一种分离人血浆脂蛋白(a)的简便方法

短时间超速离心(4h)结合抗人 apo(a)免疫亲和层析分离纯化了人血浆 Lp (a),所得制品经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和 double-decker 火箭免疫电泳等鉴定为纯品.与国外常规分离 Lp (a)的方法相比,该法具有简便,经济,提纯周期短和 Lp (a)纯度高等优点,得率提高一倍以上.     

谈谈昆虫免疫(上)

<正> 昆虫免疫(Insect immunity)研究的历史,大致可分为3个阶段:1945年前,为早期研究阶段,包括20年代一般免疫学发展的活跃时期;第2阶段,自1958年起,主要用体外实验证明,昆虫经人工诱导,血淋巴中可出现抗菌物质,例如Stephens(1962)首次报道了腊螟幼虫免疫血淋巴中的杀菌因子;第3阶段,1980年起至今,首先由瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学Boman领     

生长抑制因子(GIF)与G蛋白Rab3a直接相互作用

生长抑制因子(growth inhibitory factor, GIF), 又称金属硫蛋白-3, 为68个氨基酸组成的脑特异性金属硫蛋白, 具有广泛的生理功能; GIF可能与阿尔茨海默氏症(Alzheimer's)病理相关, 在Alzheimer's脑提取物存在下, 还对神经细胞具有特异的生长抑制活性.然而, 对其发挥生长抑制作用的分子机制并不清楚.运用酵母双杂交系统从人脑cDNA文库中筛选与GIF相互作用因子,从4.1×10⁶个人脑cDNA文库转化子中,首次筛选到Ras家族G蛋白Rab3a C端,包含87个氨基酸的片段能与GIF相互作用;用PCR自人胎盘总cDNA中获得包含完整Rab3a编码序列的cDNA;通过酵母双杂交实验表明,全长Rab3a蛋白亦能与GIF相互作用.免疫共沉淀和蛋白质印迹实验进一步验证了GIF与Rab3a在哺乳动物细胞中可以相互作用; 而且, Rab3a是以GTP结合形式(GTP-Rab3a)与GIF发生相互作用.     

不受纤维蛋白溶酶原干扰的脂蛋白(a)酶联免疫吸附测定法

实验证实脂蛋白(a)和纤维蛋白溶酶原之间具有免疫同源性,据此建立了不受Pg干扰的酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测Lp(a)。a.根据Lp(a)含有apo(a)、apoB两种抗原位点,设计了抗apo(a)-Lp(a)-酶标抗apoB法;b.抗apo(a)经Pg亲和层析柱吸附处理后的抗apo(a)-Lp(a)-酶标抗apo(a)法。同时以火箭电泳为参考,经比较后,方法间相关性良好。     

降脂蛋白(a)研究

脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]是由载脂蛋白(a)(apo(a))与载脂蛋白B100(apoB100)通过共价键连接的脂蛋白。高血浆水平Lp(a)是心血管疾病的独立风险因子,Lp(a)的血浆水平主要受遗传因素调控,主要有LPA[lipoprotein,Lp(a)]基因的三环结构域kringle IV/2拷贝数和单核苷酸多态性(SNP)。欧洲动脉粥样硬化协会(EAS)和美国心脏病协会(AHA)建议对于高Lp(a)的人群应当考虑降高Lp(a)的治疗。目前已有多种降高Lp(a)的药物和方法,如血浆分离置换法、雌激素治疗、反义核苷酸治疗、类法尼醇X核内受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)激动治疗等,但应用于临床的降高Lp(a)的药物和方法依然缺乏。本文拟就降Lp(a)的药物和方法进展情况进行综述。     

脂蛋白(a)合成的调节

脂蛋白(a) ［ LP(a)］是一种与低密度脂蛋白(LDL)结构极其相似的脂蛋白,它由LDL脂质核心、载脂蛋白B100(apoB100)及特异性的成分载脂蛋白(a)［ apo(a)］组成. 大量的研究表明,高LP(a)是动脉粥样硬化独立的危险因素.而LP(a)在血浆中的水平及致病能力取决于其合成的速率及其颗粒的大小. 因此, 如何抑制LP(a)合成,进而从源头减少LP(a) 的血浆水平,对动脉粥样硬化的防治具有重要的意义.本文就当前关于影响LP(a)合成的环节及相关机制进行综述, 从而为降LP(a)药物的研究提供新的视角.     

狂犬病疫苗免疫效果观察的研究(一)

本试验通过改变现用疫苗的免疫程序及免疫方法,比较不同免疫程序的肌肉免疫和皮内减量免疫与常规免疫方法免疫后血清中和抗体水平,阳转率,免疫持久性等。试验结果表明,肌肉免疫法2-1-1及皮内减量法,即可减少疫苗用量,免疫效果亦优于常规法。     

干扰素(IFN)与AIDS疫苗

阐述了干扰素（IFN）在重组AIDS疫苗中的作用与意义。为AIDS的基因免疫治疗提出了新的研究方向。     

What Is (Not) a Baboon?

The term “baboon” is the common name used for a subset of terrestrial Cercopithecines with large bodies and protruding snouts. Although the application of the term has changed considerably over the years, we argue that common names, such as “baboon,” should reflect the current state of phylogenetic knowledge. This practice promotes a broader understanding of taxonomic diversity that can impact decisions related to ecotourism, wildlife management, and conservation. Thus, we argue that “baboon” should be used only for members of the genus Papio.     

干扰素(IFN)研究在我国的发展

干扰素(IFN)是由诱生剂在高等生物细胞中诱导生成的一种糖蛋白,具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤和调节免疫系统的基本作用,在临床上得到实际应用,主要有三种类型即IFN-d、IFN-β、IFN-T。直接从高等生物提取它有一定的局限性,产量有限,价格比黄金还要贵的多。为此通过基因工程办法能使微生物具有合成这三种IFN的能力,这已在国内外取得成功,并有新发展,有的已商品化生产,其产品应用于临床取得较好效果,有的还在继续探究之中,如IFN的分子改造、提高IFN的活性以及扩大新的应用范围等等。我国科研人员经过十来年的努力为微生物合成IFN打下了扎实的基础,使研究工作取得突破性进展,应该说,这是我国基因工程研究最早地取得“工程干扰素”这一重要成果。现在,通过基因工程构建的“工程微生物”能合成不同类型的[FN,有的已进入中试生产阶段。这里着重把近年来IFN基因工程研究所取得的成果包括IFN-r和IL-2、IFN-α、IFN-β与α及其作用以及IFN蛋白工程等方面作些简介。 IFN-r(免疫干扰素)具有较强的免疫调节和细胞抑制活性。     

赤芝孢子粉葡聚糖LB-NB的结构与构象(英文)

从破壁赤芝孢子粉的碱提粗多糖中分离纯化得到一个新的葡聚糖 ,命名为LB NB ,Mr为 4 .7× 1 0 4 ,[α]2 1D - 2 4 .52 0(c 0 .81 ,H2 O)。通过核磁共振、全水解、甲基化反应和Smith降解确定其结构为 β D ( 1→ 3)葡聚糖 ,每 4 .4个糖残基的 6位接有单一的端基葡萄糖。根据不同NaOH浓度下旋光度 [α]D 及特性粘度 [η]的变化 ;H2 O Me2 SO体系中特性粘度 [η]和Hug gins常数k′的变化及刚果红实验 ,推测LB NB在水及低浓度NaOH溶液中 ( <0 .0 5mol/L)呈单螺旋构象 ,而在Me2 SO及高NaOH浓度溶液中 ( >0 .1mol/L)中以无规则卷曲结构存在。体外免疫活性筛选表明 ,LB NB能显著促进T细胞的分化增殖 ,但对B细胞无明显作用     

实时定量PCR在乙型肝炎(HBV)诊断中的应用

随着对乙型肝炎治疗的深入研究 ,对乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV DNA)数量的确诊显得尤其重要。本文采用RealTimeQuantitativePCR(简称RQ PCR)方法 ,对 2 84例经ELISA检定的乙型肝炎患者血清标本进行HBV DNA定量检测。结果有 96例HBsAg(+ ) HBeAg(+ ) HBcAb(+ )的血清标本RQ PCR阳性率为 10 0 % ,病毒平均量 5 0 2× 10 5拷贝 μl;87例HBsAg(+ ) HBeAb(+ ) HBcAb(+ )的血清标本RQ PCR阳性率为 4 4% (38例 ) ,病毒平均量 1 0 2× 10 3 拷贝 μl,5 3例HBsAg(+ ) HBcAb(+ )的血清标本RQ PCR阳性率为 5 8% (31例 ) ,病毒平均量 6 6 9× 10 4拷贝 μl;而 4 6例正常对照组经检测全为阴性。可见RQ PCR的检测结果反映了不同患者的病情 ,对乙型肝炎的诊断、治疗具有临床指导价值。     

右江区儿童免疫规划疫苗基础免疫接种率调查分析(简报)

<正>为掌握和了解广西百色市右江区免疫规划工作以及实施扩大国家免疫规划工作的进展,于2011年5月在全区范围内进行了常规免疫接种率调查。对于全区11个乡镇卫生院管辖的在2008年1月1日-2010年4月30日间出生的儿童,调查8种免疫     

Ecological requirements of Ostracoda (Crustacea) in a heavily polluted shallow lake,Lake Yeniçağa (Bolu,Turkey)

Although the area of Lake Yeniça?a is a potential candidate for RAMSAR convention, several anthropogenic factors compromise its biological diversity. This is mostly due to nutrient-rich water released from both point and nonpoint sources. Thirteen ostracod taxa (Candona neglecta, C. candida, Ilyocypris bradyi, Darwinula stevensoni, Cypridopsis vidua, Physocypria kraepelini, Cypria ophtalmica, Prionocypris zenkeri, Eucypris virens, Herpetocypris reptans, Pseudocandona compressa, Fabaeformiscandona fabaeformis Potamocypris cf. fulva) were found during this study. Potamocypris cf. fulva is a new record for the Turkish freshwater ostracod fauna. The first nine of these species have broad geographic ranges, implying high tolerance levels to different environmental variables. Based on the estimated species optima and tolerance levels, two species exhibited higher effective number of occurrences (C. neglecta, and D. stevensoni, respectively) than the other species. Three species (C. neglecta, D. stevensoni, I. bradyi) did not show significant correlation with any environmental variable we used. Both Canonical correspondence (CCA) and Pearson correlation analyses showed that temperature was the most effective predictor of species occurrence, followed by electrical conductivity and redox potential. In contrast, pH and dissolved oxygen of water were the least effective predictors. Approximately 71% of the correlation between community composition and environmental variables was explained by the first axis of the CCA diagram, which had a relatively low (7.7%) cumulative variance of species. The lower (560 μg/l) and the upper (2030 μg/l) levels of ammonia (NH₃) exceeded the limits during winter season. The concentrations of total coliform and Escherichia coli bacteria were measured up to 10 × 10⁷ cfu/ml and 10 × 10³ cfu/ml, respectively. Results of physicochemical measurements, microbiological counts, and species data indicate that water quality of Lake Yeniça?a has been rapidly deteriorated by anthropogenic factors that are the main threat for not only the lake’s aquatic diversity but also human health around the lake.     

Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Adrenocorticotropin (1–24) Peptide in a Solvated Dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) Micelle and in a Dimyistoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) Bilayer

Abstract

The structure and interactions of the 1–24 fragment of the adrenocorticotropin hormone, ACTH (1–24), with membrane have been studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in an NPT ensembles in two explicit membrane mimics, a dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelle and a dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayer. The starting configuration of the peptide/lipid systems had the 1–10 segment of the peptide lying on the surface of the model membrane, the same as the equilibrated structure (by MD) of ACTH (1–10) in a DPC micelle. The simulations showed that the peptide adopts the surface-binding mode and essentially the same structure in both systems. Thus the results of this work lend support to the assumption that micelles are reasonable mimics for biological membranes for the study of peptide binding. The 1–10 segment is slightly tilted from the parallel orientation to the interface and interacts strongly with the membrane surface while the more polar 11–24 segment shows little tendency to interact with the membrane surface, preferring to reside primarily in the aqueous phase. Furthermore, the 1–10 segment of the peptide binds to the DPC micelle in essentially the same way as ACTH (1–10). Thus the MD results are in excellent agreement with the model of interaction of ACTH (1–24) with membrane derived from NMR experiments. The secondary structure and the hydration of the peptide and the interactions of specific residues with the lipid head groups have also been analyzed.     

三肽囊素(bursin)的鸡、鸭免疫器官组织学定位特征分析(简报)

三肽囊素(bursin)是法氏囊组织提取物中一种非常重要的活性因子,由Audhya T.等在1986年首次报道。近十几年,有关三肽囊素的研究取得了较大的进展,涉及对三肽囊素的生物学活性、组织学定位、功能机制及其应用前景。本研究分别探索了三肽囊素在鸡、鸭免疫器官中的定位,并对其特征进行分析,以期更深入理解三肽囊素的存在及其生物学意义。鸡用近交系(CB系),由12、14及20日龄胚、新生雏、1—9周龄鸡,采集法氏囊、法氏囊T细胞区、胸腺、哈德氏腺、脾脏及骨髓。鸭用北京鸭,由新生     

IsBombus inexspectatus (Tkalcu) a workerless obligate parasite? (Hym. Apidae)

Summary Bombus inexspectatus (Tkalc) is now known from 50 males, 36 females and two individuals which have been described as workers; the species has been found in the mountains of Austria, France, Italy, Spain and Switzerland at altitudes between 1,181 m. (N.W. Spain) and 2,100 m. (N.E. Italy). More than 10,000 bumblebees have been captured in localities whereB.inexspectatus is known to occur yet no further worker individuals have been discovered. The capture of some very undersized females in spring long before workers of any other species were flying puts the status of the two so-called workers in considerable doubt and examination of these two specimens points very strongly to their being females and not workers. The possibility that the femaleB. inexspectatus behaves like aPsithyrus and lives in the nest of another bee seems a not improbable explanation of the situation though proof may come only by chance discovery. Certain peculiarities of the female, notably absence of any indication, in pinned specimens, of either wax secretion or pollen collecting and at least the suggestion that the pollen collecting equipment may be degenerate if not entirely non-functional are added pointers to the necessity of a parasitic mode of living.Bombus ruderarius Müller is suggested as a likely host.

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Zusammenfassung Bombus inexspectatus (Tkalc), ist jetzt nach 50 Männchen, 36 Weibchen und 2 als Arbeiter beschriebenen Exemplaren bekannt; die Art ist in den Gebirgen Österreichs, Frankreichs, Italiens, Spaniens und der Schweiz in Höhen zwischen 1181 m. (N.W. Spanien) und 2100 m. (N.O. Italien) gefunden worden. Mehr als 10000 Hummeln sind an den Fundorten gefangen worden, wo das Vorkommen vonB. inexspectatus bekannt ist, doch hat man keine weiteren Arbeiter entdeckt. Das Sammeln einiger sehr kleinen Weibchen am Anfang des Frühlings — lange vor der Flugzeit der Arbeiter anderer Arten — lässt den Status der zwei Arbeiter bezweifeln, und eine Untersuchung zeigt, dass sie wahrscheinlich Weibchen und keine Arbeiter sind. Es ist durchaus möglich, dass das Weibchen vonB. inexspectatus sich wie einPsithyrus verhält und im Nest einer anderen Hummel lebt, doch vielleicht könnte eine zufällige Entdeckung diese Hypothese bestätigen. Gewisse Eigentümlichkeiten des Weibchens sind weitere Anzeiger der Notwendigkeit einer parasitischen Lebensweise: besonders die Abwesenheit jeder Andeutung entweder von Waschsabscheidung oder von Pollensammeln und die Möglichkeit, dass der Pollensammelapparat wenigstens degeneriert, wenn nicht ganz funktionlos geworden, ist.Bombus ruderarius Müller wird als wahrscheinlicher Wirt vorgeschlagen.

     

Lipoprotein(a): still an enigma?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Lipoprotein(a) belongs to the class of the most atherogenic lipoproteins. Despite intensive research - in the last year more than 80 papers have been published on this topic - information is still lacking on the physiological function of lipoprotein(a) and the site of its catabolism. Important advances have been made in the knowledge of these points, which may have some therapeutic implications. RECENT FINDINGS: The association of high lipoprotein(a) values with an increase in risk for coronary events has been documented in further prospective studies. This increased risk may relate to recent findings that apolipoprotein(a) is produced in situ within the vessel wall. In addition, lipoprotein(a) binds and inactivates the tissue factor pathway inhibitor and induces plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 expression in monocytes. A new antisense oligonucleotide strategy has been proposed which efficiently inhibits apolipoprotein(a) expression in vitro and in vivo. Apolipoprotein(a), however, suppresses angiogenesis and thus may interfere with the infiltration of tumor cells. Finally, the enzymatic activity leading to the formation of apolipoprotein(a) fragments in plasma and their catabolism have been further elucidated. SUMMARY: We are still far away from understanding the pathways involved in lipoprotein(a) catabolism, and the physiological function of this lipoprotein. Recent findings, however, provide new insight into pathomechanisms in patients with increased lipoprotein(a) related to hemostasis, which may serve as a basis for designing new treatment strategies.