化学致癌物DNP致人胚鼻咽上皮细胞转化相关基因的鉴定

为了探讨DNP致癌的分子机理,鉴定出化学致癌物二亚硝基哌嗪(DNP)致人胚鼻咽上皮细胞转化相关的基因及其活化方式．采用DNA共转染、裸鼠致瘤性试验、Southern杂交、PCR测序和序列同源性比较分析等,对DNP转化的人胚鼻咽上皮细胞株HENE—DNP进行研究．经过两轮DNA共转染和裸鼠致瘤性实验．Southern杂交表明,裸鼠肿瘤DNA中均含有人特异性高度重复序列Alu．用人Ha-ras、Ki-ras及N-ras癌基因特异性引物对裸鼠肿瘤DNA进行PCR扩增,仅能扩增出人Ha-ras基因相应的片段．Southem杂交进一步证实．裸鼠肿瘤DNA中存在与人Ha-ras基因片段大小一致的杂交带．RT-PCR产物测序,并将测序结果与GenBank进行序列同源性比较分析,发现裸鼠肿瘤中人Ha-ras基因cDNA第26位密码子第2位碱基发生了T→C的转换,编码的氨基酸由亮氨酸相应地变换成丝氨酸．化学致癌物DNP致人胚鼻咽上皮细胞转化相关的基因是Ha-ras,原癌基因c-Ha-ras激活可能是DNP转化人胚鼻咽上皮细胞的分子机制之一。     

γ射线诱发大鼠胚胎细胞转化与N－ras的激活

以γ射线诱发转化的大鼠胚胎细胞(REC:myc:γ33)的DNA构建粘粒基因库,用总基因库DNA转染NIH/3T3细胞,产生转化灶的DNA作二轮转染,二轮转化的NIH/3T3细胞内有大鼠REC:myc:γ33DNA中具转化活性的N-ras基因,用不对称PCR和DNA序列分析法证明,REC:myc:γ33细胞中鼠N-ras的活化是由于第61位密码子的A→G点突变.NIH/3T3转化灶中鼠N-ras也有同样点突变,但NIH/3T3细胞的内源性N-ras基因则无此突变.     

癌基因及癌发育基因在裸小鼠人肝癌移植瘤中表达

本文采用Northern blot,斑点杂交,western Immunoblot,凝集素亲和电泳及聚丙烯酰胺梯度电泳方法分别检测裸小鼠肝癌移植瘤中C-ras基因簇(N-ras,H-ras及K-ras),甲种胎儿蛋白以及γ谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)基因及其产物的表达。结果提示C-ras基因簇均有不同程度的表达,其中N-ras基因表达水平要比H-ras高8倍,比K-ras高20倍左右,同样AFP及GGT基因均有较高水平的表达。经ras-p21单克隆抗体检测,发现肝癌组织抽提液中p21呈现阳性反应;AFP亚型分析提示AFP分子变异体属肝癌特异性分子亚型;GGT同Ⅰ酶酶谱分析表明组织中仅合成肝癌特异性GGT同Ⅰ酶酶谱(Ⅰ’,Ⅱ’)。上述结果充分表明癌基因及癌发育基因的高表达可能与癌细胞去分化性,分裂旺盛程度及细胞恶性度相关。最后文内还对裸小鼠人肝癌移植瘤中二类基因的相关性作一定的讨论。     

ras蛋白转译后的加工

至今已在哺乳动物基因组中至少鉴定出三个ras基因,即H-ras、K-ras和N-ras,人类的这三种ras基因分别位于11、12和1号染色体的短臂上。它们都编码分子量为21,000的ras蛋白即P21~(ras)。ras基因最初发现于Ha-MuSV和Ki-MuSV所转化的细胞,以后发现正常人细胞及人癌瘤细胞中也存在H、K、N-ras基因。ras基因的表达与膀胱癌、肾癌、肺癌、结肠癌、胆囊癌、胰腺癌、慢性淋巴细胞白血病及黑色素瘤等的发生有着密切关系。P21~(ras)蛋白合成后要经过转译后的加工过程,然后位于质膜的内面发挥作用。对此,研究ras基因的表     

DMBA、垂体移植诱发性乳腺瘤内172^Arg—Leu突变型p53的特性及其与基因重排和扩增关系的研究

p53最早发现于SV40转化的细胞系,后来几乎在不同类型的细胞内均检测到这种蛋白质。野生型P58是一种有效的肿瘤抑制因子,但突变体p53可与ras－肿瘤原因协同转化体外的腺代细胞,而且在肿瘤发生时常伴随着p53基因的突变。乳腺瘤内,p53基因的突变率为40％,并可见到某些肿瘤基因参与癌症的形成过程,暗示p53基因结构和功能和改变可能与这些基因的重排和扩增有关。本实验选择4种不同年龄的172^Arg-Leu突变型p53转基因小鼠为受试动物,将同系动物的垂体腺植入小鼠的肾脏后,再以致癌剂DMBA处理,以使动物乳腺内的p53基因表达和诱导小鼠乳腺癌形成。从乳腺癌小鼠分别摘取乳腺组织,提取DNA和RNA,以H－ras、PCNA、CylinD1、p53基因的DNA片段作为特异性核酸探针,进行Southerm Blotting和Northern Blotting分析,以检测在突变体P53表达的情况下,PCNA、H-ras、CyinDl等基因在体内的变化规律,实验发现,在4组不同的受试动物中,其乳腺癌细胞的PCNA和H－ras两种基因发生了基因重排,特征是其DNA标本中分别出现了一条很强的额外杂交带,但对照动物乳腺该类基因以及被检测的肿瘤基因中均未发现结构上有任何改变。这表明,仅管内源性p53和突变体p53的高效表达抑制或延缓肿瘤的发生,但不能从根本上阻止PCNA和H－ras基因的重排。肿瘤基因的拷贝数及其表达的定量测定结果证明,虽然CyclinDl和H-ras基因在所有检测的小鼠癌组织和正常乳腺细胞均有扩增,但扩增的量极低,很难构为成肿瘤形成的主要因素。其他基因,如：MDM、PCNA等,也未见到明显改变。由于p53基因在转化细胞和肿瘤组织内的存在方式与基因扩增密切相关,乳腺癌小鼠体内的突变型p53的高效表达可能对基因扩增起到了抑制作用。最终,在一定程度上推迟了转基因小鼠的肿瘤形成过程。此外,致癌剂DMBA可诱发小鼠乳腺癌形成。其主要机制是使H－ras基因的第61位密码子发生突变。本实验证明,DMBA虽使垂体移植转基因小鼠发生了乳腺癌,但其作用点并非常见的第61位密码子,而是使H－ras基因发生重排,并使PCNA基因结构也发生同样变化。这种现象不仅是DMBA致癌方式上的新发现,而且表明该致癌剂的这种生物学效应可能与突变体p53的功能有关。     

SV40 T基因转化的山羊乳腺上皮细胞系及其生物学特性

目的建立能用于乳腺特异表达基因构件质量检验的山羊乳腺上皮细胞系.方法根据已发表的SV40病毒T基因序列设计引物,以整合有SV40 DNA早期基因区的COS-1细胞基因组DNA为模板,用高保真PCR扩增SV40 T基因.将获得的SV40 T基因克隆入真核表达载体,并用获得的重组表达质粒转染山羊原代乳腺上皮细胞.经有限稀释和反复传代后获得转化细胞克隆,对其生物学特性进行研究.结果扩增出序列正确的SV40T基因,重组质粒转染获得的转化细胞的对数生长期为接种后第4天,细胞群体倍增时间为23.5*!h,克隆形成率为26.7%.DNA斑点杂交试验证明转化细胞的基因组中整合有SV40 T基因,染色体核型分析试验表明转化细胞的核型无明显异常,裸鼠接种试验证明转化细胞不能形成肿瘤,软琼脂集落形成试验表明转化细胞在软琼脂中不能生长.部分细胞克隆已在体外传30代以上,保持正常乳腺上皮细胞的形态特征,在胶原基质上能形成腺泡样结构.结论本研究获得的SV40 T基因转化的山羊乳腺上皮细胞具有转化细胞系的生物学特性.     

人乳头瘤病毒16型亚基因DNA体外转化功能的细胞学研究

利用HZIP16和HZIP16K(见材料和方法)质粒,将人乳头瘤病毒16型(HPV-16)的全早期区基因及其开放读码框架(ORF)E6-E7分别转入ψ2细胞,所产生的重组病毒能诱导NIH3T3细胞发生转化。转化细胞具有恶性细胞的生物学和形态学特征,可在0.3％软琼脂中形成集落,可使裸鼠致瘤。Southern blot证明,HPV-16 E6-E7 ORFs序列以整合形式存在于转化细胞和裸鼠肿瘤细胞DNA中,表明HPV-16 DNA具有体外诱导NIH3T3细胞恶性转化的作用,E6-E7 ORFs是诱导细胞转化的关键基因。     

人肝癌细胞p53基因的表达及其对细小病毒H-1的敏感性

本文利用单链构象多态性分析,17号染色体短臂等位基因杂合性分析,Northern印迹,免疫沉淀,p53基因第7外显子酶切等技术检测了两个中国人肝癌细胞系SMMC-7721,YY-8103和一个自发转化的人肝细胞系L-02的p53基因结构与表达。实验表明,这三个细胞系中没有出现17号染色体短臂等位基因杂合性缺失,第4—9外显子也没发生突变,但其mRNA和蛋白表达水平很低。利用MTT比色分析法研究了这三个细胞系和其他已知p53基因背景的八个人肝癌细胞系(QGY-7703、PLC/PRF/5、Huh-7、Hep3B、FOCUS、Tong/ HCC、SK-Hep-1、HepG2)对自主性细小病毒H-1的敏感性。除HepG2细胞外,其他十个细胞系p53基因的结构和/或表达都不正常。经H-1感染(moi=20)后,其敏感性均高于HepG2细胞。本研究初步表明了p53基因结构或表达的不正常可能导致人肝癌或转化细胞对H-1的敏感性的提高。     

染色质免疫沉淀技术分析肺腺癌A549细胞中p53蛋白与p21CIP1和Bim基因转录启动子的结合

为了检测肺腺癌A549细胞内抑癌蛋白p53与CDK抑制蛋白p21CIP1和Bim基因转录调控区的结合情况,采用染色质免疫沉淀技术,用p53特异性抗体沉淀DNA,PCR检测p21CIP1和Bim基因5′端特异性序列.结果表明,在抗体免疫沉淀的DNA片段中扩增出p21CIP1和Bim基因5′端的特异性序列.因此证实在A549细胞内,p53蛋白可与p21CIP1和Bim基因转录启动子的特异区域结合,进而参与两基因的表达调控.     

人原发性肝癌和肝癌细胞株的N-ras癌基因的产物p21

以原发肝癌及肝癌7402细胞株DNA转染NIH/3T3得到的转化细胞与材料,经~(35)S-甲硫氨酸参入,应用放射免疫吸附,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,发现原发性肝癌的转化细胞株中N-ras基因的表达产物p21明显高于非转化的细胞。7402细胞株和7402转化的细胞株可能存在有二个ras基因,一个是ras~N;另一个是ras~H。本文结果为证明N-ras是人肝癌的一种转化基因提供了证据。     

Targeted genomic disruption of H-ras and N-ras, individually or in combination, reveals the dispensability of both loci for mouse growth and development

Mammalian cells harbor three highly homologous and widely expressed members of the ras family (H-ras, N-ras, and K-ras), but it remains unclear whether they play specific or overlapping cellular roles. To gain insight into such functional roles, here we generated and analyzed H-ras null mutant mice, which were then also bred with N-ras knockout animals to ascertain the viability and properties of potential double null mutations in both loci. Mating among heterozygous H-ras(+/-) mice produced H-ras(-/-) offspring with a normal Mendelian pattern of inheritance, indicating that the loss of H-ras did not interfere with embryonic and fetal viability in the uterus. Homozygous mutant H-ras(-/-) mice reached sexual maturity at the same age as their littermates, and both males and females were fertile. Characterization of lymphocyte subsets in the spleen and thymus showed no significant differences between wild-type and H-ras(-/-) mice. Analysis of neuronal markers in the brains of knockout and wild-type H-ras mice showed that disruption of this locus did not impair or alter neuronal development. Breeding between our H-ras mutant animals and previously available N-ras null mutants gave rise to viable double knockout (H-ras(-/-)/N-ras(-/-)) offspring expressing only K-ras genes which grew normally, were fertile, and did not show any obvious phenotype. Interestingly, however, lower-than-expected numbers of adult, double knockout animals were consistently obtained in Mendelian crosses between heterozygous N-ras/H-ras mice. Our results indicate that, as for N-ras, H-ras gene function is dispensable for normal mouse development, growth, fertility, and neuronal development. Additionally, of the three ras genes, K-ras appears to be not only essential but also sufficient for normal mouse development.     

The farnesyl transferase inhibitor SCH 66336 induces a G(2) --> M or G(1) pause in sensitive human tumor cell lines

SCH 66336 is a potent farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI) in clinical development. It efficiently prevents the membrane association of H-ras, but not K- or N-ras. Yet, in soft agar, it reverts the anchorage-independent growth of human tumor cell lines (hTCLs) harboring H-ras, K-ras, and N-ras mutations, implying that blocking farnesylation of proteins besides ras may be responsible for this effect. Experiments show that SCH 66336 altered the cell cycle distribution of sensitive human tumor cells in two distinct ways. Most sensitive hTCLs accumulated in the G(2)-->M phase after the FTI treatment, but those with an activated H-ras accumulated in G(1) phase, suggesting that the biological effects induced by FTIs in cells with an activated H-ras are distinct from other sensitive cells. A careful genotypic comparison of the hTCLs revealed that those cells with wild-type p53 are especially sensitive to the FTIs. In these cells p53 and its downstream target gene p21(Cip1) are induced after treatment with SCH 66336 for 24 h. These data suggest that cell cycle effects, either G(1) or G(2)-->M accumulation, and p53 status are important for mediating the effects of FTIs on tumor cells.     

Oncogenicity of human N-ras oncogene and proto-oncogene introduced into retroviral vectors.

The N-ras gene is the only member of the ras family which has never been naturally transduced into a retrovirus. In order to study the in vitro and in vivo oncogenicity of N-ras and to compare its pathogenicity to that of H-ras, we have inserted an activated or a normal form of human N-ras cDNA into a slightly modified Harvey murine sarcoma virus-derived vector in which the H-ras p21 coding region had been deleted. The resulting constructions were transfected into NIH 3T3 cells. The activated N-ras-containing construct (HSN) induced 10(4) foci per microgram of DNA and was found to be as transforming as H-ras was. After infection of the transfected cells by either the ecotropic Moloney murine leukemia virus or the amphotropic 4070A helper viruses, rescued transforming viruses were injected into newborn mice. Both pseudotypes of HSN virus containing activated N-ras induced the typical Harvey disease with similar latency. However, we found that the virus which contained normal N-ras p21 (HSn) was also pathogenic and induced splenomegaly, lymphadenopathies, and sarcoma in mice after a latency of 3 to 7 weeks. In addition, Moloney murine leukemia virus pseudotypes of N-ras caused neurological disorders in 30% of the infected animals. These results differed markedly from those of previous experiments in which we had inserted the activated form of N-ras in the pSV(X) vector: the resulting SVN-ras virus was transforming on NIH 3T3 cells but was poorly oncogenic in vivo (M. Souyri, C. F. Koehne, P. V. O'Donnel, T. H. Aldrich, M. E. Furth, and E. Fleissner, Virology 158:69-78). However, similarly poor oncogenicity was also observed when the v-H-ras coding sequence was inserted in pSV(X) vector, which indicated that the vector sequences play a crucial role in the pathogenicity of a given oncogene. Altogether, these data demonstrated unequivocally that N-ras is potentially as oncogenic as H-ras and that such oncogenic effect could depend on the vector environment.     

Structure and activation of the human N-ras gene

The normal human N-ras gene has been cloned. In structure and sequence it closely resembles the human H-ras and K-ras genes. The three genes share regions of nucleotide homology and nucleotide divergence within coding sequences and have a common intron/exon structure, indicating that they have evolved from a similarly spliced ancestral gene. The N-ras gene of SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells has transforming activity, while the normal N-ras gene does not, the result of a single nucleotide change substituting lysine for glutamine in position 61 of the N-ras gene product. From previous studies we conclude that amino acid substitutions in two distinct regions can activate the transforming potential of ras gene products.     

A point mutation at codon 13 of the N-ras oncogene in a human stomach cancer

A surgically removed human stomach cancer with the histological diagnosis of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma contained an activated N-ras oncogene detected by an in vivo selection assay in nude mice using transfected NIH3T3 cells. Analysis using synthetic 20-mer oligonucleotide probes revealed a point mutation from G to C at the first letter of codon 13 of the N-ras gene resulting in the substitution of arginine for glycine. This is the first observation of an activated N-ras oncogene in human stomach cancers.     

Detection of K-ras and p53 mutations in sputum samples of lung cancer patients using laser capture microdissection microscope and mutation analysis

Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene and the K-ras oncogene have been frequently found in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples of lung cancer patients and other patients prior to presenting clinical symptoms of lung cancer, suggesting that they may provide useful biomarkers for early lung cancer diagnosis. However, the detection of these gene mutations in sputum and BAL samples has been complicated by the fact that they often occur in only a small fraction of epithelial cells among sputum cells and, in the case of p53 gene, at many codons. In this study, sputum cells were collected on a filter membrane by sputum cytocentrifugation and morphologically analyzed. Epithelial cells were selectively taken by using a laser capture microdissection microscope and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) for p53 mutations and by PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) for K-ras mutations. This method was used to analyze sputum of 15 Chinese women with lung cancer from Xuan Wei County, China and detected mutations in sputum of 7 (46.7%) patients, including 5 patients with p53 mutations, 1 patient with a K-ras mutation, and 1 patient with K-ras and p53 mutations. For comparison, only two of the mutations were detected by conventional methods. Therefore, the laser capture/mutation analysis method is sensitive and facilitates the detection of low-fraction mutations occurring throughout the p53 and K-ras genes in sputum of lung cancer patients. This method may be applicable to the analysis of epithelial cells from clinically normal sputum or BAL samples from individuals with a high risk for developing lung cancer.     

Involvement of H- and N-Ras isoforms in transforming growth factor-beta1-induced proliferation and in collagen and fibronectin synthesis

Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) has a relevant role in the origin and maintenance of glomerulosclerosis and tubule-interstitial fibrosis. TGF-beta and Ras signaling pathways are closely related: TGF-beta1 overcomes Ras mitogenic effects and Ras counteracts TGF-beta signaling. Tubule-interstitial fibrosis is associated to increases in Ras, Erk, and Akt activation in a renal fibrosis model. We study the role of N- and H-Ras isoforms, and the involvement of the Ras effectors Erk and Akt, in TGF-beta1-mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and proliferation, using embrionary fibroblasts from double knockout (KO) mice for H- and N-Ras (H-ras(-/-)/N-ras(-/-)) isoforms and from heterozygote mice (H-ras(+/-)/N-ras(+/-)). ECM synthesis is increased in basal conditions in H-ras(-/-)/N-ras(-/-) fibroblasts, this increase being higher after stimulation with TGF-beta1. TGF-beta1-induced fibroblast proliferation is smaller in H-ras(-/-)/N-ras(-/-) than in H-ras(+/-)/N-ras(+/-) fibroblasts. Erk activation is decreased in H-ras(-/-)/N-ras(-/-) fibroblasts; inhibition of Erk activation reduces fibroblast proliferation. Akt activation is higher in double KO fibroblasts than in heterozygotes; inhibition of Akt activation also inhibits ECM synthesis. We suggest that H- and N-Ras isoforms downregulate ECM synthesis, and mediate proliferation, in part through MEK/Erk activation. PI3K-Akt pathway activation may be involved in the increase in ECM synthesis observed in the absence of H- and N-Ras.     

外源p53基因和TNFa基因转导对膀胱癌细胞在裸鼠体内的生长抑制

通过逆转录病毒载体将野生型ｐ５３基因、ＴＮＦａ基因单独或与ＩＬ－６基因连接（ＴＮＦＩＬ－６）分别导入膀胱癌细胞株ＥＪ和ＢＩＵ－８７．裸鼠致瘤试验和体外生长实验显示：ｐ５３基因转染组细胞接种裸鼠后９周无肿瘤生长,体外生长速率明显降低,Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交显示Ｈ－ｒａｓ基因表达明显低于非转染组细胞,ＴＮＰａ基因和ＴＮ刊ＩＬ－６基因转染组裸鼠瘤体积明显小于对照组,体外生长速率与对照组无显著差别,两种细胞因子对Ｈ－ｒａｓ基因表达无影响。