重组水蛭素HV2的稳定性

重组水蛭素ＨＶ２是凝血酶的特异性抑制剂,是一种非常稳定的蛋白质。温度的升高（１００℃水浴）和ｐＨ（１─１３）的改变不影响其活力,在某些变性剂（８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ尿素、１％ＳＤＳ和６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ盐酸胍）存在的条件下也非常稳定,０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＤＴＴ在７０℃时使其部分失活,只有ｐＨ和温度同时升高其活力才开始下降,ｐＨ１３、８０℃处理１５ｍｉｎ即完全失活,氨基酸组成和活性分析发现失活样品的Ｃｙｓ和Ｌｙｓ被破坏。重组水蛭素ＨＶ２含有一个结构紧密的Ｎ端核心区和一个无序的Ｃ端尾部。其Ｎ端的３个Ｌｙｓ－Ｘａａ键均不被胰蛋白酶水解;胃蛋白酶及糜蛋白酶消化后,分离所得片段,氨基酸组成分析发现Ｎ端核心区依然保持很高的抗凝血酶活性,继续消化２４ｈ,核心区不被进一步降解。     

重组水蛭素HV2的稳定性

重组水蛭素ＨＶ２是凝血酶的特异性抑制剂,是一种非常稳定的蛋白质,温度的升高（１００℃水浴）和ＰＨ（１－１３）的改变不影响其活力,在某些变性剂（８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ素、１％ＳＤＳ和６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ盐酸胍）存在的条件下也非常稳定,０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＤＴＴ在７０℃时使其部分失活,只有ＰＨ和温度同时升高其活力才开始下降,ＰＨ１３、８０℃处理１５ｍｉｎ即完全失活,氨基酸组成和活性分析发现失活样品的Ｃｙｓ和Ｌｙｓ被破坏。     

蛇毒锯鳞蝰素基因Leul4－Lys15－Glu16的定点突变

本研究的目的是利用蛋白质工程定点突变的方法,在蛇毒锯鳞蝰素基因分子上增加另一个保守序列ＲＧＤ（１４位精氨酸残基,１５位甘氨酸残基,１６位天冬氨酸残基）,以其增加该分子的生物活性,并探讨蛋白质一级结构,空间结构和功能的关系。在质粒ｐＪＣ２６４的基础上,利用ＰＣＲ定点突变方法,对蛇毒锯鳞蝰素基因Ｌｅｕ１４－Ｌｙｓ１５－Ｇｌｕ１６进行定点突变,使相应的ＤＮＡ片段变成表达Ａｒｇ１４－Ｇｌｙ１５－Ａｓｐ１６的核苷酸顺序,经酶切和ＤＮＡ测序鉴定正确。ＣＮＢｒ裂解后,用反相ＨＰＬＣ分析,分离制备突变体蛇毒锯鳞蝰素,制备的突变体蛇毒锯鳞蝰素的Ｎ－末端１０个氨基酸残基与天然蛇毒锯鳞蝰素的相同。在人的富含血小板血浆测活体系中,经１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＡＤＰ诱导,突变体蛇毒锯鳞蝰素的ＩＣ５０为３．０×１０~（－７）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;重组野生型蛇毒锯鳞蝰素的ＩＣ５０为４．０×１０~（－７）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;天然蛇毒锯鳞蝰素的ＩＣ_（５０）为２．８×１０~（－７）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。此外,就蛇毒锯鳞蝰素中保守序列Ａｒｇ－Ｇｌｙ－Ａｓｐ以及其空间构象对蛇毒锯鳞蝰素抑制血小板凝集之间的关系进行了讨论。     

［B3－Lys］－胰岛素的研究：受体结合及生物活性

本文用１２５Ｔ－［Ｂ３－Ｌｙｓ］－胰岛素和１２５Ⅰ－胰岛素研究了［Ｂ３－Ｌｙｓ］－胰岛素和胰岛素与人胎盘细胞膜（ＨＰＭ）胰岛素受体结合特性并进行了比较。实验结果表明［Ｂ３－Ｌｙｓ］－胰岛素与ＥＰＭ胰岛素受体结合能力比天然猪胰岛素高。由竞争取代曲线得到的［Ｂ３－Ｌｙｓ］－胰岛素和猪胰岛素的ＩＣ（５０）值分别为０．６５和１．１１ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ。经Ｓｃａｔｃｈａｒｄ分析得出［Ｂ３－Ｌｙｓ］－胰岛素与ＨＰＭ胰岛素受体中高亲和位点和低亲和位点结合的亲和常数分别为１．７２×１０９和２．２７×１０６Ｌ／ｍｏｌ,而猪胰岛素分别为１．２６×１０９和１．４７×１０６／ｍｏｌ。促脂肪细胞合成脂肪实验结果表明［Ｂ３－Ｌｙｓ］－胰岛素也同样具有比天然猪胰岛素更高的离体生物活力,ＥＣ（５０）分别为０．１７５和０．３０１ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ。可见［Ｂ３－Ｌｙｓ］－胰岛素的受体结合能力和高体生物活力都为猪胰岛素的１．７倍。     

白细胞介素－2中某些残基替换对活性的影响

用基因定点突变法研究了白细胞介素－２（ＩＬ－２）中某些氨基酸对生物活性的影响。将ＩＬ－２中３９Ｍｅｔ和４３Ｌｙｓ分别改为Ｐｒｏ,企图破坏此处α螺旋,突变体的ＣＤ图谱和生物活性均,不变,说明此处可能原来就不存在α螺旋．而将５２Ｇｌｕ．５３Ｌｅｕ,５４Ｌｙｓ分别改为Ｐｒｏ后,ＣＤ谱发生了变化,生物活性也显著下降。表明这些氨基酸处在α螺旋中,将它们改为Ｐｒｏ后,影响了ＩＬ－２的结构,并导致活性下降     

蛇毒锯鳞蝰素基因Leu14—Lys15—Glu16的定点突变

本研究的目是的利用蛋白质工程定点突变的方法,在蛇毒锯鳞蝰素基因分子上增加另一个保守序列ＲＧＤ（１４位精氨酸残基,１５位甘氨酸残基,１６位天氨酸残基）,以其增加该分子的生物活性,并探讨蛋白质一级结构,空间结构和功能的关系,在质粒ｐＪＣ６４的基础上,利用ＰＣＲ定点突变方法,对蛇毒锯鳞蝰素基因Ｌｅｕ１４－Ｌｙｓ１５－Ｇｌｕ１６进行定点突变,使相应的ＰＣＲ定点突变方法,对蛇毒锯鳞蝰素基因Ｌｅｕ１４－Ｌｙｓ     

一种新型人肿瘤坏死因子突变体在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

采用多位点突变引物和ＰＣＲ方法对合成的人肿瘤坏死因子进行了突变,通过这一突变,人肿瘤坏死因子的第二位精氨酸的密码子ＣＧＴ被变为赖氨酸密码子ＡＡＡ,将突变后的基因插入表达载体ｐＳＢ－９２的ＰＬ启动子下游得到重组质粒ｐＳＢ－ＴＮＦ－Ｋ２,并在大肠杆菌中进行表达。突变体［Ｌｙｓ２］ｈＴＮＦ－α的表达产率达到菌体内总蛋白质的６０％以上,且为一可溶性蛋白质并易于纯化。同野生型ｈＴＮＦ－α相比,［Ｌｙｓ２］ｈＴＮＦ－α具有稍低的毒性,但对于某些人肿瘤细胞株表现出高于数十到数百倍的抑制活性．     

人白细胞介素—2第20位残基局部空间结构稳定性对活性的影响

用寡核苷酸诱导的基因定位突变法,将人白细胞介素－２（ＩＬ－２）第２０位Ａｓｐ分别突变为Ａｒｇ,Ｌｙｓ和Ａｓｎ,比较第２０位残基碱性基团对ＩＬ－２活力的影响,结果＾２０Ａｓｐ突变为碱性残基时,ＩＬ－２活性急剧下降,但突变为Ａｒｇ时所导致的活性下降较突变为Ｌｙｓ时所导致的活性下降较突变为Ｌｙｓ严重３０００倍以上。从空间结构变化上对这２个碱性残基造成的如此大的活性差异进行了分析,发现＾２０Ａｒｇ突变后对     

K^＋对大豆下胚轴质膜H^＋—ATPase水解与质子转运活力偶联的影响

以大豆（ Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ ｍａｘ Ｌ．） 下胚轴为材料, 采用二相法制得高纯度质膜微囊。实验发现,Ｋ＋ 对质膜Ｈ＋＿ＡＴＰａｓｅ水解活力和转运活力刺激差别显著,对转运活力刺激８５０％ , 对水解活力仅刺激２８ ．２％ 。动力学结果表明,有Ｋ＋时ＡＴＰ水解的Ｋｍ 值为０．７０ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｖｍａｘ 为３４４ ．８ ｎｍｏｌ Ｐｉ·ｍｇ－１ ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ·ｍｉｎ－１ ; 无Ｋ＋ 时ＡＴＰ水解的Ｋｍ 值为１ ．１４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ, Ｖｍａｘ为２８５．７ ｎｍｏｌ Ｐｉ·ｍｇ－１ ｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ·ｍｉｎ－１ 。Ｋ＋ 对ＡＴＰ水解的最适ｐＨ 值也有影响,有Ｋ＋ 时为６ ．５ ,无Ｋ＋ 时降低到６．０ 。进一步实验发现,Ｋ＋ 对羟胺和钒酸钠的抑制作用影响较大,Ｋ＋ 可以提高质膜Ｈ＋＿ＡＴＰａｓｅ 对羟胺和钒酸钠的敏感性。结果表明,Ｋ＋ 可以调节大豆下胚轴质膜Ｈ＋＿ＡＴＰａｓｅ 水解与转运活力之间的偶联程度     

消炎痛对猪胃H~＋／K~＋－ATP_（ase）抑制的动力学

消炎痛作为一种可引起胃粘膜急性病变的药物,用分离提纯的猪胃Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ证明,它可以显著的抑制此酶的活力,０．１ｍｇ／ｍＬ时即可抑制酶活力２７％,０．５ｍｇ／ｍＬ时可抑制全部活力,其Ｋ（０．５）为０．１８ｍｇ／ｍＬ。消炎痛对Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的抑制随３０℃时预保温时间的延长而加剧,１０ｍｉｎ预保温可抑制总活力的５０％。消炎痛并不影响Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＴＡＰａｓｅ的转换温度（３９℃）以及最适ｐＨ（约ｐＨ７．５）,但酸性条件下消炎痛对Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ抑制比碱性条件下强烈。在我们的实验条件下,消炎痛对Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的抑制与Ｈ＋／Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ量成正比,它不影响酶的Ｋｍ值（０．１１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,而是显著降低Ｖｍａｘ,因而它是此酶的可逆性非竞争性抑制剂,其Ｋｉ为０．３２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

DNA改组技术在水蛭素实验进化中的应用

蛋白质的改造是生物工程的重大研究课题.由于结构和功能预测的不精确性,而使按照三维结构信息进行定位诱变往往达不到预期的目的.近年来,另一条改造蛋白质的途径有较大的发展,即在实验室条件下模拟生物分子的自然进化,通过变异和靶功能的选择来获得改进性能的蛋白质[1],此过程称为生物分子实验定向进化.DNA改组(DNAshuffling)是一种改造基因和蛋白质的有效实验进化技术[2].它是在体外进行基因随机片段的重组,从而增加基因的多样性,促使有利变异与不利变异分离,通过选择使有利变异得到优化组合[3].DNA改组包含3个步骤:基因的随机片段化,自身引发PCR和重组合PCR.经过DNA改组的突变体库有可能选择到性能更优的突变体.为进行亲和淘选,需将突变体展示在噬菌体的表面[4].     

Interaction of site specific hirudin variants with alpha-thrombin

The kinetics of complex formation between recombinant hirudin or recombinant hirudin mutants with thrombin were analyzed. In order to elucidate the inhibitor's reactive site peptide bond predetermined amino acid substitutions were introduced at positions of basic amino acid residues by means of site-directed mutagenesis of a hirudin gene. In comparison to recombinant hirudin (Ki = 19 pM) only those mutant inhibitors which were modified at amino acid position Lys47 showed a higher Ki value for their complexes with thrombin. The observed effects are mainly due to increased koff rate constants.     

Investigation on recombinant hirudin via oral route

The possibility for oral administration of peptide recombinant hirudin variant (rHV2-K47) as an anticoagulant agent was evaluated in several aspects. The proteolytic properties of rHV2-K47 and its stability during storage were examined by in vitro experiments. Radiolabeled rHV2-K47 was infused into the duodenum of rats and rHV2-K47 absorbed into serum was shown to be intact by electrophoresis pattern. The in vivo coagulation time of blood from mouse was prolonged significantly after oral administration of rHV2-K47. The bioavailability (F) of rHV2-K47 via oral route reached 10.11% in comparison with intravenous administration as gold standard. All the results suggested that rHV2-K47 could be delivered successfully via the oral route.     

Mass spectrometry analyses of recombinant hirudins (7 kDa)

The use of liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) in the characterization of related recombinant 7-kDa peptides illustrates the adequacy of average mass measurement by scanning at low resolution. The difficulty in using the high-resolution technique in the case of poor LSIMS sensitive peptides is discussed, as well as the fact that it does not give, for these molecular weights, any real advantage. The average (or chemical) molecular weights of three recombinant hirudin molecules, hirudin variant 2 (rHV2, 6892.4 Da), hirudin variant 2-Lys47 (rHV2-Lys47, 6906.5 Da), and hirudin variant 2-Arg47 (rHV2-Arg47, 6934.5 Da), less than or equal to 10 micrograms each, have been measured with an accuracy less than or equal to 0.3 Da in the narrow-scan mode and less than or equal to 0.5 Da (from the protonated molecular ion) in the wide-scan mode within 10-15 min; this allows easy distinction of the three 65 amino acid proteins, which differ by a single amino acid. These three molecules could also be distinguished from one another in a mixture. Mass spectrometry and limited sequence characterization of several minor, similarly isolated peptides identified them to be N-terminal additions and/or C-terminal deletions of rHV2-Lys47. LSIMS analysis is consistent with there being no covalent dimer of rHV2-Lys47 as a narrow scan of the 7-kDa molecular ion cluster at high resolution shows it not to be a doubly charged ion.     

Purification and identification of recombinant hirudin and its degradation products expressed in Pichia pastoris

The purification and identification of recombinant hirudin (r-hirudin) (rHV2-Lys47) and its several C-terminal proteolytic degradation derivatives, produced by Pichia pastoris, were described. The high-purity rHV2-Lys47 of above 99% and its three degradation products were obtained by a straightforward two-step chromatography procedure, a combination of cation exchange and reverse phase chromatography, with a recovery yield of 74% for hirudin. The purified rHV2 had the predicted N-terminal amino acid sequence and the derivatives were the degradation products of hirudin, short of one to three amino acid residues at C-terminal.     

重组猪胰蛋白酶及其R122位点突变体在毕赤酵母中的高效表达及其性质研究

目的:研究R122位点突变重组猪胰蛋白酶,与野生型酶相比较,该位点对重组猪胰蛋白酶(RPT)性质的影响。方法:以毕赤酵母GS115作为表达宿主,对RPT、突变体mRPT(R122H)和 mRPT(R122H/R73G/R130T)进行表达及纯化。并对其性质和稳定进行对比研究。结果:重组胰蛋白酶及其突变体在毕赤酵母中均获得了高效表达。相对于RPT,突变体mRPT(R122H)和 mRPT(R122H/R73G/R130T)在以N-苯甲酰-L-精氨酸乙酯 (BAEE)为底物时,具有更强底物结合力,三者的米氏常数分别为18.8μmol/L、9.0μmol/L和11.0μmol/L;两突变体耐高温耐碱能力增强;在Ca ²⁺存在及去除的条件下,突变体具有更强的抗自降解能力。 结论:可以利用毕赤酵母高效表达重组胰蛋白酶及其突变体。mRPT(R122H)和mRPT(R122H/R73G/R130T) 相对于野生型RPT,对高pH条件和高温的耐受性增强,该稳定性的提高主要归因于R122位点的突变。     

Effects of site specific amino acid exchanges in hirudin on the thrombin-hirudin interaction

For the identification of the primary binding site of hirudin for thrombin we generated hirudin mutants with site directed amino acid substitutions with the help of recombinant DNA technology. Preliminary results indicate, that lys (47) may be directly involved in the hirudin-thrombin interaction: 1. The mutant glu (47) shows a Ki-value which is increased by two orders of magnitude (1.6.10(-9) M); 2. Incubation of mutant ala(48) with endoproteinase lys-C results in proteolysis of the newly formed peptide bond lys(47)-ala(48), whereas all other peptide bonds (lys-X) are not accessible.     

Production and Characterization of Hirudin Variant-1 by SUMO Fusion Technology in E. coli

Hirudin is the most potent non-covalent inhibitor of thrombin. Several expression systems have been used to produce recombinant hirudin for pharmaceutical purposes. However, high expression of active hirudin in Escherichia coli cytoplasm has not been successful owing to the fact that heterogenetic small peptide is easily degraded in the cell. To solve this problem, we constructed a recombinant form of the hirudin variant-1 (HV1) as a fusion protein with the small ubiquitin-related modifier gene (SUMO) by use of over-lap PCR. The fusion gene His₆-SUMO-HV1 was highly expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) in which the SUMO-HV1 accounts for over 30% of the soluble fraction. The fusion protein was purified by Ni?CNTA affinity chromatography and cleaved by a SUMO-specific protease Ulp1 to release the HV1 with natural N-terminal. The recombinant HV1 (rHV1) was further purified by Ni?CNTA affinity chromatography and then by Q anion-exchange chromatography. N-terminal sequencing result demonstrated the purified rHV1 had the same N-terminal sequence as the native hirudin. MALDI-TOF/MS analysis indicated that the molecular weight of the purified rHV1 protein was 6939.161 Da, which was similar to the theoretical molecular weight of rHV1 6,944 Da. The Chromozym TH assay result showed that the anti-thrombin activity of purified rHV1 was 8,800 ATU/mg and comparable to the specific activity of native hirudin.     

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of recombinant hirudin via four non-parenteral routes

One of recombinant hirudin variants, rHV2, a polypeptide used as an anticoagulant agent in clinic, was administered to anesthetized rats via intratracheal, buccal, nasal and rectal routes. Prolongation in clotting time and thrombin time was measured to calculate pharmacological bioavailability. Plasma concentration of rHV2 was determined using a chromogenic thrombin substrate assay and pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained on the basis of a non-compartmental model. Intravenous administration was also performed as the gold standard by which the other routes were compared. Difference in pharmacological bioavailability (P.A.), bioavailability (F) and absorption rate of rHV2 was found for the four non-parenteral routes. The rank order for both P.A. and F was intratracheal>nasal>buccal>rectal. Absorption was more rapid after both intratracheal and rectal administration (tmax approximately 20-40 min), compared with that after nasal and rectal administration. It is evident that the pulmonary route is preferable to other three routes for successful systemic delivery of rHV2.     

毕赤酵母发酵生产中的水蛭素降解顺序

水蛭素 (rHV2 Lys4 7)是一个具有 65个氨基酸的抗凝活性肽。在毕赤酵母高密度发酵分泌表达过程中 ,发酵上清中可检出 4个水蛭素活性组份 ,分别为Hir65及其C 末端切除 1～ 3个氨基酸的Hir64、Hir63和Hir62。但目前 4种组份间的衍生关系还不清楚 ,以从发酵上清液中纯化分离所得的 4个组份作为底物 ,加入到菌体裂解液中 ,发现Hir64、Hir63和Hir62组份是由羧肽酶依次降解Hir65肽链C 末端 1个氨基酸后的产物。