴东栎+ 雷公鹅耳枥- 箭竹群落、贵州青冈- 短柱柃群落、大钟杜鹃+ 多脉青冈- 野八角群落、亮
叶水青冈+ 多脉青冈+ 贵州青冈- 箭竹群落和贵州青冈- 尖叶山茶- 野八角群落6 类树附生苔藓植物群落类型。
尖叶拟船叶藓在梵净山的垂直分布范围为海拔1 650~ 2 080 m; 在树干垂直分布表现为下部显著多于中部, 中部
显著多于上部; 在不同树种间的分布存在显著差异。分析了影响树附生尖叶拟船叶藓生态分布的相关因素。     

The cost of realized sexual reproduction: assessing patterns of reproductive allocation and sporophyte abortion in a desert moss

The desert moss Syntrichia caninervis exhibits one of the most skewed sex ratios in the plant kingdom, with female individuals far outnumbering male individuals (exceeding 14♀:1♂). The "cost of sex hypothesis" derives from allocational theory and predicts that the sex which is most expensive should be the rarer sex. This hypothesis, which, as considered here represents the realized cost of sexual reproduction, is contingent upon two assumptions that are explored: (1) that male sex expression is more expensive than female sex expression, and (2) that sexual reproduction is resource limited. Using inflorescence biomass and discounting sperm, male sex expression was found to be in the neighborhood of one order of magnitude more expensive than female sex expression, and this difference is reflected in higher numbers of gametangia per male inflorescence, presence of paraphyses in male inflorescences, and a much longer developmental time for male inflorescences. The realized cost of female reproduction from two communities dominated by S. caninervis was found to be lower than the realized cost of male sexual reproduction. Resource-limited reproduction was assessed by determining the frequency of sporophyte abortion, the age distribution of sporophyte abortions, and patterns of sporophyte abortion that may be density dependent. Among ten sexually reproducing populations, abortive sporophytes occurred at a frequency of 0.64. Abortive sporophytes averaged 8% the mass of mature sporophytes, and cohort sporophytes from the same individual female were found to abort in a density-dependent pattern. We conclude that the two assumptions, upon which the cost of sex hypothesis depends, are supported.     

Sex expression, skewed sex ratios, and microhabitat distribution in the dioecious desert moss Syntrichia caninervis (Pottiaceae)

The moss Syntrichia caninervis is the dominant soil bryophyte in a blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) community in the southern Nevada Mojave Desert, with a mean cover of 6.3%. A survey of the 10-ha study site revealed an expressed ramet sex ratio of 14♀ : 1♂ (N = 890), with 85% of ramets not expressing sex over their life span, and an expressed population sex ratio of 40♀ : 2♂ : 1♀♂ (female : male : mixed-sex, N = 89), with 52% of populations not expressing sex. A greater incidence of sex expression was associated with shaded microsites, higher soil moisture content, and taller ramets. Shaded microsites had higher surface soil moisture levels than exposed microsites. In the exposed microhabitat, surface soil moisture was positively correlated with ramet height but not with sex expression. Male ramets and populations were restricted to shaded microhabitats, whereas female ramets and populations were found in both shaded and exposed microhabitats, suggesting gender specialization. The rarity of mature sporophytes, found in 0% of the ramets sampled and in only 3% of the populations, is probably due to the rarity of mixed-sex populations. We hypothesize that mixed-sex populations are rare because of factors relating to male rarity and that the differential cost of sex expression reduces the clonal growth capacity of male individuals.     

西藏极小种群野生植物密叶红豆杉种群的性比及雌雄空间格局

雌雄异株植物种群具有性比和雌雄个体空间分布格局, 这对个体成功繁殖、种群生存潜力、天然更新能力和遗传多样性的维持都是重要的, 对于珍稀濒危雌雄异株植物种群尤其如此。密叶红豆杉(Taxus fuana)为国家I级重点保护植物, 是首批列入《全国极小种群野生植物拯救保护工程规划》的120种极小种群野生植物之一, 具有重要的生态和经济价值。但目前关于密叶红豆杉种群生态学方面的研究, 尤其是性比结构与空间分布格局在国内外鲜有报道。本文对西藏吉隆地区的6个天然密叶红豆杉种群(吉普、多甫、朗久、吉隆、开热和唐蕃)进行了实地调查, 研究其性比结构及其空间分布格局。结果表明, 调查的6个种群中总计雄株1,651株, 雌株1,231株, 仅吉普(雄/雌 = 1.89)与吉隆(雄/雌 = 1.39)两个种群有显著的性别偏倚现象且显著偏雄性(P < 0.001)。6个种群雌雄植株间的空间相关性不强, 整体趋于相互独立。不同径级间, 吉隆和开热种群的性比格局相似, 均在小径级上性比显著偏雄性, 而吉普种群则在中等径级上显著偏雄性。综上, 不同密叶红豆杉种群的大小、性比、雌雄个体的大小级结构以及空间分布格局等均表现出不同。因此, 需要结合各个种群本身的发展动态、受干扰的类型以及各区域环境因子的差异进行有针对性的保护。     

鼠类种群密度、性比对其数量的调节作用 Ⅰ.不同密度、性比对雌小白鼠繁殖的影响

种群调节问题作为阐明种群数量变动机制的重要领域,现已引起生态学界很大关注,并已从不同角度进行了各种探讨。特别关于种群密度的反馈调节作用方面,近20多年来已有许多工作予以论证,但其作用原理是多方面的,至今尚未完全阐明,而且争论甚多(Christian,1975;杨荷芳,1982)。     

Trade-offs between clonal and sexual reproduction in Sagittaria latifolia (Alismataceae) scale up to affect the fitness of entire clones

? Many plants combine sexual reproduction with vegetative propagation, but how trade-offs between these reproductive modes affect fitness is poorly understood. Although such trade-offs have been demonstrated at the level of individual shoots (ramets), there is little evidence that they scale up to affect genet fitness. For hermaphrodites, reproductive investment is further divided between female and male sexual functions. Female function should generally incur greater carbon costs than male function, which might involve greater nitrogen (N) costs. ? Using a common garden experiment with diclinous, clonal Sagittaria latifolia we manipulated investment in reproduction through female and male sex functions of 412 plants from monoecious and dioecious populations. ? We detected a 1?:?1 trade-off between biomass investment in female function and clonal reproduction. For male function, there was no apparent trade-off between clonal and sexual reproduction in terms of biomass investment. Instead, male function incurred a substantially higher N cost. ? Our results indicate that: trade-offs between investment in clonal propagation and sexual reproduction occur at the genet level in S.?latifolia; and sexual reproduction interferes with clonal expansion, with investment in female function limiting the quantity of clonal propagules produced, and investment in male function limiting the nutrient content of clonal propagules.     

Daphnia females adjust sex allocation in response to current sex ratio and density

Cyclical parthenogenesis presents an interesting challenge for the study of sex allocation, as individuals’ allocation decisions involve both the choice between sexual and asexual reproduction, and the choice between sons and daughters. Male production is therefore expected to depend on ecological and evolutionary drivers of overall investment in sex, and those influencing male reproductive value during sexual periods. We manipulated experimental populations, and made repeated observations of natural populations over their growing season, to disentangle effects of population density and the timing of sex from effects of adult sex ratio on sex allocation in cyclically parthenogenetic Daphnia magna. Male production increased with population density, the major ecological driver of sexual reproduction; however, this response was dampened when the population sex ratio was more male‐biased. Thus, in line with sex ratio theory, we show that D. magna adjust offspring sex allocation in response to the current population sex ratio.     

Sex ratio,sex‐specific pattern in vegetative growth and gemma production in an aquatic liverwort,Scapania undulata (Marchantiophyta: Scapaniaceae)

Scapania undulata is an aquatic dioicous liverwort growing in shallow streams in boreal to subtropical zones. We studied the expressed sex ratio, sex‐specific differences in shoot architecture and possible trade‐off between sexual and asexual reproduction in ten populations of S. undulata by surveying 100 plots in ten streams in southern Finland. The expressed sex ratio was male biased, in contrast with the sex ratio in most dioicous bryophytes. It was also highly variable between the streams, but individual plots frequently comprised shoots from only one sex. The overproduction of males might be a strategy to overcome sperm dilution and ensure fertilization over longer distances in water. No size differences between females and males were detected, but they differed in branching patterns. Evidence for a higher cost of sexual reproduction in females than males can be seen from the following: the male‐biased sex ratio; low number of sex‐expressing female shoots in female‐only plots; no co‐occurrence of gemmae and female sex organs on a single branch, and no more than one sexual branch per female shoot. In contrast, high gemma production of male and female sex‐expressing shoots indicates a minimal trade‐off between sexual and asexual reproduction. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 175 , 229–241.     

Sexual reproductive biology of the endangered Japanese red maple (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acer pycnanthum</Emphasis>)

Japanese red maple, Acer pycnanthum, is an endangered wetland species having dioecious sex expression. Prior studies conclude that land development has caused severe loss of habitat, and seedling regeneration is rare. However, information is lacking on sexual reproduction, which is the first critical stage of regeneration. My research objective was to describe flowering and fruiting characteristics of Japanese red maple, focusing on tree sizes at the onset of flowering, factors affecting flowering regularity and fruit abundance, periodicity of fruit production, and sex ratio. In a study of a young population, Japanese red maple initiated flowering at a small size under 100% light intensity. Initiation of flowering occurred at relatively lower height in males than females, and males flowered more regularly than females. A survey of 1,106 clones from 46 natural populations revealed that male clones were significantly more abundant than female clones. In a 4-year study of mature populations, nearly all clones flowered regularly, and fruit abundance of dominant females was typically high. Fruit abundance at the population level also remained high, although fruit abundance of individual female clones varied year by year. Therefore, sexual reproductive ability is highly vigorous. Sex ratio exhibited a major deviation from a 1:1 ratio in populations with a small number of clones. In conservation planning, we should prioritize avoidance of an unbalanced sex ratio by increasing population sizes. In addition, populations having many clones >40 cm dbh with large, well-lighted crowns have a high potential of regular and abundant seed production.     

Nutrient deficiency promotes male-biased apparent sex ratios at the ramet level in the dioecious plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myrica gale</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">tomentosa</Emphasis> in oligotrophic environments in bogs

In populations of dioecious plants, the differences in the cost of reproduction between male and female plants can promote a male-biased sex ratio. In this study, we examine the macronutrient levels in tissues of the dioecious wetland shrub Myrica gale to identify the cost of reproduction for male and female plants and to examine the effect of nutrients on the apparent sex ratio at the ramet level. We examined plants across 12 populations of M. gale inhabiting bogs and fens in Japan. For each population, we used line transects to estimate the apparent sex ratio and measured the concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the leaves sampled from male and female plants and in the fruits from female plants. For five of the populations, we calculated the flowering frequency, mortality, and the recruitment rate (as the rate of clonal propagation). We found that the proportion of females was positively affected, and the male bias of sex ratios reduced, by increases in P concentration in leaves sampled from female plants. Neither mortality nor recruitment was affected by sex or by the nutrient concentration (P, K). The flowering frequency was not affected by sex or by K concentration, but decreased with decreases in the P concentration measured in leaves. This study confirmed that reproduction in M. gale is P-limited. We found no distinct differences in the flowering frequency, mortality, or recruitment rate between the male and female plants.     

The genetics and evolution of obligate reproductive parasitism in Trichogramma pretiosum infected with parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia

Parthenogenesis-inducing (PI) Wolbachia belong to a class of intracellular symbionts that distort the offspring sex ratio of their hosts toward a female bias. In many PI Wolbachia-infected species sex ratio distortion has reached its ultimate expression-fixation of infection and all-female populations. This is only possible with thelytokous PI symbionts as they provide an alternative form of reproduction and remove the requirement for males and sexual reproduction. Many populations fixed for PI Wolbachia infection have lost the ability to reproduce sexually, even when cured of the infection. We examine one such population in the species Trichogramma pretiosum. Through a series of backcrossing experiments with an uninfected Trichogramma pretiosum population we were able to show that the genetic basis for the loss of female sexual function could be explained by a dominant nuclear effect. Male sexual function had not been completely lost, though some deterioration of male sexual function was also evident when males from the infected population (created through antibiotic curing of infected females) were mated to uninfected females. We discuss the dynamics of sex ratio selection in PI Wolbachia-infected populations and the evolution of non-fertilizing mutations.