黑鲷的胃排空率

在实验室内,１８℃条件下测量了体重在２０－４０ｇ的黑鲷的胃排空率,并用３种数学模型拟合了黑鲷的排空率,结果表明,３种模型都能很好地拟合实验数据,但通过统计学分析发现不论是用湿重还是用于重表示胃含物,线性模型都拟合得最好。用湿重表示时模型为Ｙ＝１．１４－０．０６ｔ（ｒ＾２＝０．８２,ｐ〈０．００１）;而用干重表示时模型为Ｙ＝１．３６－０．０７Ｔ（ｒ＾２＝０．６２,ｐ〈０．００１）,实验还得出体重２０     

大鲵胚胎耗氧率的初步研究

大鲵胚胎发育时的耗氧率是随着发育进程而以指数函数方式增长。在水温１８℃±０．２时，其耗氧率方程式为０＿２＝０．０９２５ｅ￣（０．０９８５ｔ），Ｒ＝０．９６４３。测定结果表明大鲵胚胎原肠期、外鳃循环期、神经板期、前肢芽期、鳃板晚期和孵化期依次为６个生理代谢水平较高的时期。大鲵胚胎耗氧率还与一定范围内的溶氧水平、孵化水温分别存在显著的正相关关系。     

供氧对产丙三醇假丝酵母科丙三醇发酵研究

研究了产丙三醇假丝酵母（Ｃａｎｄｉｄａ ｇｌｙｃｅｒｏｌｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ）产丙三醇及副产物与氧供给的关系。摇瓶试验发现其它营养条件一定,玉米浆添加量决定酵母量。在０．４％的玉米浆和装液比０．０８时产丙醇最高,副产物乙醇、乙酸和乙酸乙酯最小,玉米浆和装液比影响丙三醇和副产物的形成。在５Ｌ的反应器中以搅拌转速控制供氧水平,菌体生长阶段比耗氧速率为２８ｍｇ／（ｇ．ｈ）,在发酵阶段比耗氧速率１６ｍｇ／（ｇ．     

鲇鱼的静止代谢率及其与体重,温度和性别的关系

采用连续流水式呼吸仪测定了１２７尾鲇鱼（体重２２．６－４５２．４ｇ）的静止代谢率。在１０,１５,２０,２５和３０℃水温下,鲇鱼平均特定体重代谢率分别为２２．９９,５８．５５,７９．２０,１０９．２９和１２３．８９ｍｇＯ２／ｋｇ／ｈ。体重（Ｗ）与静止代谢率（Ｍｓ）回归关系（Ｍｓ＝ａＷ＾ｂ）的体重指数ｂ随温度上升而下降,温度（Ｔ）与特定体重代谢率（Ｍ＇）回归关系（Ｍ＇＝ＡＴ＾Ｂ）的温度指数Ｂ随体重增加     

秦岭细鳞鲑耗氧率和窒息点的初步研究

对两种不同体重规格的秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis)的耗氧率、耗氧量及窒息点进行了测定,结果表明,秦岭细鳞鲑的耗氧率随温度的升高而增加,随体重的增加而减小;耗氧量和窒息点随温度的升高和体重的增加而增加。温度在10~18℃范围内,平均体重25.15 g的秦岭细鳞鲑的平均耗氧率为1.113 mg/g.h,平均耗氧量为9.244 mg/尾.h;平均体重45.93 g的秦岭细鳞鲑平均耗氧率为0.856mg/g.h,平均耗氧量为13.104 mg/尾.h。在10~20℃温度范围内,体重15.30 g的秦岭细鳞鲑,窒息点为(1.487±0.04)mg/L,平均体重48.36 g的秦岭细鳞鲑窒息点为(1.830±0.03)mg/L。在同一适温(14℃)条件下,秦岭细鳞鲑耗氧率呈明显的昼夜变化规律,夜间耗氧率明显大于白天。     

保安湖沙塘鳢的食性、繁殖、年龄及生长的研究

保安湖沙塘鳢１冬龄成熟,雌雄比１：１．３４,４月初至６月中旬繁殖;个体绝对繁殖力５４０—１９４３ｅｇｇ（１１５４±３１４ｅｇｇ）。渔获物中以体长８．０—１４．０ｃｍ,体重１０．０—４０．０ｇ,２、３龄个体为主。体长－体重关系为Ｗ＝０．０２１２９Ｌ３.０５８５。３龄前生长较快;雄鱼略快于雌鱼。肥满度冬春季较高,最高在３月。体长和体重与年龄的关系可用Ｂｅｒｔａｌａｎｆｆｙ生长方程描述,参数分别为：雌鱼Ｌ∞=１５．２９ｃｍ,ｋ＝０．４０７２,ｔ０＝０．１５９６,Ｗ∞＝８４．９ｇ;雄鱼Ｌ∞＝１６．７１ｃｍ,ｋ＝０．３７３６,ｔ０＝０．１０９５,Ｗ∞＝１１８．５ｇ;体重生长拐点年龄和拐点体重雌鱼分别为２．８６ａ和２５.１ｇ,雄鱼３．１３ａ和３５．４ｇ。     

厚颌鲂和圆口铜鱼耗氧率与窒息点的测定

用封闭静水式装置测定了体重2.3-4.7g厚颌鲂幼鱼的耗氧率和窒息点,用封闭静水式和封闭流水式装置测定了体重9.9-55.1g圆口铜鱼的耗氧率和窒息点。结果表明:在15-27℃条件下,厚颌鲂的耗氧率随着温度的升高而升高,耗氧率与水温呈线性关系;在水温24.8℃时厚颌鲂的窒息点为(0.91±0.08)mg/L。在水温23-27℃、封闭静水实验条件下,圆口铜鱼的耗氧率随体重增加而降低,两者呈指数关系;圆口铜鱼耗氧率昼夜变化明显,夜间耗氧率大于白天,推测圆口铜鱼夜间活动较多。在水温24.5-26.0℃条件下,体重21.8-46.3g圆口铜鱼的窒息点变幅较小,平均(1.14±0.23)mg/L。研究表明两种鱼都为耗氧率和窒息点较高的鱼类。       

真养产碱杆菌二级连续培养系统中稀释率对聚β—羟基丁酸合成的影响

在研究真养产碱杆菌ＷＳＨ３一级连续培养动力学的基础上,采用二级连续培养系统对不同稀释率下聚β羟基丁酸的生产进行了研究。结果表明：在一级连续培养系统中,当稀释率为０２１ｈ－１时,细胞干重最大值达２７１ｇ／Ｌ;二级培养系统中,稀释率为０１４ｈ－１时细胞干重最大值为４７６ｇ／Ｌ;在稀释率为０１２ｈ－１时,ＰＨＢ的生产强度达到最大值为２５０ｇ／（Ｌ·ｈ）,但胞内ＰＨＢ含量仅为４７６％;在稀释率为００７５ｈ－１时,产物对基质的转化率达到最大值为０３８ｇ／ｇ,此时ＰＨＢ的生产强度达２１４ｇ／（Ｌ·ｈ）和胞内ＰＨＢ含量±７２１％;随着细胞比生长速率的增长,细胞中ＰＨＢ含量和单位菌体合成ＰＨＢ的量不断下降。     

体重和时间节律对俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedti Brandt)幼鱼耗氧率和窒息点的影响

采用流水法研究了在温度(20.7±0.55)℃下体重和时间节律对俄罗斯鲟(Acipenser gueldenstaedti Brandt)幼鱼耗氧率和窒息点的影响。结果表明,俄罗斯鲟的耗氧率、窒息点与体重负相关,耗氧量与体重正相关。俄罗斯鲟体重(1.39±0.24)g时平均耗氧率为(0.51±0.06)mg/h.g,平均耗氧量为(0.68±0.03)mg/h.ind;体重(3.16±0.22)g时,平均耗氧率为(0.35±0.04)mg/h.g,平均耗氧量为(0.97±0.10)mg/h.ind;体重(6.20±0.36)g时平均耗氧率为(0.28±0.04)mg/h.g,平均耗氧量为(1.46±0.33)mg/h.ind。3种规格俄罗斯鲟的窒息点分别为2.38、2.35和1.98 mg/L。     

杧果采后生理研究

适期采收的果．采收时呼吸速率为２３．２ｍｇＣＯ２·ｋｇ（－１）ｈ（－１）果皮深绿色．果肉硬度＞３０Ｐ／ｃｍ２．置室温下（３０℃）８ｄ出现呼吸高峰,速率１３２．９ｍｇＣＯ２·ｋｇ（－１）ｈ（－１）,果皮的颜色黄绿各半．果肉硬度８—９Ｐ／ｃｍ２。采后１２—１４ｄ果实达到完熟,果皮金黄色,硬度＜３Ｐ／ｃｍ２,呼吸速率下降到３９—４５ｍｇＣＯ２·ｋｇ（－１）ｈ（－１）。试验结果还表明．可溶性糖、还原糖、非还原糖、固形物等含量．均在采后第５天明显增高,果皮从深绿转为淡绿色。可溶性糖在采后第１４天增至最高．达９．９２％,此时可滴定酸度下降至０．１４％．ＰＨ值升至６．１５,此时为果实的最佳供食状态．生产上可据此为制定果贮藏措施提供依据．     

The influence of suspended silt on oxygen consumption by the redbreast tilapia, Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger,1896)

The routine oxygen consumption of redbreast tilapia, Tilapia rendalli exposed to silt from the Phalaborwa Barrage was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. Exposure of adult fish to sublethal concentrations of silt did alter routine oxygen consumption by causing increased rates (53–77% from initial) of oxygen consumption. This indicates that sublethal levels of suspended silt concentrations results in an increase in oxygen consumption by the fish due to an increase in metabolic rate associated with increased activity and stress. From the laboratory experiments, it can therefore be predicted that sublethal releases from the Phalaborwa Barrage will stress the resident fish populations. However, the extent of the impact on the fish population will depend on factors such as frequency, duration and severity of exposure as well as the species in question. Long term monitoring of the fish population below the Phalaborwa Barrage is therefore essential.     

Mercury Levels in Barbadian Fisher Folk and Commonly Caught Fish Species

Ocean fish are an important staple food for many Caribbean persons. Some species, however, have high Hg concentration levels and represent a significant source of Hg exposure. This study assessed Hg concentrations in fish species commonly caught and consumed in Barbados as well as Hg exposure of those who work in the fishing industry. Total Hg concentrations were measured in 100 fish samples. Human Hg concentrations were determined from hair snippets taken from 46 fisher folk and fish consumption habits evaluated using interview-administered questionnaires. Mercury levels varied by fish species with predatory fish species having the highest concentrations. Low Hg concentrations were found in dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) and flyingfish (Hirundichthys affinis). Reported fish consumption rates were high and varied significantly between men and women, 2675 ± 1600 and 1275 ± 600 (g/week), respectively (p = 0.01). The median hair Hg concentration was 3.1 ± 2.3 μg/g (range: 0.01–15.6 μg/g) and significantly associated with consumption of “high-risk” fish species (p = .02). These results show that it is possible to make informed choices concerning fish consumption habits in order to maximize benefits while minimizing the effect of Hg exposures, especially for sensitive groups such as pregnant women and infants.     

Routine metabolism of juvenile spot, Leiostomus xanthums (Lacépède), as a function of temperature, salinity and weight

Routine oxygen consumption rates of juvenile spot, Leiostomus xanthums , were measured over a range of temperatures, salinities and fish weights. As predicted, Q O₂ increased with temperature and decreased with body weight. However, Q O₂ decreased with decreasing salinity and did not show the expected minimum at isosmotic concentrations. The data are best described by the relationship: log₁₀ Q O₂ (mg O₂ g⁻¹ h⁻¹) = 0.129 log_lo salinity (%0) + 1.604 log₁₀ temperature (°C)-0.1401og₁₀(g)-2.767.     

Overview of Fish Consumption Rates in the United States

Contaminants that accumulate in fish may pose health risks and have raised concerns among consumers. Contaminated finfish and shellfish are possible routes of human exposure to toxic chemicals. Fish advisories are established to protect local populations from the consumption of contaminated commercial and non-commercially caught fish. Children, women of childbearing age, and subsistence fishermen or other highly exposed individuals who for socioeconomic or cultural reasons consume more fish than the general population are among the populations of concern from the ingestion of contaminated fish. Estimating exposure to a toxic chemical among fish-consuming populations requires knowledge about intake rates of fish and shellfish. Data on fish consumption rates come from various sources, including national, state, and local government studies. Although these data have their limitations, they serve as a source for deriving fish consumption rates that may be used by exposure assessors. Data on specific populations of concern are critical. Studies presented here show that ethnicity, age, and geographical region play an important role in fishing behavior and consumption. Results from studies on Native American populations show that this ethnic group eats fish at a higher rate than recreational anglers. This article summarizes data on fish consumption for various populations and provides a framework for evaluating data from these studies for exposure assessment applications.     

Feeding of Burbot, Lota lota, at Different Temperatures

Daily food intake of adult burbot, Lota lota, fed on vendace, Coregonus albula, were estimated experimentally at four different water temperatures (2.4, 5.1, 10.8 and 23.4°C). Mean daily food intake (MDI; g d^–1) and relative daily food intake (RDI; g g^–1 d^–1) increased with temperature from 2.4 to 10.8°C and decreased at 23.4°C. Temperatures of maximum daily food intake values were 13.6°C for MDI and 14.4°C for RDI. No correlation between food intake values and burbot weight was observed. RDI values were used to estimate annual food consumption of burbot population. Annual food consumption estimates were 9.7kg ha^–1 and 24.3kg ha^–1 when burbot biomass was 2.0 or 5.0kg ha^–1, respectively.     

Risk perception and specific behaviors of anglers concerning mercury contamination of fish

Abstract

In recent years, mercury levels in some predatory fishes of several lakes of South-West France, exceeding the European Union nutritional recommendations threshold for safe consumption have been noticed. This led to a decision by regional authorities to ban consumption of those species. We conducted a questionnaire-based study on 276 users of four lakes of the region, two of which were affected by the ban, in order to better understand how it had affected perception of the risk and the associated behaviors. Our study revealed that anglers were the major fish consumers. It also showed that the ban had a poor impact on anglers’ actual fish consumption, despite their being globally well informed about its existence. We conclude that the ban has had a weak impact on anglers’ perception of risk, and that safety nutrition policies should better take into account this factor in the future.     

The limitations of heart rate as a predictor of metabolic rate in fish

Although telemetered heart rate (f_H) has been used as a physiological correlate to predict the metabolic rate (as oxygen consumption, V?O₂) of fish in the field, it is our contention that the method has not been validated adequately for fish. If f_H in fish is to be used to estimate V?O₂, a single linear (or log-linear) relationship must be established for each species between the two variables which allows V?O₂ to be predicted accurately under all environmentally relevant conditions. Our analyses of existing data indicate that while a good linear (or log-linear) relationship can be established between f_H and V?O₂, the conditions under which the relationship applies may be quite restricted. Physiological states and environmental factors affect the relationship between f_H and V?O₂ significantly such that several curves can exist for a single species. In addition, there are situations in which f_H and V?O₂ do not covary in a significant manner. In some situations f_H can vary over much of its physiological range while V?O₂ remains constant; in others V?O₂ may vary while f_H is invariate. The theoretical basis for this variability is examined to explain why the use of telemetered f_H in predicting V?O₂ of fish may be limited to certain specified applications.     

A modified Bläzka–type respirometer for the study of swimming metabolism in fishes having deep, laterally compressed bodies or unusual locomotor modes

A low volume (8·4 l), rectangular (cross–section) respirometer modified from a Bläzka–type coaxial circuit, which provides rectilinear flow at speeds up to 0·36 m s^–1, is described.     

Seasonal variation of gelatinous plankton consumption by fish in the South-western Atlantic Ocean: a question of strategy*

Gelatinous plankton is an important food resource for several species of fishes in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Some fish depend heavily on these organisms and are specialized to feed on ctenophores, salps and medusae, while others only consume gelatinous plankton occasionally. We hypothesize that consumption of gelatinous plankton by fishes represents an alternative food resource when primary prey are not available during cold periods in the study area. To determine seasonal variations of gelatinous plankton consumption by fishes, data samples were grouped into cold and warm periods. A total of 64,567 stomachs belonging to 106 species of fish were analysed, of which 32,943 (51%) contained food items. Of those containing food items, 2719 (8.2%), from 38 fish species, contained gelatinous items. Fourteen species ingested gelatinous in warm period, nine in cold period, and 15 in both periods. The proportion of stomachs with gelatinous was significantly greater during the cold period. Ctenophores were the most predominant prey in both periods, followed by salps and medusae. Consumption of ctenophores, salps and medusae was unevenly distributed within the area during the different periods. Classification methods (group average sorting utilizing Bray–Curtis similarity measures based on log (X + 1) identified eight areas of consumption. SIMPER (similarity percentages) analyses revealed that nine fish species contributed most to gelatinous plankton consumption. The seasonal and spatial variation of gelatinous consumption by fish would be related to the availability of food in each period. Strategies of gelatinous consumption, including survival, feeding opportunities and prey specialization, are discussed.     

Arsenic Bioaccumulation in Freshwater Fishes

The arsenic ambient water quality criterion (AWQC) for protection of human health via ingestion of aquatic organisms is currently 0.14 μ g/L. This AWQC is derived using a bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 44, which is a consumption-weighted average based on two data points for oysters and fish that was proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1980 for broad application to freshwater and marine environments. This BCF is based on the assumption that bioaccumulation is a simple linear function of the exposure concentration. In the nearly quarter of a century since this BCF was promulgated, there have been additions to the arsenic bioaccumulation database and a broader scientific understanding of bioaccumulation mechanisms and how they can be applied to estimating tissue concentrations in aquatic organisms. From this database, we identified 12 studies of arsenic bioaccumulation in freshwater fishes in order to explore differences in laboratory-generated BCFs and field-generated bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and to assess their relationship to arsenic concentrations in water. Our analysis indicates that arsenic concentrations in tissue and arsenic BAFs may be power functions of arsenic concentration in water. A power function indicates that the highest BCF values may occur at low background levels and may decrease as environmental concentrations increase above the ambient range.