芝麻灌浆特性与灌浆期籽粒中内源激素含量变化研究

在大田栽培条件下,对芝麻品种‘郑芝98N09’的灌浆特性及灌浆期籽粒中内源激素含量变化进行了研究,为芝麻高产优质高效栽培及品质育种提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)第9～17节位芝麻籽粒干物质率最高;下部(8节以下)蒴果在灌浆24d时的蒴果鲜重达最大值(1.596g/蒴),27d时籽粒鲜重达最大值(0.318g/蒴),灌浆最快的时期为灌浆15～33d,干物质积累量达籽粒干重的61.75%;中部(9～20节)蒴果在灌浆27d时的蒴果鲜重达最大值(1.622g/蒴),籽粒鲜重也同期达最大值(0.379g/蒴),灌浆最快的时期为灌浆21～36d,干物质积累量达籽粒干重的74.21%;上部(20节以上)蒴果籽粒干物质积累最快的时期为灌浆9～12d和24～27d两个阶段。(2)中部蒴果GA3含量大于下部和上部蒴果,而ABA和IAA的含量则小于下部和上部蒴果;除GA3/ZR比值外,中部蒴果的ABA/GA3、ABA/ZR、GA3/IAA和ZR/IAA比值都小于下部和上部蒴果。(3)较高的ZR含量和较低的ABA/ZR、ABA/GA3、IAA/GA3和IAA/ZR比值利于胚乳细胞分裂、蒴果发育、籽粒库容建成及籽粒干物质充实。(4)单一激素含量与不同部位蒴果单蒴粒重均达显著或极显著负相关关系,内源激素相互间的关系对下部蒴果粒重增加影响较小,适当提高IAA/ZR、ABA/GA3、IAA/GA3比值,能显著提高中部和上部蒴果的单蒴籽粒干重。     

盐胁迫环境下不同抗盐性小麦品种幼苗长势和内源激素的变化

采用两种浓度NaCl溶液,对不同抗盐性小麦品种德抗961(抗盐性强)和泰山9818(抗盐性弱)萌发期幼苗进行胁迫处理,观察其幼苗长势和内源激素含量变化.结果表明,盐胁迫抑制小麦幼苗生长,抗盐性弱的泰山9818受抑制较重.苗、根ABA含量随盐胁迫浓度增加而提高,泰山9818的增幅高于德抗961.苗、根IAA含量随盐胁迫浓度增加而降低,但德抗961的IAA含量高于泰山9818,说明盐胁迫下抗盐性强的品种具有较高IAA合成量.2品种GA3含量变化因盐胁迫浓度而异.在低盐胁迫下抗盐性强的品种苗中GA3含量提高以适应盐胁迫利于苗的生长,在高盐胁迫下2品种GA3含量降低.盐胁迫使苗中ZR含量增加,且德抗961的苗中ZR含量高于泰山9818,而根中ZR含量则前者低,说明盐胁迫下抗盐性强的品种可迅速将根部合成的ZR向苗中转移,促进苗的生长.2品种IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA比值随盐胁迫浓度增加和时间延长而下降,德抗961 IAA/ABA比值大于泰山9818.在盐胁迫下,抗盐性强的品种协调自身激素平衡的能力较强可能是其生长受抑制较小的重要原因.     

萘乙酸与多效唑对茉莉成花及新梢内源激素含量的影响

在茉莉开花前期分别使用不同浓度NAA与PP333均匀喷施于植株茎、叶片等生长部位,对其新梢与花蕾生长及其4种内源激素--生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)、脱落酸(ABA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)的含量变化进行分析.结果表明:(1)NAA处理使茉莉新梢徒长,成花比对照推迟2～4 d;PP333处理的茉莉新梢矮化,而成花比对照提早2～4 d.(2)NAA处理后,茉莉新梢中IAA与ABA含量处理初期较高,后快速下降,后期稳定在较高水平;GA含量稍低于对照,ZR含量降低并稍低于对照.PP333处理后,茉莉新梢中IAA与ABA含量初期较高,而后缓慢下降;GA含量与对照一样快速上升;ZR含量在初期含量较高,后缓慢下降,但较对照稳定在较高水平.(3)PP333处理的茉莉植株新梢中ABA/IAA、GA/IAA、ZR/IAA比值在处理后迅速上升,特别是GA/IAA、ZR/IAA比值明显高于对照,而相应NAA处理的3个比值与对照无明显差异.可见,经NAA与PP333处理能明显调节茉莉新梢及花蕾生长进程,保持较高水平的内源激素GA、ZR、GA/IAA、ZR/IAA比值在茉莉新梢及花蕾生长过程中起关键作用.     

亚精胺调控菊花不定根发生的生理机制

以菊花(Dendranthema morifolium)品种‘神马’为试验材料,研究外源亚精胺(spermidine,Spd)及其抑制剂二环己胺(dicyclohexyl amine,DCHA)对不定根发生及相关生理生化指标的影响。结果显示,外源Spd处理可以比对照提前2 d生根,并且对生根和种苗质量提高有显著效果,增加了扦插菊花叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖、淀粉和可溶性蛋白的积累,并且显著提高了茎基部IAA的含量以及IAA/ABA和IAA/ZR的比值,降低了ABA、ZR、JA、GA含量,同时提高茎基部POD和PPO活性;DCHA对生根和种苗质量有抑制作用,并且生理指标均表现出不同程度的抑制作用;DCHA处理完再用Spd处理的插穗可以缓解DCHA的抑制。结果表明:一定浓度的Spd通过影响叶绿素、营养物质、内源激素及相关酶活性,影响菊花不定根的形成。     

不同春石斛品种扦插苗茎尖激素含量与其成花品质关系

为探讨春石斛扦插苗生长发育过程中内源激素与成花品质的关系,本研究以成花品质不同的2个品种‘森禾H1’和‘森禾4001’为试材,对其一年生扦插苗生长发育过程中5个不同阶段茎尖内源激素含量进行了比较分析。结果显示:整个生长发育过程中,2个品种扦插苗茎尖中赤霉酸(GA3)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)含量以及GA3/IAA、GA3/ABA、(GA3+IAA)/ABA变化趋势相似。成花品质较好的‘森禾H1’,其GA3、GA3/IAA、GA3/ABA、(GA3+IAA)/ABA,除了在休止叶后期外,其他时期均一直显著高于成花品质较差的‘森禾4001’,而其ABA含量在萌动期、展叶期、旺盛生长期显著低于‘森禾4001’,IAA含量没有显示出规律性。结果表明,春石斛扦插苗的一些内源激素含量及比例与其后期成花品质密切相关,可作为优良品种早期筛选的参考指标。     

同株紫斑牡丹中单瓣与重瓣花芽分化及内源激素含量比较北大核心CSCD

该研究以紫斑牡丹‘关公红’为试验材料,通过调查‘关公红’的开花情况,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜技术考察花芽分化和花瓣发育过程的结构特征,并测定同株‘关公红’单、重瓣花朵的花芽在不同分化阶段内源激素含量,分析单、重瓣花朵的花芽分化及内源激素含量的变化特征,为紫斑牡丹不同花型的培育奠定理论基础。结果表明:(1)‘关公红’单瓣花朵比重瓣花朵花期长,单瓣花朵花瓣表皮细胞光滑平整无明显褶皱,而重瓣花朵花瓣的表皮有明显的褶皱;重瓣花的花芽分化时间明显早于单瓣,花瓣原基的体积也明显增大,这可能与重瓣花中雄蕊瓣化有关系。(2)低浓度GA_(3)有利于‘关公红’单瓣花朵和重瓣花朵的花芽分化;高浓度的ABA促进重瓣花原基的形成;ZR含量增加有助于紫斑牡丹的花芽分化。(3)较高ZR/IAA、ZR/GA_(3)、ABA/GA_(3)、ABA/IAA比值有利于‘关公红’重瓣花朵的花芽分化;ABA/IAA、ZR/IAA比值的增加有利于‘关公红’单瓣花朵花芽分化;(GA_(3)+IAA+ZR)/ABA与(IAA+ZR)/GA_(3)比值减小分别促进重瓣花朵花瓣原基和雄蕊原基的形成。     

水杨酸对两个品种百合鳞茎膨大的作用及其与内源激素含量的关系

百合品种‘精粹’的鳞茎周径和鲜重随着叶面喷施水杨酸（SA）的浓度的增加而增加;品种‘普瑞头’鳞茎周径和鲜重也随着叶面喷施SA的浓度的变化而变化,其中以0．5mmol·L^-1SA的效应最明显。叶面喷施SA的百合鳞茎中ABA和GA3含量下降,IAA和ZR含量上升,鳞茎中（IAA＋GA3）／ABA、IAA／GA3比值均比未喷施SA的高,而IAA／ZR、GA3／ZR比值则比未喷施SA的低。显示鳞茎膨大与内源激素的含量相关。     

核素铯胁迫下接种摩西球囊霉对宿根高粱内源激素和光合的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了宿根高粱接种摩西球囊霉形成共生体后在核素铯污染胁迫下内源激素和光合生理的响应.结果表明： 铯胁迫促进了宿根高粱叶片脱落酸(ABA)的合成,降低了生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)以及玉米素核苷(ZR)的积累,从而导致了ABA/IAA和ABA/GA明显升高,接种摩西球囊霉减少了铯胁迫下IAA、GA以及ZR的降幅以及ABA的增幅,维持了ABA/IAA、ABA/GA和ABA/（IAA+GA+ZR）的稳定性;铯胁迫显著降低了植物净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、光呼吸(P_r)以及暗呼吸(D_r)等光合指标和呼吸指标,造成植物光合效率降低,接种摩西球囊霉缓解了铯胁迫给植物光合效率造成的负效应.说明在利用植物修复核素污染土壤时可引入摩西球囊霉等丛枝菌根真菌,以提高植物光合效率及同化产物,增强植物耐性,提高修复效率.     

银杏芽中内源激素与大小年结实的关系

为探讨银杏大、小年结实现象的生理原因,于2004～2005年,用ELISA(间接酶联免疫法)对银杏大年树和小年树果芽和叶芽内的IAA,GA,ZR和ABA含量进行了对比测定。结果表明:大年树IAA、ZR和ABA含量在果芽和叶芽之间的比值均高于小年树,GA含量在果芽和叶芽之间的比值则低于小年树,有利果芽分化生长,形成大年;果芽中较高水平的ZR、IAA和ABA与较低水平的GA,以及萌芽前期较高的IAA/GA,ZR/GA和ABA/GA等比值,有利果芽分化,形成大年;叶芽中较高的ZR、IAA和较低的ABA有利于形成大年生长,尤其是ZR含量在萌芽前期或中期升高与形成大年生长关系密切。     

棉花纤维发育过程中内源激素含量和纤维品质变化及其关系研究

以新疆棉区优质棉品种‘新陆早16号’、品质中等品种‘新陆早10号’和‘新陆早13号’以及品质较差品种‘02-DB’为材料,测定了棉纤维发育过程中内源生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA4)、玉米素(ZR)和脱落酸(ABA)含量和主要纤维品质指标的变化,分析内源激素含量变化与纤维品质形成的关系。结果表明:不同品种棉花纤维发育中纤维内源激素变化趋势基本相似,其差异主要表现在IAA、GA4、ZR和ABA的含量大小及峰值出现的时间方面。‘新陆早16号’在纤维发育前期有较高IAA、GA4、ZR含量和较低的ABA含量,表现出纤维伸长速率较高、快速伸长时期较长等特征;而且在次生壁加厚期ZR峰值出现较早,有利于棉纤维成熟,从而表现出较优的纤维品质。‘02-DB’在纤维发育前期由于ABA含量较高影响了纤维伸长速率和快速伸长期的时间,同时后期ZR峰值出现晚,使纤维发育受到影响,而最终品质较差。可见,在棉花纤维伸长期IAA、GA4、ZR含量高而ABA含量低、次生壁加厚期ZR峰值出现早则有利于优质棉纤维形成。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这