酱香型白酒酿造拜耳接合酵母生理代谢特征及其与地衣芽孢杆菌相互作用

【目的】拜耳接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces bailii)是酱香型白酒酿造过程优势菌株。通过研究拜耳接合酵母酿造相关生理代谢特征及其与酿造环境中其它功能菌株的相互作用,探索其在白酒酿造过程中的贡献。【方法】从酱香酒酿造中筛选一株性能优良的拜耳接合酵母,比较其与模式菌株(Z.bailii,ATCC 58445)的生理代谢特征。通过组合发酵研究其与产酱香特征风味细菌地衣芽孢杆菌的相互作用。【结果】从酱香型酒醅中筛选得到一株性状优良的拜耳接合酵母(Z.bailii 15),可耐受p H 2.0和37°C高温及8%酒精浓度(体积比),较模式株更适应酿造环境,酒精产量(33.58 g/L)也远高于模式株(19.04 g/L),且与酱香型白酒酿酒酵母MT1(34.29 g/L)相当。该菌可产多种风味物质,与模式株相比,独特产生法呢醇、十二醇、2-壬醇、2-乙基己醇、癸酸、月桂酸、辛酸、辛酸乙酯、苯乙酮、4-叔丁基苯酚。共培养体系中,30°C条件下地衣芽孢杆菌对拜耳接合酵母生长影响不大,而在37°C地衣芽孢杆菌抑制拜耳接合酵母生长。此外,地衣芽孢杆菌对拜耳接合酵母乙醇转化率有促进作用,共培养体系风味物质种类及含量也都受到很大影响。【结论】拜耳接合酵母在酱香型白酒酿造体系中产酒精、产风味方面表现优异,对酱香型白酒生产具有重要贡献。     

酱香型白酒发酵中地衣芽孢杆菌与酿酒酵母的相互作用

【目的】为解析酱香型白酒酿造群体微生物的发酵过程, 研究了酱香型白酒酿造中重要微生物地衣芽孢杆菌与酿酒酵母之间的相互作用, 并对它们之间的作用机制进行初步探讨。【方法】通过地衣芽孢杆菌与酿酒酵母共培养体系的构建, 认识了两者的相互作用, 初步分析了酿酒酵母产生抑制物的分子量, 耐热性及对蛋白酶敏感性等特性。【结果】研究表明, 酿酒酵母发酵造成的酸性环境以及某些代谢物质能够抑制地衣芽孢杆菌的生长, 这些物质分子量大于10 kD, 对热和蛋白酶敏感。【结论】白酒酿造中酿酒酵母通过产酸以及大分子的蛋白质类物质对地衣芽孢杆菌生长形成抑制, 该研究促进了对白酒酿造群体微生物发酵过程的解析。     

酿酒酵母与地衣芽孢杆菌相互作用及基于蛋白组学的作用机制分析

【目的】为解析酱香型白酒发酵过程中群体微生物的酿造特征,研究酱香型白酒酿造中贡献特征风味的地衣芽孢杆菌和贡献酒精的酿酒酵母之间的相互作用。【方法】通过构建酿酒酵母纯培养及与地衣芽孢杆菌共培养发酵体系,比较不同培养体系中的生物量、乙醇产量及有机酸产量差异,并从蛋白组学角度加以分析和认识二者之间的相互作用。【结果】在共培养体系中,酿酒酵母抑制地衣芽孢杆菌生长,其自身生长不受地衣芽孢杆菌的影响,然而代谢产物却发生变化,其中乙醇及有机酸中的丙酮酸、苹果酸、乳酸、琥珀酸及酒石酸的最高产量分别高出其纯培养的11.8%、56.8%、36.3%、24.3%、48.2%及27.7%,而柠檬酸的最高产量低于其纯培养的35.1%;蛋白组分析显示,地衣芽孢杆菌诱导酿酒酵母胞内69个蛋白差异表达(>2倍),质谱鉴定出24个,主要功能为参与糖酵解过程、乙醇代谢过程、细胞壁稳定性调控及应激反应等。糖酵解和乙醇代谢途径相关蛋白对酿酒酵母混合培养条件下的代谢变化起重要作用,其余蛋白可能与微生物相互作用时的防御和适应性相关。【结论】在混合培养发酵体系中地衣芽孢杆菌能够影响酿酒酵母的乙醇及有机酸代谢,这对于白酒品质调控及微生物间相互作用都具有重要意义。蛋白组学结果为从分子层面深入认识酿酒酵母与地衣芽孢杆菌之间的相互作用提供理论基础,有利于促进酱香型白酒发酵过程中群体微生物酿造特征的解析。     

酱香型白酒发酵中两株主要乳酸菌对酿造微生物群体的影响

【目的】研究从酱香型白酒发酵酒醅中分离得到的2株主要乳酸菌Lactobacillus homohiochii XJ-L1和Lactobacillus buchneri XJ-L2对酱香型白酒发酵中酿造微生物群体的作用,并探索该种相互作用对酱香型白酒品质的影响。【方法】结合抑菌实验和组合发酵实验研究L. homohiochii XJ-L1和L. buchneri XJ-L2对酿造微生物群体生长的影响,通过对纯培养和共培养体系中代谢物的比较,研究2株优势乳酸菌对主要酿造酵母风味相关代谢产物的影响。【结果】L. buchneri XJ-L2能够抑制3株芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens XJ-B1,Bacillus subtilis XJ-B2,Bacillus licheniformis XJ-B3)、5株霉菌(Aspergillus oryzae XJ-M1,Aspergillus niger XJ-M2,Aspergillus flavus XJ-M3,Aspergillus albicans XJ-M4,Rhizopus oryzae XJ-M5)、2株酵母(Schizosaccharomyces pombe XJ-Y4,Geotrichum candidum XJ-Y5)的生长;L. homohiochii XJ-L1和L. buchneri XJ-L2能够促进3株主要酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae XJ-Y1,Zygosaccharomyces bailii XJ-Y2,Pichia galeiformis XJ-Y3)的生长,同时促进其酸类、醇类、酯类等风味物质的代谢。【结论】L. homohiochii XJ-L1和L. buchneri XJ-L2可促进3株主要酵母的生长代谢,同时L. buchneri XJ-L2明显抑制细菌、霉菌和少数酵母的生长,以此促进和维持主要酵母在酱香型白酒发酵过程中的生态地位,从而影响酒中酸类、醇类、酯类等风味物质的形成,保证酱香型白酒的品质。因此,适当比例的乳酸菌对维持酿造微生物区系平衡,生产典型酱香品质白酒具有重要意义。     

酱香型白酒发酵中地衣芽孢杆菌前噬菌体的鉴别

【背景】噬菌体是微生物群落的重要组成部分,但传统白酒发酵中噬菌体的分类和存在尚不清楚。【目的】通过检测公共数据库和酱香型白酒发酵中地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)基因组中的前噬菌体整合区域,探究传统酱香型白酒发酵中关键功能菌株的前噬菌体分类和侵染情况。【方法】使用未培养(细菌全基因组分析)和可培养(菌株筛选和特异性PCR反应)技术对不同环境来源和来自酱香型白酒发酵的地衣芽孢杆菌前噬菌体的分类和存在进行解析。【结果】细菌全基因组分析显示,30株来自不同环境的地衣芽孢杆菌基因组中共注释到165个前噬菌体,其中63.6%(105/165)为完整前噬菌体序列。97.1%感染地衣芽孢杆菌的噬菌体属于长尾噬菌体科(Siphoviridae),2.9%属于肌尾噬菌体科(Myoviridae),53.0%完整前噬菌体的基因功能未知。在来自酱香型白酒发酵的B. licheniformis MT-B06中检测到7个前噬菌体整合序列,其中57.1%(4/7)为完整前噬菌体序列,来自酱香型白酒发酵的地衣芽孢杆菌存在多种不同前噬菌体的共感染。来自酱香型白酒发酵的地衣芽孢杆菌前噬菌体存在来自细菌基因组上相邻CotD孢子外壳蛋白(CotD family spore coat protein)基因的水平基因转移。在26株来自酱香型白酒发酵的地衣芽孢杆菌中,69.2%(18/26)存在噬菌体编码主要衣壳蛋白的基因,100.0%(26/26)存在噬菌体编码CotD孢子外壳蛋白的基因。【结论】来自不同环境的地衣芽孢杆菌和酱香型白酒发酵的地衣芽孢杆菌中存在高水平的前噬菌体整合,来自酱香型白酒发酵的地衣芽孢杆菌前噬菌体中广泛存在来源于宿主的CotD孢子外壳蛋白基因的水平基因转移。本研究为首次对传统发酵白酒中噬菌体的分类和存在进行探究,有助于对发酵微生物群落中噬菌体-细菌相互作用加深理解。     

酱香型白酒发酵中酵母群落结构及其对风味组分的影响

【目的】研究酱香型白酒发酵过程中酵母群落结构,及其对酱香型白酒生产的影响。【方法】通过变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)技术分别对产量、酒质较高的第五轮次和较低的第七轮次发酵过程中的酵母群落结构进行解析,同时利用顶空固相微萃取气质联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)以及高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术分析酒醅中的代谢组分,初步分析了酵母群落对酱香型白酒产量及品质的影响。【结果】用DGGE方法从酒醅中的检测到Issatchenkia orientalis、Torulaspora delbrueckii、Pichia galeiformis、Schizosaccharomyces pombe、Galactomyces geotrichum、Trichosporon asahii、Zygosaccharomyces bailii、Saccharomyces cerevisiae和Pichia fabianii等9种含量丰富的酵母,其中G.geotrichum和S.cerevisiae是第五轮的优势酵母,而第七轮的优势酵母增加了I.orientalis和Z.bailii两种酵母,且Sc.pombe未检测到。第七轮发酵过程中5种酵母在发酵后期衰亡明显,第五轮酵母群落结构相对更稳定;发酵前期第五轮酵母总量是第七轮的2–5倍,而发酵结束时第五轮乙醇含量达到第七轮次的2.45倍。酒醅中挥发性风味组分种类丰富,第五轮中酯类等白酒中重要的风味物质含量明显高于第七轮,有机酸和杂醇油含量低于第七轮。【结论】酱香型白酒酿造过程中酵母菌群多样性较丰富,酵母菌群结构变化对白酒产量及品质影响明显,这为酱香型白酒酿造机制研究奠定了基础。     

产酱香地衣芽孢杆菌CGMCC 3963耐受特征及基于转录组学的耐受机制分析

【目的】地衣芽孢杆菌是茅台酒高温大曲中能产酱香风味物质的主要微生物,对酱香型白酒的酿造具有重要价值。而酱香型白酒的酿造环境具有高渗、高温、酸性、高乙醇胁迫等特征,研究产酱香地衣芽孢杆菌在环境胁迫下的耐受特征有利于认识酱香型白酒的酿造特征。【方法】以一株产酱香地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 3963)为研究对象,测定其耐渗、耐酸、耐乙醇特征,并从比较转录组学角度系统分析B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963的耐受机制。【结果】B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963在15%的KCl、15%的Na Cl、p H 4.0的酸性环境或6%乙醇浓度下的生长情况明显优于不产酱香的模式菌株B.licheniformis ATCC 14580。转录组比较分析显示B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963中一系列与耐受相关的基因表达有差异。【结论】来源于酿造环境的B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963耐受能力强于B.licheniformis ATCC 14580,一系列与耐受相关的基因表达有差异。编码脯氨酸和甜菜碱等溶质转运、离子外排、钾离子通道蛋白等基因的差异表达,使得高渗胁迫下B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963生长明显优于B.licheniformis ATCC 14580;编码II类热休克蛋白、乙醇脱氢酶、氧化应激、p H动态平衡等相关基因的差异表达,在提高菌株耐受酸性环境能力上起了重要作用;II类及III类热休克基因的高表达对B.licheniformis CGMCC 3963耐乙醇能力起了重要作用。     

中国酱香型白酒酿造酿酒酵母的独特生理代谢特征

【目的】酿酒酵母是白酒发酵的主要微生物,对白酒的产量及质量都有重要影响。而酱香酒酿造环境具有高温、酸性、高乙醇等胁迫因素,研究其中酿酒酵母的生理代谢特征并有目的地应用于白酒实际生产中的意义。【方法】从酱香酒酿造环境中筛选一株性能优良的酿酒酵母菌株,比较其与酿酒酵母模式菌株S288c和商业酵母的生理代谢特征。【结果】从酱香型酒醅中筛选得到性能优良的Saccharomyces cerevisiae MT1,该菌株可耐受高温42 °C,高浓度乙醇(16%,体积比),低pH (2.0),其最大比生长速率和最大比产乙醇速率分别达到了S288c的125%和114%,其乙醇转化率也要高于其他菌株。一些挥发性物质只有在MT1的发酵液中可检测到,包括苯并噻唑、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃、4-乙烯基愈创木酚以及丁羟甲苯等,MT1的苯乙醇、法呢醇、橙花叔醇、乙偶姻和大马酮量也要高于S288c。另外,MT1可以利用多种碳源发酵产乙醇,如半乳糖、麦芽糖、蜜二糖、松二糖、海藻糖和棉子糖等。【结论】来源于酱香酒酿造的S. cerevisiae MT1具有高耐受力、高效的发酵性能及更广泛的碳源利用图谱,并能生成多种挥发性物质。     

清香型白酒中乳酸菌和酵母菌的相互作用

【目的】探究清香型白酒中不同乳酸菌和酵母菌的相互作用,了解不同菌株的发酵性能,为更深入地认识白酒发酵机理、实现发酵过程优化提供理论基础。【方法】利用程序控温和固态发酵模拟清香型白酒酿造环境,测定纯培养和共培养中菌株的理化指标、活菌数以及主要代谢产物的变化。【结果】Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJ1糖消耗快产乙醇和酯类物质多,Lactobacillus plantarum JMRS4糖消耗快产酸较多。共培养中乳酸菌对Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJ1的生长和产乙醇抑制较大,对Candida aaseri MJ7产乙醇几乎无影响。乳酸菌对Pichia kudriavzevii MJ14的生物量和乙醇代谢抑制作用较小,还对其产己酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯和异戊醇等代谢产物有促进作用;而反过来Pichia kudriavzevii MJ14对3株乳酸菌产乳酸均有抑制作用,对产乙酸则有促进作用。【结论】建立了一种固态培养方法,结合清香型白酒发酵温度变化规律,有效模拟了实际发酵环境。Pichia kudriavzevii MJ14在与乳酸菌共培养中受到的抑制较小并能有效抑制乳酸菌产乳酸,Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJ1能代谢产生多种风味物质,对清香型白酒酿造有重要意义。     

重组4-甲基苯酚消减乳酸菌的构建及其在白酒酿造体系中的功能

【背景】4-甲基苯酚是众多发酵食品中的异嗅味物质,阈值较低,如白酒中百万分之一的4-甲基苯酚即可对白酒风味造成不利影响。【目的】构建能消减4-甲基苯酚的乳酸菌菌株,探索其在白酒酿造中的应用潜力。【方法】将来源于谷氨酸棒杆菌的4-甲基苯基磷酸酯合成酶编码基因creI与creH在短乳杆菌中表达,探究过表达菌株对白酒酿造体系中4-甲基苯酚的消减能力。【结果】creIH过表达菌株在液体培养基中可有效消减4-甲基苯酚,消减能力达2 130μg/L;在模拟白酒固态酿造体系中,creIH过表达菌株消减4-甲基苯酚的能力达530μg/kg,消减率为37.9%。【结论】首次构建了4-甲基苯酚的消减乳酸菌菌株,为白酒酿造体系中4-甲基苯酚的消减提供了新的策略。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.