以茎尖组培苗检测甘蔗体内内生固氮菌的固氮活性

以巴西引进的甘蔗品种‘B1’、‘B3’、‘B5’、‘B8’以及广西地区栽培品种‘新台糖16号’和‘桂糖11号’的茎尖进行组织培养,对其继代4次的茎尖组培苗进行有氮与无氮培养比较以及于温室中无氮盆栽品种比较试验的结果表明,经茎尖培养的甘蔗品种其原有的固氮能力不丧失,4个巴西甘蔗品种的固氮能力和在无氮下的生长能力强于广西主栽品种‘新台糖16号’和‘桂糖11号’,无氮培养的巴西甘蔗品种氮含量较高,固氮活性较强,缺氮症状出现时间较迟;无氮盆栽的巴西甘蔗品种株高、分蘖、叶片的固氮活性等均优于‘新台糖16号’和‘桂糖11号’。     

用GGE双标图分析甘蔗品种性状稳定性及试点代表性

算术平均法经常被用于评估甘蔗品种产量的稳定性和适应性,并用方差分析来估计区域试验的试验误差.然而,地点和年份的差异使品种的差异难以得到准确评估.为客观评价甘蔗品种的稳定性和适应性,本研究采用GGE双标图对2008-2009年我国甘蔗区域试验5个试点中的7个甘蔗品种试验数据进行分析.结果表明： 福农30号为蔗茎产量高且稳产性高的品种,粤甘18号为含糖量高且性状稳定的品种,福农28号和云蔗99 91为高蔗糖分且性状稳定的品种,粤甘16号的蔗茎产量和含糖量最高,但稳定性一般;在各试点中,福建漳州和广东遂溪的代表性和鉴别力较强.GGE双标图分析为客观评价甘蔗参试品种的丰产性和稳定性提供了直观、有效的手段,为甘蔗新品种的鉴定与推广提供了科学依据.     

用GGE双标图分析甘蔗品种性状稳定性及试点代表性

算术平均法经常被用于评估甘蔗品种产量的稳定性和适应性,并用方差分析来估计区域试验的试验误差.然而,地点和年份的差异使品种的差异难以得到准确评估.为客观评价甘蔗品种的稳定性和适应性,本研究采用GGE双标图对2008-2009年我国甘蔗区域试验5个试点中的7个甘蔗品种试验数据进行分析.结果表明:福农30号为蔗茎产量高且稳产性高的品种,粤甘18号为含糖量高且性状稳定的品种,福农28号和云蔗99-91为高蔗糖分且性状稳定的品种,粤甘16号的蔗茎产量和含糖量最高,但稳定性一般;在各试点中,福建漳州和广东遂溪的代表性和鉴别力较强.GGE双标图分析为客观评价甘蔗参试品种的丰产性和稳定性提供了直观、有效的手段,为甘蔗新品种的鉴定与推广提供了科学依据.     

甘蔗品种主要性状的基因型与环境及其互作效应分析

用AMMI模型双标图对国家第六轮甘蔗品种区域试验5个试点的12个甘蔗品种试验数据进行分析,研究甘蔗区试中不同品种的产量稳定性问题。结果表明,参试品种的6个产量性状在品种间和地点间差异显著,品种与地点的互作效应差异显著;FN30、YG16蔗茎产量和含糖量高,稳定性强,属于高产、稳产性较好的品种。AMMI模型很好地解释了甘蔗品种产量性状的基因型效应、环境效应和GE互作效应。     

甘蔗杂交品种核心种质重要农艺性状评价及亲缘关系分析

以107份甘蔗杂交品种核心种质为研究材料,ROC22为对照品种,通过新植和宿根2年的田间试验,对蔗茎公顷产量、甘蔗蔗糖分、公顷含糖量等性状进行最小显著差数法(LSD)两两比较和Duncan多重比较评价,筛选优异材料,利用SSR分子标记建立优异材料与我国骨干亲本的亲缘关系。结果表明36份材料在蔗茎公顷产量、甘蔗蔗糖分、公顷含糖量等指标上优于对照品种,可作为亲本进行杂交,且蔗茎公顷产量对公顷含糖量的影响远大于甘蔗蔗糖分对公顷含糖量的影响;20对SSR引物扩增得到292个标记,其中283个为多态性标记;优异材料与我国骨干亲本相似性系数范围在0.384~0.590之间,平均为0.437,存在较大的遗传差异;UPGMA聚类可将所有材料划分为5个类群,蔗茎公顷产量和公顷含糖量表现优异的材料在各类群都有分布,甘蔗蔗糖分表现优异的材料主要集中在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类群,Ⅲ类群更集中;本研究为甘蔗种质创新、遗传育种提供了优异亲本材料,为杂交组合的配制提供重要指导。     

十六个水稻品种(系)对褐飞虱的抗虫性评价

本文通过苗期抗性鉴定、田间抗虫性鉴定、稻田节肢动物功能团优势度比较及产量测定的方法来评价16个水稻品种(系)对褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)的抗性。结果表明,有12个品种(系)对褐飞虱表现为抗级,2个品系表现为中抗。这14个抗虫-中抗的品种(系)在成株期也表现一定的抗虫性,且与对照TN1之间差异显著。本试验条件下,广占63-3S/华恢15、广两优106、Y58S/华15、广两优476、广占63-4S/华恢15这5个品种(系)不仅抗虫性好,而且产量也较高,分别比TN1和主栽品种扬两优6号高63.49%～66.57%和3.47%～11.57%,具有广泛的开发应用前景。     

12个HoCP系列甘蔗种质资源初步鉴定和评价

为了解甘蔗(Saccharum spp.)亲本特性,以ROC22为对照,对12个重要Ho CP系列亲本种质进行了初步鉴定与评价。结果表明,Ho CP系列品系具有出苗率高、分蘖性好、有效茎数多、早熟高糖等特性。Ho CP01-564含糖量最高,Ho CP00-1142产量最高,Ho CP02-610发芽率和有效茎数最高,Ho CP07-613蔗糖分最高。聚类分析表明,12个Ho CP系列品系(种)可分为4类。因此,根据这些品系(种)特性可以合理配制杂交组合。     

聚乙二醇胁迫对甘蔗伸长期间叶中脯氨酸积累及其代谢关键酶活性的影响

甘蔗品种‘桂糖119’(‘GT119’)、‘新台糖16号’(‘ROC16’)、‘新台糖22号’(‘ROC22’)为材料,在甘蔗伸长期用25%聚乙二醇(PEG)6000淋灌于根部。第4天,‘GT119’与‘ROC16’叶中游离脯氨酸含量明显上升,但‘ROC22’在处理后6d内其含量增加仍不明显。吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶活性变化因品种而异,‘ROC22’在处理后第6天才明显上升,其他2个品种则在胁迫处理1d后即明显提高。鸟氨酸转氨酶活性变化不明显。‘ROC22’在处理1d后其脯氨酸脱氢酶活性稍有提高,而其他2个品种则下降。     

甘蔗宿根萌发期內源激素变化与其宿根性的关系

采用酶联免疫法和茎基部取样的方式,以强宿根甘蔗品种‘新台糖22号’为对照,通过田间试验研究了同一组合(‘粤糖97-20’×ROC25)杂交后代分离产生的强宿根甘蔗品(种)系(‘云蔗06-407’、‘云蔗06-415’)和弱宿根甘蔗品(种)系(‘云蔗06-408’、‘云蔗06-416’)宿根萌发期内源激素含量的变化与甘蔗宿根性的关系。结果显示:(1)宿根萌发过程中,强宿根与弱宿根甘蔗茎基部IAA含量、ZR含量和ZR/IAA比值的变化波动大,但差异不显著。(2)强宿根与弱宿根甘蔗茎基部GA3和ABA含量、IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值的变化差异较大,其中ABA含量、IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值的差异显著,是与甘蔗宿根性关系密切的3个重要参数。(3)强宿根甘蔗ABA含量高于弱宿根甘蔗,而其IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值小于弱宿根甘蔗,且IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值随甘蔗宿根性的减弱而增大。研究认为,在宿根萌发期,甘蔗宿根性越强,ABA含量越高,IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值越小;而这3个重要参数均与ABA有关,进行甘蔗宿根性评价应着重参考ABA含量,同时结合IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA比值再进行深入分析鉴定。     

转Bt 基因抗虫棉(Gossyposium)伤流中Bt 毒蛋白的运输

本文以常规棉品种‘石远321’和抗虫棉品种‘SGK321’与‘99B’为材料, 通过考马斯亮蓝和ELISA方法分析了伤流中可溶性蛋白和Bt(苏云金芽孢杆菌)毒蛋白含量。结果发现, 转基因抗虫棉伤流中可溶性蛋白含量显著高于常规棉, 并在抗虫棉伤流中检测到了Bt毒蛋白, 而常规棉伤流中没有Bt毒蛋白的存在。通过嫁接实验研究发现, 将常规棉嫁接到转Bt基因抗虫棉砧木上, 叶片中也有Bt毒蛋白的积累。这些结果说明, Bt毒蛋白可以通过木质部伤流液向地上部运输, 并在叶片中积累, Bt毒蛋白由根系向地上部的运输对棉花的抗虫性是有益的。     

Y-chromosome Data and Tribal Affiliations of Allenopithecus and Miopithecus

The phylogeny of Old World monkeys has remained unresolved in part because of a lack of resolution in the Cercopithecinae. Competing morphological hypotheses have had Allen's swamp monkey (Allenopithecus nigroviridis) and the talapoins (Miopithecus spp.) as basal branches of either the tribe Cercopithecini or the tribe Papionini. Previous molecular analyses have not adequately addressed the issue. To better understand the evolutionary history of these primates, we sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis 3.1 kb of 2 loci (TSPY and SRY) from the non-recombining portion of the Y-chromosome. Individuals from the genera Allenopithecus, Miopithecus, Erythrocebus, Chlorocebus, and Cercopithecus were surveyed and their sequences compared with those previously published for the Papionini and Colobinae. The results suggest Allenopithecus and Miopithecus are more closely related to the Cercopithecini than Papionini. Our data also support the hypothesis that within the Cercopithecini, Erythrocebus and Chlorocebus share a close evolutionary relationship, distinct from the other members of the tribe.     

Ovule and seed anatomy ofCistaceae and relatedMalvanae

Ovule and especially seed anatomy of eight species ofCochlospermaceae, Bixaceae, Cistaceae, Monotoideae, Pakaraimaeoideae (two subfamilies ofDipterocarpaceae), andSarcolaenaceae were investigated. All representatives show a bixoid chalazal region in the seed as probable exclusive synapomorphy among angiosperms. The palisade layer of the exotegmen is curved inwards at its proximal end and forms a dome-shaped structure. A plug of hypostase tissue with an annulus/core structure fits into this dome. Moreover, two additional tissue types in the hypostase can be found in some representatives of the group. These and other micromorphological, wood anatomical, and floral morphological characters, indicate that the taxa form a monophyletic group close toMalvales s. str. The form of the starch grains in the endosperm is compared and is described for the first time forPakaraimaea (Dipterocarpaceae) andLeptolaena (Sarcolaenaceae). The position ofDiegodendron close toBixa and the presumably more distant positions ofMuntingia andNeuradaceae are discussed.     

Nystatin and killer toxin sensitivity of free and immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae

The inhibitory effect of nystatin and killer toxin on the growth of free and covalently-immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells was studied. The resistance of immobilized cells to both agents was accompanied by increased amounts of phospholipids and sterols. The possible relationship between these changes in the membrane composition and the transduction of a signal across the cytoplasmic membrane is discussed.     

Amino acids and sugars in nectar,and their putative evolutionary significance

Individual amino acids and sugars from flower nectar of 32 plant species with different pollination systems were quantified and compared. Data show that there is no correlation between sugar and amino acid concentration. Furthermore there is no correlation between composition and concentration of amino acids and evolutionary advancement, nor any direct relation with pollination systems. However, higher sugar concentrations are often linked with more advanced morphological characters. Nectars from pierced or damaged flowers or nectars contaminated with pollen exhibit modifications and increases in amino acid composition. The presence of proline probably indicates such pollen contamination. Most pollinating animals depend on flower nectar in their energetic requirements, yet innumerable alternative amino acid and protein sources exist. Future research has to consider the relationship between nutritional requirements of pollinating animals and dependence on flower nectars.Dedicated to Prof. Dr.L. van der Pijl, Den Haag, in honour of his 80th birthday.     

The hernandez and fernandez genes of Drosophila specify eye and antenna

The formation of different structures in Drosophila depends on the combined activities of selector genes and signaling pathways. For instance, the antenna requires the selector gene homothorax, which distinguishes between the leg and the antenna and can specify distal antenna if expressed ectopically. Similarly, the eye is formed by a group of "eye-specifying" genes, among them eyeless, which can direct eye development ectopically. We report here the characterization of the hernandez and fernandez genes, expressed in the antennal and eye primordia of the eye-antenna imaginal disc. The predicted proteins encoded by these two genes have 27% common amino acids and include a Pipsqueak domain. Reduced expression of either hernandez or fernandez mildly affects antenna and eye development, while the inactivation of both genes partially transforms distal antenna into leg. Ectopic expression of either of the two genes results in two different phenotypes: it can form distal antenna, activating genes like homothorax, spineless, and spalt, and it can promote eye development and activates eyeless. Reciprocally, eyeless can induce hernandez and fernandez expression, and homothorax and spineless can activate both hernandez and fernandez when ectopically expressed. The formation of eye by these genes seems to require Notch signaling, since the induction of ectopic eyes and the activation of eyeless by the hernandez gene are suppressed when the Notch function is compromised. Our results show that the hernandez and fernandez genes are required for antennal and eye development and are also able to specify eye or antenna ectopically.     

Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant cyanidin glycosides in cherries and berries

Anthocyanins from tart cherries, Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae) cv. Balaton and Montmorency; sweet cherries, Prunus avium L. (Rosaceae); bilberries, Vaccinum myrtillus L. (Ericaceae); blackberries, Rubus sp. (Rosaceae); blueberries var. Jersey, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Ericaceae); cranberries var. Early Black, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. (Ericaceae); elderberries, Sambucus canadensis (Caprifoliaceae); raspberries, Rubus idaeus (Rosaceae); and strawberries var. Honeoye, Fragaria x ananassa Duch. (Rosaceae), were investigated for cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The presence and levels of cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside 1 and cyanidin-3-rutinoside 2 were determined in the fruits using HPLC. The antioxidant activity of anthocyanins from cherries was comparable to the commercial antioxidants, tert-butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole, and superior to vitamin E, at a test concentration of 125 microg/ml. Anthocyanins from raspberries and sweet cherries demonstrated 45% and 47% cyclooxygenase-I and cyclooxygenase-II inhibitory activities, respectively, when assayed at 125 microg/ml. The cyclooxygenase inhibitory activities of anthocyanins from these fruits were comparable to those of ibuprofen and naproxen at 10 microM concentrations. Anthocyanins 1 and 2 are present in both cherries and raspberry. The yields of pure anthocyanins 1 and 2 in 100 g Balaton and Montmorency tart cherries, sweet cherries and raspberries were 21, 16.5; 11, 5; 4.95, 21; and 4.65, 13.5 mg, respectively. Fresh blackberries and strawberries contained only anthocyanin 2 in yields of 24 and 22.5 mg/100 g, respectively. Anthocyanins 1 and 2 were not found in bilberries, blueberries, cranberries or elderberries.     

Pollen morphology ofSonchus and related genera,and a general discussion

The pollen morphology of the taxa belonging to the generaAetheorhiza Cass.,Launaea Cass.,Reichardia Roth andSonchus L. in the Iberian Peninsula has been studied with light and electron microscopy. The pollen is 3(-4)-zonocolporate and echinolophate (without polar lacunae, but in general with prelacunae), with equatorial ridges and 15–20 lacunae: 3–4 poral, 6–8 abporal and 6–8 paraporal. Small to medium size, P × E = 19–36 × 23–42 µm; sometimes two different sizes have been found. Exine 3–9 µm thick and ornamentation microreticulate and echinate. The results clearly show the relationships between genera. Moreno-Socías, E., Mejías, J. A., Díez, M. J., 1994: Morfología polínica deLactuceae (Asteraceae) en la Península Ibérica, I.Lactuca y géneros relacionados. — Acta Bot. Malacitana.19: 103–113.     

Utilized and potentially utilizable seaweeds on the Namibian coast: biogeography and accessibility

Of the 1500 km coast of Namibia, only 80 km is predominantly rocky, the remaining 1420 km being sandy with only minor rocky outcrops. At present two species are utilized, Gracilaria verrucosa for agar and Laminaria schinzii for human consumption. Other potentially utilizable seaweeds occurring on the coast are Ecklonia maxima for alginates, Suhria vittata for agar, Gigartina radula, G. stiriata and Aeodes orbitosa for carrageenans and Porphyra capensis for human consumption. Laminaria schinzii also can be used for alginate production. Due to the diamond-mining areas around the 80 km rocky area at Luderitz (26° 39 S), only 20 km are accessible; hence, at present the seaweeds are being exploited almost to their full potential. The species currently not being utilized could be used, however, to support the industry that already exists at Luderitz. To increase production, access to the diamond areas would have to be gained or a cultivation program initiated.     

Molecular identification and differentiation of Brevibacterium species and strains

Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction enzyme analysis (ARDRA), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and ribotyping were used to differentiate among 24 strains of Brevibacterium linens, Brevibacterium casei and Brevibacterium epidermidis obtained from type culture collections or isolated from various smear ripened cheeses. ARDRA was applied to the 16S rDNA. B. linens was shown to be a quite heterogenic group with 2 to at least 4 copies of rrn operons per strain with aberrant nucleotide sequences. AccI gave genus specific restriction patterns and was used to separate Brevibacterium from Corynebacterium species. The expected species specificity of TaqI applied to B. linens type culture strains, but not to all strains isolated from cheese. By AvaI restriction, B. casei and B. linens were differentiated from B. epidermidis and the orange pigmented Arthrobacter casei, a new species of coryneform bacteria; by XmnI restriction, B. linens and B. epidermidis were differentiated from B. casei. One of 4 B. linens genotypes could not be distinguished from B. casei by this method. Here, the typical orange B. linens pigments were used for classification, which was confirmed by partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.