用GGE双标图分析甘蔗品种性状稳定性及试点代表性

算术平均法经常被用于评估甘蔗品种产量的稳定性和适应性,并用方差分析来估计区域试验的试验误差.然而,地点和年份的差异使品种的差异难以得到准确评估.为客观评价甘蔗品种的稳定性和适应性,本研究采用GGE双标图对2008-2009年我国甘蔗区域试验5个试点中的7个甘蔗品种试验数据进行分析.结果表明： 福农30号为蔗茎产量高且稳产性高的品种,粤甘18号为含糖量高且性状稳定的品种,福农28号和云蔗99 91为高蔗糖分且性状稳定的品种,粤甘16号的蔗茎产量和含糖量最高,但稳定性一般;在各试点中,福建漳州和广东遂溪的代表性和鉴别力较强.GGE双标图分析为客观评价甘蔗参试品种的丰产性和稳定性提供了直观、有效的手段,为甘蔗新品种的鉴定与推广提供了科学依据.     

甘蔗品种主要性状的基因型与环境及其互作效应分析

用AMMI模型双标图对国家第六轮甘蔗品种区域试验5个试点的12个甘蔗品种试验数据进行分析,研究甘蔗区试中不同品种的产量稳定性问题。结果表明,参试品种的6个产量性状在品种间和地点间差异显著,品种与地点的互作效应差异显著;FN30、YG16蔗茎产量和含糖量高,稳定性强,属于高产、稳产性较好的品种。AMMI模型很好地解释了甘蔗品种产量性状的基因型效应、环境效应和GE互作效应。     

九个甘蔗新品种在桂林地区的适应性观察和评价

为探讨甘蔗新品种在桂林地区的适应性表现,该研究以ROC22为对照,采用大区互比法,对国家甘蔗产业技术体系的9个甘蔗品种进行1年新植2年宿根的区域试验,观察记录出苗率、分蘖率、株高、产量和糖分等14个性状表现,并利用DTOPSIS法进行综合评价。结果表明:桂糖29号、桂糖31号、云蔗03-194、粤糖60号、福农38号和粤糖55号的综合性状表现优于对照ROC22,其中桂糖29号宿根性好、蔗茎产量和产糖量较高,但病虫害有不同程度的发生,田间栽培需加强病虫害防控;桂糖31号有效茎多、蔗糖分高,建议加强肥水管理,提高产量;云蔗03-194出苗率较高,出苗整齐,有效茎数较多,宿根性好,但枯心苗和黑穗病发病程度较其他品种严重,建议加强苗期病虫管理,保障成茎率;粤糖60号蔗糖产量较高、抗倒伏能力强,但新植出苗率较低,建议加大下种量;福农38号蔗糖分较高、抗病性较好,是优异的抗病材料;粤糖55号宿根性较好。上述筛选出的6个甘蔗品种宿根性好、抗逆性强、高产高糖,适宜在桂林地区进行扩大种植,用于指导当地的甘蔗示范推广。     

甘蔗杂交品种核心种质重要农艺性状评价及亲缘关系分析

以107份甘蔗杂交品种核心种质为研究材料,ROC22为对照品种,通过新植和宿根2年的田间试验,对蔗茎公顷产量、甘蔗蔗糖分、公顷含糖量等性状进行最小显著差数法(LSD)两两比较和Duncan多重比较评价,筛选优异材料,利用SSR分子标记建立优异材料与我国骨干亲本的亲缘关系。结果表明36份材料在蔗茎公顷产量、甘蔗蔗糖分、公顷含糖量等指标上优于对照品种,可作为亲本进行杂交,且蔗茎公顷产量对公顷含糖量的影响远大于甘蔗蔗糖分对公顷含糖量的影响;20对SSR引物扩增得到292个标记,其中283个为多态性标记;优异材料与我国骨干亲本相似性系数范围在0.384~0.590之间,平均为0.437,存在较大的遗传差异;UPGMA聚类可将所有材料划分为5个类群,蔗茎公顷产量和公顷含糖量表现优异的材料在各类群都有分布,甘蔗蔗糖分表现优异的材料主要集中在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类群,Ⅲ类群更集中;本研究为甘蔗种质创新、遗传育种提供了优异亲本材料,为杂交组合的配制提供重要指导。     

基于层次分析法和GGE双标图对引进马铃薯种质资源的综合评价

基于层次分析法和GGE双标图法对引进于国际马铃薯中心的97份马铃薯种质资源的主要农艺性状以及适应性、稳定性、丰产性等方面进行综合分析,筛选与鉴定优良可利用种质资源,同时为构建马铃薯种质资源的综合评价体系提供理论依据。结果表明,农艺性状、产量性状和品质性状所占权重大小为0.075、0.70和0.23,其中农艺性状中株高和茎粗所占权重为0.38和0.29,产量性状中产量权重为0.73,品质性状中干物质含量和蛋白质含量权重分别为0.4和0.2。C77和C51适合在甘肃省白银市景泰地区推广种植,C116、C89、C27、C66和C98在甘肃省定西市地区适应性强;参试品系稳定性大小为C49C46C116C112C93;丰产性为C89C116C93C97C112C49C46C67。层次分析法与GGE双标图综合分析可知:C46、C49、C112、C116综合表现较好,可以作为优良品系参加品种审定试验,也可以作为亲本材料。层次分析法和GGE双标图相结合可以作为引进马铃薯种质资源综合评价体系的标准。     

转Bt 基因甘蔗抗虫性及重要经济、农艺性状的评价

为评价转Bt基因甘蔗的抗虫性,对6份转Bt甘蔗品系(Y2、Y3、Y4、T1、T2和T3)进行室内抗虫性鉴定实验和田间自然感虫的抗虫性评价。结果表明,室内人工抗虫性鉴定结果与田间自然感染结果大体吻合,各参试材料在两个试验点的抗虫性表现基本一致,Bt基因表达稳定,所有参试品系抗虫性均明显比相应的供体品种强,其中Y4和T2的抗性最强,T3相对较弱;在经济性状方面,Y3、Y4和T3的蔗茎产量、含糖量与其供体品种‘新台糖16号’相当,但甘蔗蔗糖含量较低;T2的甘蔗蔗糖含量则超过其供体品种‘新台糖16号’,但农艺性状较差,茎产量和含糖量低。     

甘蔗割手密远缘杂交后代产量性状的遗传及分离

利用甘蔗品种Co419与野生种割手密云南75-1-2远缘杂交,ROC25与远缘杂交后代云野02-356进行回交,分别获得F1和BC1群体,利用R软件,分析了两个群体全部真实性后代产量性状的遗传和分离表现.结果表明,杂交后代产量性状的广义遗传力皆较高,BC1群体株高、有效茎和蔗茎产量等性状的广义遗传力较F1群体有增大的趋势;主要性状均表现出明显的正态分布特性,产量因素与甘蔗产量、甘蔗有效茎数与株高表现出明显的正相关;F1株高、有效茎、蔗茎产量和宿根性表现出明显的超亲优势.     

澳大利亚引进甘蔗花穗在中国育种潜力评价

为深入了解澳大利亚引进甘蔗杂交花穗在中国培育优良甘蔗新品种的潜力,以12个引进花穗和15个中国花穗为材料,采用家系评价法对有性杂交后代蔗茎产量、糖产量、株高、茎径、有效茎数和锤度6个重要性状的方差、遗传力、父母本一般配合力及组合特殊配合力进行研究。分析结果表明:(1)参试组合内中国杂交组合间多数性状差异不显著,且遗传力低;澳大利亚杂交组合间多数性状差异均较显著,且遗传力高;(2)澳大利亚杂交组合新植蔗与宿根蔗的糖产量、蔗茎产量、株高、有效茎数和锤度这5个性状父母本一般配合力及组合特殊配合力高于中国组合,但茎径配合力低于中国组合,12个组合中新植蔗有9个组合宿根蔗有10个组合的茎径特殊配合力为负值,多数属于细茎;(3)澳大利亚杂交组合后代材料产量及糖分较高,但茎径较细,不适合中国目前的种植制度,不能作为生产品种使用;(4)通过引进国外杂交组合花穗在国内培育出优良后代作亲本使用,为国内亲本融入新的优异血缘,有利于培育突破性甘蔗新品种。     

燕麦种质资源重要农艺性状适应性和稳定性评价

为客观评价燕麦种质资源重要农艺性状的适应性和稳定性,本研究利用加权隶属函数法分析了81份燕麦种质材料在7个试验点的株高等7个重要农艺性状的遗传差异,以加权隶属函数值(D值)构建基因型×环境的GGE双标图,分析裸燕麦、皮燕麦在不同试验点的适应性和稳定性。结果表明:主穗粒重是裸燕麦材料在所有试验点中变异程度最大的性状,有效分蘖数是皮燕麦中变异程度最大的性状,其余5个性状的变异程度与皮裸性几乎无关;加权隶属函数法结合GGE双标图在对燕麦农艺性状进行综合分析时具有很好的应用价值;坝莜三号、73014-336、二莜麦、Bauntebue、坝燕一号等材料可用于实际生产,其中的坝莜三号、坝燕一号已是当下河北等地区的主栽品种;晋8609-1、LY03-02、二秋莜麦、64燕麦、品16、Banner、LY01-12等可作为杂交育种的亲本材料。     

甘蔗优良品种材料抗高粱花叶病毒鉴定与评价

采用生长期人工切茎接种和RT-PCR检测相结合方法,于2011—2012年2次对国家甘蔗体系近年选育的49份优良新品种(系)和19份云蔗系列优良中间材料进行由高粱花叶病毒(SrMV-HH,GenBank登录号DQ530434)引起的甘蔗花叶病的抗性鉴定与评价。结果表明,49份优良新品种(系)中,1级高抗到3级中抗的有29份,占59.18%。其中粤甘40号、粤甘42号、粤糖55号、云蔗03-194、云蔗99-596、云瑞06-189、桂糖30号、德蔗03-83、闽糖01-77等9份材料表现1级高抗,占18.37%;福农0335、柳城05-129、粤糖96-86、云蔗01-1413、云蔗03-258、云蔗06-80、桂糖02-351等7份材料表现2级抗病,占14.29%。19份云蔗系列优良中间材料中,1级高抗到3级中抗的有13份,占68.42%。其中云蔗04-622、云蔗05-197、云蔗06-267、云蔗05-194、云蔗06-160、云蔗07-2384、云瑞05-704等7份材料表现1级高抗,占36.84%;云蔗06-362表现2级抗病,占5.26%。研究结果为深入开展甘蔗抗花叶病育种,选育和推广优良抗病品种,有效防控甘蔗花叶病提供了科学依据和优良抗源材料。     

Foliar Applications of Calcium Reduce and Delay Sugarcane Flowering

The flowering of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) is a developmental stage that is desirable for breeding programs but undesirable for commercial cultivation, since it causes losses in sugar content and cane yield. This study aimed to (1) characterise the flowering of four varieties of sugarcane with different flowering times and intensities, (2) determine the nutrient levels in their vegetative apexes and (3) to evaluate the effect of calcium on their flowering. The study was divided into two trials. In the first trial, we tested the effect of planting season on the flowering of four varieties of sugarcane that had contrasting flowering periods. Late or reluctant flowering varieties had higher concentrations of calcium in their vegetative apexes in relation to the early variety. At the same time, the early variety, with heavy flowering, had higher potassium in its vegetative apexes. In the second trial, the effect of calcium on their flowering was tested. The application of calcium on the leaves resulted in its accumulation in the vegetative apexes, causing a reduction in potassium levels in the same tissue. This changed the plant phenology, resulting in a month’s delay in flowering and a 50 % reduction in the final flowering intensity. Calcium application by foliar sprays can be used to delay and reduce sugarcane flowering.     

Simultaneously accounting for population structure, genotype by environment interaction, and spatial variation in marker-trait associations in sugarcane

Few association mapping studies have simultaneously accounted for population structure, genotype by environment interaction (GEI), and spatial variation. In this sugarcane association mapping study we tested models accounting for these factors and identified the impact that each model component had on the list of markers declared as being significantly associated with traits. About 480 genotypes were evaluated for cane yield and sugar content at three sites and scored with DArT markers. A mixed model was applied in analysis of the data to simultaneously account for the impacts of population structure, GEI, and spatial variation within a trial. Two forms of the DArT marker data were used in the analysis: the standard discrete data (0, 1) and a continuous DArT score, which is related to the marker dosage. A large number of markers were significantly associated with cane yield and sugar content. However, failure to account for population structure, GEI, and (or) spatial variation produced both type I and type II errors, which on the one hand substantially inflated the number of significant markers identified (especially true for failing to account for GEI) and on the other hand resulted in failure to detect markers that could be associated with cane yield or sugar content (especially when failing to account for population structure). We concluded that association mapping based on trials from one site or analysis that failed to account for GEI would produce many trial-specific associated markers that would have low value in breeding programs.     

甘蔗双腋芽突变体表型鉴定及应用潜力评估

蔗茎腋芽是甘蔗无性繁殖的主要器官,充足的下芽量保证了甘蔗的高产稳产,但同时也造成用种量大、种植成本高,是生产上一直难以平衡的问题。本研究以大茎野生种创新利用过程中获得的1份蔗茎孪生双腋芽的突变体种质云蔗07-86为材料,对其双腋芽表型、稳定性、可遗传性及对产量的影响进行鉴定和测试。研究发现该突变体的双腋芽以孪生、邻接和分离3种方式随机着生于蔗茎中上部,通常从地上第6茎节开始发生双腋芽,发生频率自下而上呈现从无到有、先增后减的总体趋势,且播种后2个腋芽均能正常萌发;通过连续多年的无性繁殖大田试验观察发现,双腋芽性状能够在繁殖群体中稳定保持;利用该突变体与32份不同的甘蔗种质进行杂交,仅在11个组合中的极少数杂交后代无性系上观察到双腋芽现象,表明双腋芽性状可以通过杂交传递给后代,但双腋芽在后代群体中出现的概率极低;以相同下芽量分别将突变体单、双腋芽种茎进行种植,发现不同腋芽表型类型的有效茎数、蔗茎产量差异不显著,表明双腋芽突变体具备保证下芽量而降低用种量的应用潜力。本研究为后期开展双腋芽形成候选基因挖掘及双腋芽突变育种利用奠定基础。     

Prevention of flowering and increasing sugar yield of sugarcane by application of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid)

The inhibition of flowering in sugarcane by ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) applied to experimental plots is well-documented; however, verification of its efficacy in large field trials is lacking. Large-scale field trials were established at Mauna Kea Agribusiness Company, Inc., a sugar and macadamia nut plantation located on the island of Hawaii, to determine whether flower inhibition attributed to ethephon would increase sugar yield. Summarization of results from 35 paired block experiments showed an 87% reduction in tasseling in the ethephon-treated blocks. The yield of sugarcane was increased by 7.5%, and the yield of sugar by 10%. The correlation (r ²) between the decrease in flowering and increase in cane and sugar yield was only 0.02 and 0.08%, respectively, indicating that the yield increase attributed to ethephon was not adequately explained by its effect on flowering. Paper No. 665 in the journal series of the Experiment Station, Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.     

Genetic control of yield related stalk traits in sugarcane

A major focus of sugarcane variety improvement programs is to increase sugar yield, which can be accomplished by either increasing the sugar content of the cane or by increasing cane yield, as the correlation between these traits is low. We used a cross between an Australian sugarcane variety Q165, and a Saccharum officinarum accession, IJ76-514, to dissect the inheritance of yield-related traits in the complex polyploid sugarcane. A population of 227 individuals was grown in a replicated field trial and evaluated over 3 years for stalk weight, stalk diameter, stalk number, stalk length and total biomass. Over 1,000 AFLP and SSR markers were scored across the population and used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL). In total, 27 regions were found that were significant at the 5% threshold using permutation tests with at least one trait; individually, they explained from 4 to 10% of the phenotypic variation and up to 46% were consistent across years. With the inclusion of digeneic interactions, from 28 to 60% of the variation was explained for these traits. The 27 genomic regions were located on 22 linkage groups (LGs) in six of the eight homology groups (HGs) indicating that a number of alleles or quantitative trait alleles (QTA) at each QTL contribute to the trait; from one to three alleles had an effect on the traits for each QTL identified. Alleles of a candidate gene, TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1 (TB1), the major gene controlling branching in maize, were mapped in this population using either an SSR or SNP markers. Two alleles showed some association with stalk number, but unlike maize, TB1 is not a major gene controlling branching in sugarcane but only has a minor and variable effect.     

Harvesting Systems,Soil Cultivation,and Nitrogen Rate Associated with Sugarcane Yield

The adoption of mechanical harvesting of green cane gives rise to concerns as to whether systems developed under burnt cane harvesting are applicable to a green cane harvesting system. In particular, tillage, which is an integral part of the burnt cane system, may no longer be necessary, and the nitrogen fertilizer rates required may need to be replaced due to the large amounts of organic matter being returned to the soil after green cane harvesting. Mechanical harvesting is relatively new in Brazil and little is known about its effect on other sugarcane production strategies. This work aimed to evaluate sugarcane performance under not only different harvesting and cultivation systems, but also different nitrogen fertilizer rates over a 3-year period. The experimental design was a split plot with harvesting systems (burnt vs. green) as main plots, cultivation (interrow vs. no cultivation) as sub plots, and nitrogen rates as sub-sub plots. The harvesting systems produced similar sugarcane yields throughout the experimental period, which demonstrates that the harvest systems do not influence sugarcane yield. Mechanical tillage practices in interrow after harvesting had no impact on stalk yield or sugar quality, indicating no necessity for this operation in the following crop. Ratoon nitrogen fertilization promoted an increase of stalk and sugar yield, with highest yields obtained at the rate of 130 kg ha^?1 N. However, there was no interaction between harvesting system and nitrogen rate.