链霉菌ε-聚赖氨酸发酵过程中的氧化胁迫效应

【目的】探究ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)产生菌对p H和ε-PL的耐受性、氧化胁迫与ε-PL合成之间的关系。【方法】选取3株ε-PL产生菌Streptomyces sp.AF3-44、Streptomyces sp.AS32和Streptomyces albulus F15,比较其在发酵性能、p H和ε-PL耐受性以及抗氧化胁迫能力上的差异,并对菌株发酵过程的活性氧成因进行分析。【结果】在3株菌中AF3-44具有最强的p H和ε-PL耐受性及抗氧化胁迫能力,因而在发酵后期能够保持良好的细胞活性和最高的ε-PL浓度;ε-PL引起的氧化胁迫主要发生在发酵前期,而发酵中后期氧化胁迫的产生主要由酸性p H导致。【结论】提高链霉菌ε-PL发酵过程中的抗氧化胁迫能力,可提升菌体活力和发酵水平。     

云南泡梨中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及其应用

【背景】泡梨是云南省常见的一种腌渍水果,在云南加工食用已经有一百多年的历史,因其味道酸甜可口、风味独特而深受人们喜爱,而目前对泡梨中微生物种群的系统分析和发酵原理的研究尚未见报道。【目的】研究乳酸菌在云南泡梨中的分布及应用,阐明乳酸菌种类对泡梨发酵中风味物质的影响。【方法】从云南省4个不同地区采集12份泡梨样品,经菌落菌体形态、生理生化特性和16SrRNA基因序列分析进行菌种分离与鉴定。利用分离的乳酸菌为菌种进行泡梨的制备,采用GC-MS技术对人工接种的复合乳酸菌发酵与自然发酵泡梨进行风味物质的分析与感官评价。【结果】分离鉴定出79株植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、 3株类植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paraplantarum)、1株戊糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus pentosus)、1株干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)、2株副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)和1株短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis),植物乳杆菌为泡梨发酵中的优势菌。将分离所得乳酸菌用于泡梨制备的结果表明,乳酸菌使泡梨的发酵时间缩短5d且品质更优,分析其中的风味物质发现接种乳酸菌发酵泡梨风味物质更丰富,其中酯类和醇类远多于自然发酵泡梨。【结论】云南泡梨中含有丰富的乳酸菌,选用分离出的优势乳酸菌作为复合乳酸菌用于泡梨发酵获得色泽、口感更好的泡梨,且发酵周期更短,风味物质更丰富。该研究对泡梨制备工艺和进一步标准化生产均具有重要意义。     

枯草芽孢杆菌产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的响应面优化

【目的】采用响应面法(RSM)优化枯草芽孢杆菌5 L发酵罐产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的发酵条件。【方法】利用Box-Behnken设计和方差分析。【结果】获得最佳发酵条件为:转速、通气量和培养基pH分别为500 r/min、1.05 vvm和5.08,发酵时间仅为22 h产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶活力达2 294.4 U/mL。【结论】实验结果表明响应面法优化5 L发酵罐发酵产β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的条件合理可行。     

白腐真菌Trametes sp. SQ01漆酶的新功能:转化2-羟基-6氧-6-苯基-2,4-己二烯酸

【目的】利用白腐真菌Trametes sp.SQ01漆酶转化2-羟基-6氧-6-苯基-2,4-己二烯酸(HOPDAs),可以帮助我们进一步了解漆酶新的催化特性及解决多氯联苯降解过程中HOPDAs的积累问题。【方法】利用紫外可见光谱分析法,研究了漆酶对8种不同取代基的HOPDAs的转化情况,并对漆酶的稳态动力学参数进行了测定。【结果】漆酶可以在没有任何中介物的条件下催化HOPDAs,并生成无色的物质,尤其是漆酶可以催化3,8,11-3Cl HOPDA,而这一物质几乎不能被BphD和Rhodococcus sp.R04转化。稳态动力学分析表明,在5种HOPDAs中,10-Cl HOPDA是漆酶的最适底物,其Km与HOPDA和8-Cl HOPDA相近。尽管3,10-2F HOPDA并不是漆酶的最适底物(Km=17.02μmol/L),但是它的转化效率(kcat/Km)是最高的。【结论】漆酶可以有效转化多种HOPDAs,这为多氯联苯的降解提供一种新的思路。     

ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌TUST-2的分离鉴定

【目的】ε-聚赖氨酸是一种天然氨基酸同聚物,本研究目的为分离筛选新的ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌。【方法】采用一种新的分离方法从土壤中分离ε-PL产生菌。分离方法含3步:(1)富集培养ε-PL耐受菌;(2)通过改进的Nishikawa方法筛选;(3)挑选高浓度ε-PL耐受菌株。【结果】从海南省土样中分离获得ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌TUST-2。分类和形态特征属链霉菌属。16S rDNA序列分析比对结果表明TUST-2属淀粉酶产色链霉菌(Streptomyces diastatochromogenes)。经特征反应分析、水解物分析、红外光谱、1H NMR、13C NMR和MALDI-TOF-MS分析表明TUST-2发酵产物为ε-聚赖氨酸。【结论】根据16S rRNA基因序列比对和形态及生理生化特征表明ε-聚赖氨酸产生菌TUST-2属于淀粉酶产色链霉菌,命名为淀粉酶产色链霉菌TUST-2。     

微生物发酵对木薯渣营养成分的影响

【背景】将木薯渣作为饲料资源进行开发和利用能够减轻环境污染,实现资源就地转化,已成为国内外研究热点。微生物发酵可降低木薯渣的粗纤维含量,改善适口性,提高饲料转化率。【目的】筛选对木薯渣发酵效果较好的微生物发酵剂及其发酵时长。【方法】试验选用A(芽孢菌+乳酸菌+酿酒酵母菌)、B(戊糖片球菌+酿酒酵母菌)和C(植物乳杆菌+枯草芽孢杆菌+酿酒酵母菌)这3种复合微生物发酵剂与新鲜木薯渣混合,随机分为7组,每组5个重复,分别于发酵的第0、1、3、7、14、28和56天取样,测定其常规营养成分。【结果】与发酵前相比,发酵剂A和B可显著增加木薯渣的粗灰分含量(P<0.05),发酵剂C可显著增加木薯渣的粗蛋白质含量(P<0.05);3种发酵剂均可显著降低木薯渣的中性洗涤纤维含量、显著增加粗脂肪含量(P<0.05)。【结论】微生物发酵可有效改善木薯渣的营养价值,其中利用发酵剂C进行短期发酵对其营养价值,尤其是粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量的提高最明显。     

ε-聚赖氨酸发酵过程的活性变化及发酵调控

摘要:【目的】作为一种次级代谢产物,ε-聚赖氨酸生物合成受不同因素制约,为评价细胞活性对ε-聚赖氨酸生物合成的影响,研究发酵过程细胞活性、ε-聚赖氨酸合成及其它发酵参数变化,基于此改进发酵工艺。【方法】以BacLight Live/Dead和5-氰基-2,3-二甲苯基氯化四唑(5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride,CTC) 为荧光探针,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜监测不同发酵时期细胞活性,并分析pH、细胞生长、ε-聚赖氨酸生物合成以及葡萄糖利用;通过向ε-聚赖氨酸合成期细胞添加酵母粉调控细胞活性改进发酵工艺。【结果】BacLight Live/Dead为探针的共聚焦显示ε-聚赖氨酸发酵过程生长期(0－16 h)的细胞大都具有活性;CTC作为探针的分析显示生长期及ε-聚赖氨酸合成期前期(16－30 h)细胞活性高,ε-聚赖氨酸合成终止时细胞仅显示微弱活性;调控ε-聚赖氨酸合成期细胞活性的发酵工艺ε-聚赖氨酸终浓度达2.24 g/L(对照1.04 g/L)。【结论】调控ε-聚赖氨酸合成期细胞活性的发酵工艺可有效促进ε-聚赖氨酸生物合成。     

产L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶细菌的分离、鉴定及发酵条件优化

【目的】从葡萄园土壤中分离L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶的产生菌株,对其进行分类鉴定,优化其产生L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶的发酵条件,为β-丙氨酸的生物合成提供基础。【方法】采用变色圈法和液体复筛培养基分离筛选具有L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶活力的菌株,对菌株进行形态、生理生化特征试验及16S r RNA序列同源性分析鉴定菌株的系统发育学地位,采用单因素及正交设计试验优化培养基及发酵条件。【结果】筛选到一株L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶高产菌株Pan D37,其亲缘关系和特基拉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus tequilensis)较近,且形态与培养特征、生理生化特性与特基拉芽孢杆菌基本相符。研究表明其最佳发酵配方和培养条件为:蔗糖22.5 g/L、富马酸7.5 g/L、蛋白胨20 g/L、L-天冬氨酸6 g/L、Triton X-100 2g/L,起始p H为7.0,装液量50 m L/500 m L,摇床转速220 r/min,种子液接种量为5%(V/V),35°C培养28h。在最优条件下L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶活力可达44.57 U/m L,比初筛时提高2.57倍。【结论】分离并获得一株特基拉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus tequilensis)Pan D37,经条件优化后具有较高的L-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶产生能力,有望应用于β-丙氨酸的工业生产。     

酱香型白酒酿造主要功能菌株对拜耳接合酵母的作用

【背景】拜耳接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces bailii)是酱香型白酒自然酿造过程中的优势菌株,但白酒酿造功能菌株对其酿造特征的影响尚不清晰。【目的】分析酱香型白酒酿造体系中3株主要功能菌株对Z.bailii的作用,揭示其在白酒酿造过程中的发酵特征。【方法】分别构建拜耳接合酵母与酿酒酵母、布氏乳酸杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌的共培养体系,比较生物量、p H、乙醇及风味物质代谢差异;基于表型差异,从转录组学角度进一步分析拜耳接合酵母与地衣芽孢杆菌共培养的代谢机制。【结果】在共培养体系中,拜耳接合酵母的生长及乙醇代谢受到酿酒酵母的抑制,而不受布氏乳酸杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌的影响。同时,拜耳接合酵母与酿酒酵母、布氏乳酸杆菌共培养时的风味物质产量下降;但与地衣芽孢杆菌共培养时,其风味代谢却显著提高,其中醇类、酸类、酯类和醛类物质含量较其纯培养时分别上升了41%、36%、44%和73%。转录组数据分析表明,与地衣芽孢杆菌共培养时,拜耳接合酵母中与碳水化合物代谢和氨基酸代谢相关的基因表达显著上调(≥2-fold,P0.05),而碳水化合物和氨基酸是风味物质的主要来源,其相关基因的表达上调有助于拜耳接合酵母的风味代谢。【结论】共培养体系中,地衣芽孢杆菌促进了拜耳接合酵母风味代谢,使之形成更多的醇类、酸类、酯类及醛类物质。研究拜耳接合酵母与主要酿造微生物共培养时的发酵特征,有助于正确认识其在酱香型白酒发酵过程中的功能和应用。     

虫药蜣螂对灵芝发酵物风味组成的影响

采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱联用对虫药蜣螂和添加蜣螂发酵后的灵芝发酵物的风味物质进行了测定,进而分析了添加蜣螂对灵芝发酵物风味组成的影响。结果表明,虫药蜣螂和灵芝发酵物(添加蜣螂)中分别含有40和30多种风味物质。添加蜣螂发酵后,灵芝发酵物跟对照相比新出现了5种风味物质,分别为苯甲醛、α-松油醇、苯乙醇、唑苯并噻和桃金娘烯醇。其中α-松油醇、苯乙醇和唑苯并噻是蜣螂中的风味成分,苯甲醛和桃金娘烯醇为新产生成分。所有5种风味物质均为食品香料物质。蜣螂中其它风味成分经灵芝发酵转化或降解后,未出现在灵芝发酵物中。因此,添加蜣螂发酵对灵芝发酵物的风味无不良影响。结果还提示灵芝细胞可生物转化或降解虫药蜣螂中的部分风味物质。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Tracking down the "head blob": comparative analysis of wingless expression in the developing insect procephalon reveals progressive reduction of embryonic visual system patterning in higher insects

The evolution of larval head morphology in holometabolous insects is characterized by reduction of antennal appendages and the visual system components. Little insight has been gained into molecular developmental changes underlying this morphological diversification. Here we compare the expression of the segment polarity gene wingless (wg) in the pregnathal head of fruit fly, flour beetle and grasshopper embryos. We provide evidence that wg activity contributes to segment border formation, and, subsequently, the separation of the visual system and protocerebrum anlagen in the anterior procephalon. In directly developing insects like grasshopper, seven expression domains are formed during this process. The activation of four of these, which correspond to polar expression pairs in the optic lobe anlagen and the protocerebral ectoderm, has shifted to postembryonic stages in flour beetle and Drosophila. The remaining three domains map to the protocerebral neuroectoderm, and form by disintegration of a large precursor domain in flour beetle and grasshopper. In Drosophila, the precursor domain remains intact, constituting the previously described “head blob”. These data document major changes in the expression of an early patterning gene correlated with the dramatic evolution of embryonic visual system development in the Holometabola.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Molecular identification of Taenia spp. in wolves (Canis lupus), brown bears (Ursus arctos) and cervids from North Europe and Alaska

Taenia tapeworms of Finnish and Swedish wolves (Canis lupus) and Finnish brown bears (Ursus arctos), and muscle cysticerci of Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus), Alaskan Grant's caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) and Alaskan moose (Alces americanus) were identified on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of a 396 bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Two species were found from wolves: Taenia hydatigena and Taenia krabbei. The cysticerci of reindeer, caribou and one moose also represented T. krabbei. Most of the cysticercal specimens from Alaskan moose, however, belonged to an unknown T. krabbei-like species, which had been reported previously from Eurasian elks (Alces alces) from Finland. Strobilate stages from two bears belonged to this species as well. The present results suggest that this novel Taenia sp. has a Holarctic distribution and uses Alces spp. as intermediate and ursids as final hosts.     

Fungal Thyroiditis: An Overview

The authors review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of fungal thyroiditis cases previously reported in the medical literature. Aspergillus was by far the most common cause of fungal thyroiditis. Immunocompromised patients, such as those with leukemia, lymphoma, autoimmune diseases, and organ-transplant patients on pharmacological immunosuppression were particularly at risk. Fungal thyroiditis was diagnosed at autopsy as part of disseminated infection in a substantial number of patients without clinical manifestations and laboratory evidence of thyroid dysfunction. Local signs and symptoms of infection were indistinguishable from other infectious thyroiditis and included fever, anterior cervical pain, thyroid enlargement sometimes associated with dysphagia and dysphonia, and clinical and laboratory features of transient hyperthyroidism due to the release of thyroid hormone from follicular cell damage, followed by residual hypothyroidism. Antemortem diagnosis of fungal thyroiditis was made by direct microscopy and culture of a fine-needle aspirate, or/and biopsy in most cases. Since most patients with fungal thyroiditis had disseminated fungal infection with delay in diagnosis and treatment, the overall mortality was high.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.