鹅细小病毒和番鸭细小病毒核酸疫苗重组质粒的构建及表达

将鹅细小病毒（GPV）和番鸭细小病毒（MPV）主要结构蛋白（VP2－VP3）基因克隆到核酸疫苗质粒pIRESlneo载体上,构建了核酸疫苗重组质粒pIGVP1和pIMVP,通过脂质体转染法分别将重组质粒到鹅胚成纤维细胞和番鸭胚成纤维细胞中,核酸疫苗重组质粒pIGVP1和pIMVP分别转染鹅胚成纤维细胞和番鸭成纤维细胞中,于转染后72h收取细胞,细胞裂解液裂解后,经Western blot检测其表达产物可出现特异性反应带,证明表达产物具有很好的反应原性。     

细菌菌影在DNA疫苗研究中的作用

免疫应答水平低下是制约DNA疫苗发展的一个障碍。细菌菌影(bacterialghost,BG)是利用φX174噬菌体的裂解蛋白将革兰氏阴性细菌裂解后形成的空腔,它保留了细菌结构的完整性,具有免疫佐剂的特性,可以作为递送载体,靶向性的将DNA疫苗导入到抗原递呈细胞,从而提高DNA疫苗的免疫应答水平,此外,装载核酸疫苗的细菌菌影可以通过多种方式进行免疫,例如,肌肉注射、皮下注射、口服、黏膜免疫等,更是从根本上提高了DNA疫苗的免疫水平,因此可以说BG是一个极具潜力的核酸疫苗递送载体。现就BG的特性及其在DNA疫苗递送载体中应用的最新进展做一综述。     

大黄鱼源溶藻弧菌的鉴定及其菌蜕制备

【背景】菌蜕是诱导Phi X174噬菌体裂解基因E(Lysis E)在革兰氏阴性菌中表达后所获得无细胞内容物的细菌空壳。菌蜕生物安全性高,能以类似活菌方式诱导机体产生良好的系统和黏膜免疫应答。【目的】对分离自患溃疡病大黄鱼肝脏中的病原菌株16-3进行种属鉴定,利用温控调节表达系统控制Phi X174噬菌体裂解基因E在该菌株中的表达来制备菌蜕,为防控鱼类溶藻弧菌感染提供有效手段。【方法】采用形态特征观察、生理生化特性测定及16S r RNA基因序列分析等方法对菌株16-3进行鉴定;构建温控裂解质粒p BV220-Lysis E,并将其电转至溶藻弧菌菌株16-3,形成重组溶藻弧菌菌株16-3(p BV220-Lysis E);将不同起始浓度的重组溶藻弧菌培养物同时进行42°C升温诱导,比较其溶菌动力曲线和裂解效率的差异;在最佳条件下制备溶藻弧菌菌株16-3菌蜕,电镜观察其形态与结构,采用倾注平板法测定冻干菌蜕中的活菌数。【结果】综合菌株16-3在形态、生理生化及16S r RNA基因系统发育等方面的特性,确定其为溶藻弧菌;构建了温控裂解质粒p BV220-Lysis E和重组溶藻弧菌菌株16-3(p BV220-Lysis E);溶藻弧菌菌株16-3菌蜕制备的最佳条件是选择起始浓度OD600为0.3的菌液进行诱导,诱导3 h后即可收获菌蜕,其裂解效率为96.9%,但经冻干处理后的菌蜕无活菌残留;电镜观察发现菌株16-3菌蜕保持原细胞的基本形态,但细胞表面有明显的溶菌孔道,且由于细胞内容流失而使细胞表面发生皱缩。【结论】制备出溶藻弧菌菌株16-3菌蜕,为其作为疫苗或疫苗递送载体奠定了基础。     

炭疽杆菌保护性抗原在大肠杆菌中的表达及其纯化

利用基因重组技术获取炭疽杆菌保护性抗原(PA)。将炭疽杆菌保护性抗原编码基因pag与pET载体连接构建重组质粒,转化大肠杆菌DE3株,诱导表达炭疽杆菌保护性抗原,并经亲和层析及凝胶过滤纯化此抗原。实验成功构建了表达炭疽杆菌保护性抗原的重组菌株,纯化后PA纯度达90%,且经检测纯化产物具有天然PA的生物学活性。同时表明从大肠杆菌中纯化PA较以往从炭疽杆菌中获取PA简便易行。     

阿拉伯启动子控制的霍乱毒素B亚单位基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

霍乱毒素B亚单位是预防霍乱重要的保护性抗原,由霍乱毒素B亚单位组成的新的口服疫苗已经大量人体试验证明安全有效,此外霍乱毒素B亚单位是很强的粘膜免疫原,当与无关抗原结合在一起口服时,也是一个很好的佐剂。为获得大量霍乱毒素B亚单位,采用DNA重组技术,将霍乱毒素B亚单位基因与阿拉伯糖操纵子的表达载体pMPM-A4Ω质粒进行重组,pMPM-A4Ω表达载体是由阿拉伯糖(L-ara)所调控,具有高拷贝表达的特点。我们成功地构建了重组质粒和工程菌菌株,对其     

流感病毒裂解疫苗裂解剂去除方法的研究

裂解剂的残余含量是流感病毒裂解疫苗的主要质控指标之一。实验中采用膜超滤法和透析法做了裂解剂去除的比较研究。结果表明,膜超滤法效果优于透析法。其血凝素抗原纯化收率达到90%,裂解剂去除达98%以上;疫苗生产无菌操作和细菌内毒素易于控制,成本低,易于大规模生产。     

外分泌型的乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原核酸疫苗的构建与体外表达

目的:构建含有组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(tPA)信号肽的乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原(HBcAg)核酸疫苗。方法将HBcAg基因用PCR方法扩增并分别引入相应的限制性内切酶酶切位点,然后克隆入pJW4303载体中获得相应的核酸疫苗,经筛选鉴定后,用上述核酸疫苗与野生型HBcAg核酸疫苗及空载体质粒pJW4303分别用脂质体瞬时转染293T细胞,应用蛋白印迹法检测核心抗原的表达。结果成功构建以pJW4303为载体的含tPA信号肽的HBcAg核酸疫苗,体外表达证实含tPA信号肽的HBcAg在293T细胞胞内和胞外均能表达,含tPA信号肽的HBcAg核酸疫苗的核心抗原表达水平较高。结论以pJW4303为载体的含tPA信号肽的HBcAg核酸疫苗能够将细胞内的HBcAg分泌到细胞外,为进一步研究其免疫原性打下了基础。     

5个HIV基因修饰可明显提高其在不同系统中的表达

目的:确定HIV-1疫苗中有效的交叉保护性细胞免疫抗原,提高各个基因在相应疫苗载体中的表达水平,为研究不同抗原在DNA载体和痘苗病毒载体中的免疫原性奠定实验基础。方法:选择HIV B′/C亚型5个以细胞免疫为主的抗原(Gag、Pol、Rev、Tat和Nef),进行基因序列优化及表达结构改造,并分别构建以质粒DNA和重组痘苗病毒为载体的两大类HIV-1疫苗。结果:优化前后5个目的基因均能够在这2种载体中有效表达;虽然采用相同的基因修饰策略,但与痘苗病毒载体相比,在DNA载体中各基因表达水平的提高均较为明显;含有抑制性序列(INS)的gag、pol基因经密码子优化后,Gag、Pol蛋白的表达均明显提高,其中Pol蛋白的提高更为明显,单独pol基因比gagpol天然结构表达水平要高,而gag基因却变化不大;对于rev、tat、nef基因而言,优化后的单独基因结构要略高于优化后的融合结构(hRTN),且二者均高于未优化的融合结构(RTN)。结论:为进一步确定HIV-1疫苗中有效的交叉保护性细胞免疫抗原、研究不同抗原在DNA载体和痘苗病毒载体中的免疫原性奠定了实验基础,为进一步研究DNA疫苗和重组痘苗病毒疫苗联合免疫提供了实验依据。     

人颗粒裂解肽片段在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的：建立颗粒裂解肽（NKG5）的原核表达载体系统,并在大肠杆菌中获得表达。方法：采用寡核苷酸合成、PCR扩增得到NKG5编码序列,克隆到pGEM-T载体上,经测序正确后,再切下编码序列连接到重组表达载体pGEx-4T-1中,转化大肠杆菌BL21,用IPTG诱导重组工程菌表达,采用谷胱甘肽偶联的Sepharose 4B纯化重组蛋白。结果：重组菌株可以表达GST-NKG5融合蛋白,用免疫印迹反应鉴定纯化的融合蛋白,在相对分子质量34000处有一条带。结论：获得了在大肠杆菌中低表达的颗粒裂解肽融合蛋白,为后续研究奠定了基础。     

昆虫杆状病毒表达载体系统与疫苗研制的30年回顾

1983年12月,一篇关于用昆虫杆状病毒感染昆虫细胞表达重组人β干扰素文章的发表,标示了杆状病毒表达载体系统(Baculovirus expression vector system,BEVS)的诞生。迄今为止,已采用BEVS表达生产了数千种重组蛋白,其中7种已被成功用于商品化人用或兽用疫苗的抗原。仅对30年来基于BEVS的疫苗研制作一论述。     

Protein determinants of phage T4 lysis inhibition

Genetic studies have established that lysis inhibition in bacteriophage T4 infections occurs when the RI antiholin inhibits the lethal hole-forming function of the T holin. The T-holin is composed of a single N-terminal transmembrane domain and a ~20 kDa periplasmic domain. It accumulates harmlessly throughout the bacteriophage infection cycle until suddenly causing permeabilization of the inner membrane, thereby initiating lysis. The RI antiholin has a SAR domain that directs its secretion to the periplasm, where it can either be inactivated and degraded or be activated as a specific inhibitor of T. Previously, it was shown that the interaction of the soluble domains of these two proteins within the periplasm was necessary for lysis inhibition. We have purified and characterized the periplasmic domains of both T and RI. Both proteins were purified in a modified host that allows disulfide bond formation in the cytoplasm, due to the functional requirement of conserved disulfide bonds. Analytical centrifugation and circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that RI was monomeric and exhibited ~80% alpha-helical content. In contrast, T exhibited a propensity to oligomerize and precipitate at high concentrations. Incubation of RI with T inhibits this aggregation and results in a complex of equimolar T and RI content. Although gel filtration analysis indicated a complex mass of 45 kDa, intermediate between the predicted 30 kDa heterodimer and 60 kDa heterotetramer, sedimentation velocity analysis indicated that the predominant species is the former. These results suggest that RI binding to T is necessary and sufficient for lysis inhibition.     

Determination of the cell lytic properties of amphiphilic inhibitors of the cytosolic phospholipase A2 against human platelets by measuring the liberation of serotonin with high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection

A procedure for the determination of the influence of detergents on the cell integrity of human platelets by measuring the release of serotonin with high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection is presented. After exposure of the platelets to the test compounds the cells and cell fragments, respectively, are centrifuged off. In the supernatants the liberated serotonin is determined directly without a further sample clean up. The amphiphilic inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), arachidonyltrifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3), palmityltrifluoromethyl ketone (PACOCF3) and methyl arachidonylfluorophosphonate (MAFP), and the polyoxyethylene detergent Brij 58 were investigated for their cell lytic properties with this method. All compounds lysed the platelets liberating serotonin at a concentration of 33 microM. AACOCF, and Brij 58 even caused cell lysis at lower concentrations.     

Analysis of six new genes encoding lysis proteins and coat proteins in Escherichia coli group A RNA phages

Group A RNA phages consist of four genes-maturation protein, coat protein, lysis protein and replicase genes. We analyzed six plasmids containing lysis protein genes and coat protein genes of Escherichia coli group A RNA phages and compared their amino acid sequences with the known proteins of E. coli(group A), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(PP7) RNA phages and Rg-lysis protein from Qbeta phage. The size of lysis proteins was different by the groups but the coat proteins were almost the same size among phages. The phylogenetic analysis shows that the sub-groups A-I and A-II of E. coli RNA phages were clearly dispersed into two clusters.     

The killing effect of cryptolepine on Staphylococcus aureus

AIM: This study was undertaken to further examine the antimicrobial actions of the alkaloid cryptolepine. METHODS AND RESULTS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cryptolepine against Staphylococcus aureus was determined using the broth dilution method. Time-kill kinetics and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were employed to monitor the survival characteristics and the changes in morphologies respectively of staphylococci in the presence of cryptolepine. A notable antistaphylococcal activity was recorded for cryptolepine (MIC against S. aureus NCTC 10788=5 microg ml(-1)). Cryptolepine appears to have a lytic effect on S. aureus as seen in SEM photomicrographs following 3, 6 or 24 h treatment with 4X MIC, i.e. 20 microg ml(-1) of cryptolepine. The surface morphological appearance of the staphylococcal cells was also altered. The lytic effect appeared to coincide with low viable counts recorded in survival curves following treatment with cryptolepine. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These findings demonstrate that lysis occurs when susceptible organisms are exposed to cryptolepine.     

Purification of endo-(1→3)-β-D-glucanases lysing yeast cell walls from Rhizoctonia solani

Three forms of $\text{endo}\text{-(1→3)-β-}\text{g}\text{-glucanases}$ lysing yeast cell walls from Rhizoctonia solani were separated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and by successive chromatographies on CM Bio-Gel A and Bio-Gel P-60 or P-30, and were finally purified by substrate affinity chromatography on short-chain pachyman-AH-Sepharose CL 6B column. Each preparation was found to be homogeneous on gel filtration and by electrophoresis on acrylamide gel with sodium dodecyl sulfate. They exhibit high activity against insoluble pachyman, but only restricted activity against soluble short-chain pachyman. In the affinity chromatography, three enzymes were found to be strongly absorbed on the column, so that they could be easily eluted with substrate solution using biospecific counter-ligand. It was thus revealed that covalent binding of such a soluble glucan to aminohexyl-Sepharose provides a useful carrier for separation of $\text{endo}\text{-(1→3)-β-}\text{D}\text{-glucanases}$ lysing yeast cell walls.     

Genetically modified filamentous phage as bactericidal agents: a pilot study

AIMS: To evaluate the ability of a filamentous phage encoding lethal proteins to kill bacteria without host-cell lysis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bacterial survival was determined after infection of a growing Escherichia coli culture with phage M13 encoding either the restriction endonuclease BglII gene or modified phage lambda S holin genes. The genetically engineered phage exerted a high killing efficiency while leaving the cells structurally intact. When compared with a lytic phage, the release of endotoxin was minimized after infection with the genetically modified phages. CONCLUSIONS: Genetically engineered phage can be used for efficient killing, concomitantly minimizing endotoxin release. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This feasibility study provides a possible strategy for the use of genetically engineered phage as bactericidal agents by optimizing the advantages and minimizing potential risks such as release of pyrogenic cell wall components.     

Holins: form and function in bacteriophage lysis

Abstract: During the lytic cycle of most bacteriophages, a phage-encoded peptidoglycan-degrading activity is elaborated. At least four entirely distinct types of enzymes fulfill this role and are given the generic name 'endolysin'. Endolysins characterized to date are synthesized without a signal sequence and thus accumulate fully folded and active in the cytosol during the vegetative phase. Small membrane proteins are required in order for endolysins to gain access to the peptidoglycan. Because the available data suggest that the membrane lesion formed by these proteins is stable and non-specific, these proteins have been given the designation 'holins' ('hole'-formers). Analysis of the primary sequence suggests a simple membrane topology with two or more membrane-spanning helical domains and a highly charged, hydrophilic C-terminus. Comparison of the sequences of holins from phages of Gram-negative hosts suggests there are at least two major holin groups. Putative holin genes have also been found in bacteriophages of Gram-positive bacteria. Altogether, in phages of Eubacteria, 11 or more unrelated gene families which share the functional and structural characteristics of holins have been identified. Genetic and physiological analysis suggest that holins are primarily regulated at the level of function. Holin function is modulated in some cases by a second protein encoded by the holin gene. The primary regulation of holin function, however, appears to be intrinsic to the holin structure itself, since a missense allele of the S holin gene of phage λ has been found which abolishes the normal delay that allows the vegetative phase to generate a useful number of progeny.     

重组大肠杆菌碱裂解方法的改进

为了降低质粒DNA的生产成本,对经典碱裂解法中的溶液III进行了改进,以表达溶菌酶基因的pcDNKLYZ重组质粒转化的大肠杆菌DH5α为指示菌,用标准碱裂解和改进碱裂解法提取质粒pcDNKLYZ,以提取的质粒产量和质量为指标,判断优化碱性裂解法的性价比,结果显示,用改进后的碱裂解法裂解重组菌,提取的pcDNKLYZ质粒产量和质量等指标与标准方法接近,而成本仅为标准方法的1/4,可用于重组质粒的大规模制备。     

双歧联菌株微胶囊制剂的改进

目的：提高微胶囊制剂的安全性。方法：采用ESM2为囊材,代替原用的ESM1。同时以95％乙醇代替丙酮作为囊材溶剂。结果：经实验确定了ESM2微囊化的最佳浓度为8％,并进一步确定了复合囊材中各种辅料的添加量以及微囊化操作条件。结论：在上述优化条件制备的双歧联菌株微胶囊具有良好的耐酸性和肠溶性。     

APPARENT PREDATION OF MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA KüTZ. EMEND ELENKIN BY A SAPROSPIRA-LIKE BACTERIUM IN A HYPERTROPHIC LAKE (HARTBEESPOORT DAM,SOUTH AFRICA)

SUMMARY

The cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa is the dominant autotroph in hypertrophic Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa. Tn early summer (November) of 1983 and 1984 Microcystis colonies were heavily colonized by a gram-negative, spiral-shaped organism whose filaments appeared as si.ngle cells under both the light and scanning electron microscope. DNA staining with 4'6 diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) revealed that each filament consisted of a number of bow-shaped cells. The organism has been tentatively identified as a bacterium, Saprospira albida, on the basis of it morphology. The Microcystis cells at the site of colonization were apochlorotic suggesting lysis by Saprospira.