啤酒废酵母对镉离子的吸附研究

以啤酒酿造厂的啤酒废酵母为生物吸附剂,研究啤酒废酵母对Cd2 的生物吸附行为。利用原子吸收光谱法测定Cd2 含量。结果表明,啤酒废酵母吸附Cd2 受吸附时间、吸附温度、溶液pH值、酵母添加量和Cd2 起始浓度等因素的影响。实验确定了啤酒废酵母对Cd2 的最佳吸附条件。即:pH值6,Cd2 浓度为50mg/L,酵母添加量为1.0g/L,吸附温度25℃,吸附时间30min,此时啤酒废酵母对Cd2 的吸附量可达42.92mg/g干酵母。吸附Cd2 的啤酒废酵母用1.0mol/L的HCl解吸,解吸率达75.46%。对未吸附Cd2 的空白酵母和吸附Cd2 的酵母进行红外光谱分析,结果显示啤酒废酵母吸附Cd2 后羟基和羧基吸收峰发生明显变化,因此认为羟基和羧基在生物吸附中起着重要作用。     

抑制浓度下锰铁对啤酒废酵母产LYCD活力影响

目的:探讨锰铁离子对啤酒废酵母产生活性酵母细胞衍生物(LYCD)的活力影响.方法:以啤涌废酵母为研究对象、以废液为培养基,在生长抑制浓度下,分别研究了锰、铁离子的作用浓度与时间对啤酒废酵母产生LYCD的活力影响.结果:废酵母在废液中培养28h可达到对数生长期;当废液中Mn~(2+)、Fe~(3+)浓度分别达到200mg/L、50mg/L时可对废酵母产生生长抑制;当Mn~(2+)、Fe~(3+)的作用浓度分别为220mg/L、60mg/L、应激时间分别是25、45min时,啤酒废酵母产的LYCD活性强.结论:应激培养基中金属离子Mn~(2+)、Fe~(3+)达到一定浓度,在一定时间下可使废酵母产生强活力的LYCD.     

吸附层析法从啤酒废酵母中提取谷胱甘肽

以壳聚糖作为吸附剂,通过吸附层析法从啤酒废酵母泥为原料,经预处理和细胞破碎后得到的富含谷胱甘肽的抽提液中,分离纯化还原型谷胱甘肽。根据试验结果确定最佳提取条件为：上柱啤酒废酵母抽提液的最适pH值为7．0,最适洗脱剂为pH值为4．4的磷酸盐缓冲液。在最适吸附条件下,还原型谷胱甘肽的平均洗脱率为84．18％,平均回收率79．55％。说明此法是可行的。     

啤酒废酵母生物营养素的研究进展

啤酒废酵母生物营养素的研究进展林宇野（福建师范大学微生物工程所，福州）杨虹，史美榕（福州大学轻工业系，福州）据统计，１９９３年我国已成为世界生产啤酒的第二大国，年产啤酒超过１３００万吨，约占世界总产量２％左右。啤酒工业的飞速发展，也带来了大量副产物─...     

几株啤酒酵母的筛选及发酵性能比较*

啤酒酵母是啤酒酿造的灵魂,可以直接影响啤酒品质。在啤酒酿造过程中,由于啤酒酵母被多次传代和保藏,造成优良菌种发酵性能衰退等问题,导致发酵不彻底,影响最后啤酒的风味质量。为此以8株Lager型啤酒酵母为出发菌株,通过平板分离纯化获得80株分离菌株,再经过三角瓶发酵初筛和复筛、发酵罐中试发酵实验最终获得了8株发酵性能优良的啤酒酵母。其中,6株酵母可应用于酿造双乙酰含量低于0.1 mg/L的啤酒;3株酵母发酵度高于70%,适合酿造干啤酒;1株酵母发酵度低于50%,适合酿造低醇啤酒。在风味方面:1株酵母酿造的啤酒醇酯比为3.3,啤酒酯香味较突出;另1株酵母酿造的啤酒醇酯比为4.5,啤酒高级醇含量较高。8株经过选育的啤酒酵母发酵特征明显,便于精酿啤酒厂实际应用。     

啤酒酵母自溶与细胞壁关系

啤酒酿造过程中正常情况下的酵母不会发生自溶,但如果细胞衰老死亡或操作不当则会出现酵母自溶现象.虽然自溶的细胞在生产中占的比例较小,但自溶后的酵母将胞内物质释放到酒液中,产生酵母味,严重影响了啤酒的口感和外观质量.早期研究认为酵母细胞壁在酵母自溶过程中不发生水解,即自溶后的细胞仅剩下空的细胞外壳.现在研究发现酵母在自溶时其细胞壁也会发生水解作用,葡聚糖酶将构成细胞壁成分的葡聚糖进行分解,分解产物最终释放到酒液里和细胞质内物质共同影响啤酒的质量.     

啤酒废酵母中还原型谷胱甘肽的抽提新方法探讨

采用对羟基苯甲酸酯提取啤酒废酵母菌细胞中的谷胱甘肽（GSH）。研究表明,按菌体与破壁液比例1：2（W／V）加入0．5％的对羟基苯甲酸丙酯,30℃,pH5-pH6,搅拌3h能有效地从啤酒废酵母中提取谷胱甘肽（GSH）,溶液经离心后,上清液中谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量可达96．71mg/100mL。和现有的几种抽提方法比较,对羟基苯甲酸酯提取由于其提取含量高（96．71mg/100mL）、不需要复杂和贵重的仪器、易于放大、经济性强而明显优于其他抽提方法。     

用重组酵母试酿啤酒

麒麟啤酒公司与英国Brewing Research Foundation International(BRFI)合作使用基因重组酵母(这种酵母能抑制轻度臭味产生),在BRFI进行40升规模的啤酒试酿。用重组酵母酿造啤酒确认技术上是可行的。在于9月13～14日在东京召开的日本酿造学会大会上发表了此技术。麒麟啤酒公司使用重组酵母在实验工厂试酿还是第一次。是继94年2月BRFI以100升规模进行试酿的第二次。 据说由于使用了这种重组酵母从理论上讲不需要新的设备投资,就能把成熟期从30天缩短到10天。     

啤酒生产中双乙酰形成的分子遗传学及其控制

双乙酰是啤酒中的重要风味物质,也是影响啤酒成熟和质量的关键因素之一。双乙酰是由酵母缬氨酸生物合成的中间产物α－乙酰乳酸经氧化脱羧产生的。目前,可以通过改良传统发酵工艺,添加酶制剂以及利用基因工程手段选育酵母工程菌等方法降低双乙酰在啤酒中的含量,缩短啤酒后酵期,以加速啤酒成熟。     

食品上的应用

利用固定化酵母细胞,按每批18吨的规模进行了啤酒的大量主产。褐藻酸盐凝胶中的酵母犷不仅生长好,而且繁殖快。这些固定化生长细胞可应用25次,持续5天。发酵时间缩短45%,但啤酒产量却显长增加,而且成本低。通过分析和品尝性状,发现试制的酒同传统方法生产的啤酒相比较略有区别。     

Assessing the floodwater utilization potential in a reservoir-controlled watershed: A novel method considering engineering regulations and an empirical case from China

Floodwater utilization can greatly alleviate water resource shortages. Reservoirs and their optimal operation are the most widely used measures to implement floodwater utilization. Quantitatively evaluating the floodwater utilization potential and revealing the relationship between the potential and its influencing factors are preconditions to implementing floodwater utilization; however, few studies have focused on this problem. In this study, we identified the influencing factors via the analysis of reservoir regulation and proposed a floodwater utilization potential evaluation method that considers all influencing factors. The results indicate that reservoir regulation ability, water demand, and ecological water downstream are the main influencing factors of floodwater utilization potential. The floodwater utilization potential decreases as the water demand or reservoir regulation ability increases. Moreover, water demand and reservoir regulation ability are interdependent and interactive to a certain extent. Specifically, reservoir regulation ability can affect only the floodwater utilization potential when the water demand is extremely high. Based on a time-varying operation model, we also evaluated the floodwater utilization potentials of the Longjiaoshan Reservoir (China) under different floodwater utilization statuses. The average annual floodwater utilization potential of the Longjiaoshan Reservoir watershed is 43.06 million m³ under the current floodwater utilization status, and the optimal floodwater utilization strategy is increasing the water demand under the current reservoir regulation ability. This study may contribute to the improved management of flood utilization in such reservoirs.     

小麦品种磷营养特性的类型分析及其年度间稳定性的研究

利用大田试验对１０７份小麦品种的磷营养特性进行了鉴定。结果表明,各品种按其生产力水平和对土壤磷的利用效率可划分为,高产高效、高产中效、高产低效、中产高效、中产中效、中产低效、低产高效以及低产中效８种类型,其出现频率分别为６．５％、３６．５％、８．４％、８．４％、１５％、４．６％、５．６％和１．９％。小麦品种耐低磷特性在不同年度间相当稳定,可以通过土培试验与大田试验相结合的方法进一步筛选出最稳定的“     

Comparative genomic analysis of selenium utilization traits in different marine environments

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for many organisms, which is required in the biosynthesis of proteins with selenocysteine, tRNAs with selenouridine, and certain enzymes with Se as a cofactor. Recent large-scale metagenomics projects provide a unique opportunity for studying the global trends of Se utilization in marine environments. Here, we analyzed samples from different marine microbial communities, revealed by the Tara Oceans project, to characterize the Se utilization traits. We found that the selenophosphate synthetase gene, which defines the overall Se utilization, and Se utilization traits are present in all samples. Regions with samples rich and poor in Se utilization traits were categorized. From the analysis of environmental factors, the mesopelagic zone and high temperature (> 15°C) of water are favorable, while geographical location has little influence on Se utilization. All Se utilization traits showed a relatively independent occurrence. The taxonomic classification of Se traits shows that most of the sequences corresponding to Se utilization traits belong to the phylum Proteobacteria. Overall, our study provides useful insights into the general features of Se utilization in ocean samples and may help to understand the evolutionary dynamics of Se utilization in different marine environments.     

天河区土地利用状况及可持续利用对策

分析了广州市天河区近年来的土地利用情况 ,总结出天河区土地利用的特点 ,指出在土地利用过程中存在着人均用地减少 ,非农建设用地迅速扩展 ,用地结构不合理 ,土地污染等问题 ,最后从维护生态环境和土地的可持续利用出发 ,对天河区的土地利用保护提出了几点对策性建议。     

氮高效利用基因型大麦的物质生产与氮素积累特性

通过土培盆栽试验,研究了22份大麦材料在低氮(125 mg·kg^-1)和正常氮(250 mg·kg^-1)处理下氮素吸收利用效率的基因型差异,探讨氮高效大麦干物质生产与氮素积累特性.结果表明： 大麦氮素吸收利用效率基因型差异显著.低氮处理下籽粒产量、氮素籽粒生产效率及氮素收获指数的最高值分别是最低值的2.87、2.92、2.47倍;氮高效基因型大麦籽粒产量、氮素籽粒生产效率和氮素收获指数均显著大于低效基因型,低氮处理下高效基因型3个参数较低效基因型分别高82.1%、61.5%和50.5%.氮高效基因型大麦各生育期干物质和氮素积累优势明显,干物质积累高峰出现在拔节-抽穗阶段,氮素积累高峰出现在拔节前;低氮处理下高效基因型典型材料DH61、DH121+的干物质量较低效基因型典型材料DH80分别高34.4%、38.3%,氮素积累量较DH80分别高54.8%、58.0%.供试大麦干物质和氮素的阶段性积累量对籽粒产量的影响为拔节前最大,且低氮处理下贡献率最高,分别为47.9%和54.7%;而干物质和氮素的阶段性积累量对氮素籽粒生产效率的影响在抽穗 成熟阶段最大,其次是播种-拔节阶段,低氮处理下这两个阶段的贡献率分别为29.5%、48.7%和29.0%、15.8%.氮高效基因型大麦在各生育期的物质生产和氮素积累能力强,低氮处理下优势较为明显,能够提高拔节前干物质生产和氮素积累能力,并协同提高大麦产量和氮素利用效率.     

干旱胁迫对蒙古柞表观资源利用率的影响

比较研究了模拟干旱及自然水分梯度条件下蒙古柞树种光合生理指标,模拟干旱处理试验土壤含水量分别控制在田间持水量的85％－100％（CK）、65％－85％（MEW）和45％－65％（LW）。结果表明,干旱胁迫对蒙古柞幼树净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用率、表观CO2利用率和表观光能利用率等生理指标均产生明显影响。野外自然条件下水分梯度对蒙古柞大树气孔导度、水分利用率和净光合速率有显著影响,但对蒸腾速率、表观CO2利用率和表观光能利用率的影响不显著,中等水分条件可明显提高蒙古柞大树叶片的气体交换和水分利用率,说明蒙古柞树种叶片气体交换和表观资源利用率对干旱胁迫的响应程度不同。蒙古柞树种是干旱可变植物,长期水分胁迫可提高树种的耐旱能力,特别是中等水分胁迫能保持蒙古柞固有的强劲耐旱能力。     

Alpha 2-adrenergic inhibition of pancreatic islet glucose utilization is mediated by an inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein

The rate of glucose utilization in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat was inhibited by the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists clonidine and epinephrine. Yohimbine reversed the inhibition. alpha 1 or beta-adrenoceptor agonists had little or no effect on glucose utilization. Stimulation of muscarinic receptors by carbamylcholine reversed the effect of clonidine. Pertussis toxin blocked the effect of clonidine on glucose utilization, and potentiated the response to carbamylcholine. 8-Bromo-cAMP did not affect glucose utilization in the presence of clonidine. Thus, alpha 2-adrenoceptors negatively modulate glucose utilization, and the effect is mediated by an inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein, but not by cAMP.     

Resveratrol promotes cellular glucose utilization in primary cultured cortical neurons via calcium-dependent signaling pathway

Background and PurposeImpairment of glucose utilization contributes to neuronal degeneration of Alzheimer's disease patients. Cellular glucose utilization can be regulated by calcium-dependent signaling pathways. Resveratrol (RSV) is a plant-derived polyphenol with multiple beneficial effects, including neuroprotection and metabolic improvement. Here, we investigated the effect of RSV on neuronal calcium signal and glucose utilization.Experimental MethodsPrimary culture of cortical neurons, calcium imaging, 2-NBDG assay and western blotting were employed to investigate RSV-mediated effects on neuronal calcium signal and glucose utilization.ResultsRSV elevated intracellular calcium in cortical neurons via modulation of secondary messenger system including nitrous oxide, cGMP and cAMP. Secondarily, a calcium-dependent enhancement of neuronal glucose utilization after RSV treatment was observed. The effects on neuronal glucose utilization are largely dependent on RSV-induced calcium-dependent AMP-activated protein kinase activation.ConclusionOur findings show that activation of calcium-dependent signaling pathways by RSV may convey improvements of neuronal glucose utilization.     

秦岭地区大熊猫种群空间利用消长状态以及道路影响研究

研究大熊猫种群空间利用的消长动态及其干扰因素对识别大熊猫潜在生境、保护大熊猫种群可持续增长具有重要的现实意义。本文收集了第三次和第四次秦岭大熊猫种群及栖息地调查数据,借助地理信息系统空间分析工具,对比分析了大熊猫种群的空间利用变化格局,并探究了道路干扰对大熊猫种群空间利用格局的影响。结果显示：（1）2000-2012年间,佛坪、长青核心密集区大熊猫种群空间利用密度西北方向增加,东南方向减少,即黄柏塬保护区呈增加趋势,而佛坪、观音山和周至保护区交界处呈减少趋势。其中,局部高密度区面积减少,但整体空间利用面积增大,并呈向外围扩散趋势。种群空间利用密度最大增长达3.05痕迹点/ km²,最大减小密度达2.71痕迹点/km²。（2）距国道、省道和县道2000 m以内种群空间利用密度增幅上升,距乡村道路2000 m外种群空间利用密度变化减小,且距高速公路3500 m大熊猫种群空间利用密度由减转增。深入探讨大熊猫种群空间利用格局可为建设优良栖息地和潜在栖息地提供参考,其结论将有助于优化道路选址和保护区规划,缓解人为活动和野生动物之间的冲突。     

Effects of water dependence on the utilization pattern of woody vegetation by elephants in the Tembe Elephant Park, Maputaland, South Africa

The utilization of vegetation and particularly trees in enclosed small reserves where elephant populations are confined is a contentious conservation issue. In Tembe Elephant Park in Maputaland, the diverse Sand Forest is considered the most valuable feature to conserve; yet it is considered at risk from increasing elephant utilization of the park's vegetation in general. The mean canopy removal by elephants across the park was studied over two periods: a recent period including the twelve months before the study and an older period >12 months earlier. Age of utilization was determined from the degree of decay observed on woody fibres. The relationships between intensity of utilization, vegetation unit selection and distance to water were evaluated. Results show that utilization patterns have shifted in the recent drier period, during which elephants used vegetation communities closer to permanent water. Concurringly, a significant decrease in utilization intensity was correlated to an increasing distance from water points in the park during that period, while this effect was not observed during the wetter old period. We debate that active water availability management may be a way to limit elephant utilization in small fenced reserves.