不同病情急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者血清铁蛋白、血管生成素样蛋白4、降钙素原与白蛋白比值的变化及对预后的评估价值

摘要 目的：探讨不同病情急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者血清铁蛋白、血管生成素样蛋白4（ANGPTL4）、降钙素原与白蛋白比值（PAR）的变化及对预后的评估价值。方法：选取2019年3月至2022年6月四川大学华西第四医院重症医学科收治的109例ARDS患者,根据氧合指数（PaO₂/FiO₂）将患者分为轻度组（200 mmHg＜PaO₂/FiO₂≤300 mmHg,38例）、中度组（100 mmHg＜PaO₂/FiO₂≤200 mmHg,42例）、重度组（≤100 mmHg,29例）。检测所有ARDS患者血清铁蛋白、ANGPTL4水平及PAR,根据患者入院后28 d内生存状况将其分为存活组（69例）、死亡组（40例）。多因素Logistic回归分析ARDS患者入院后28 d内死亡的危险因素。受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清铁蛋白、ANGPTL4、PAR评估ARDS患者预后的预测价值。结果：重度组血清铁蛋白、ANGPTL4、降钙素原及PAR高于中度组和轻度组（P＜0.05）,血清白蛋白水平低于中度组和轻度组（P＜0.05）。死亡组血清铁蛋白、ANGPTL4、降钙素原及PAR高于存活组（P＜0.05）,血清白蛋白水平低于存活组（P＜0.05）。高SOFA评分、高PAR及血清铁蛋白、ANGPTL4水平升高是 ARDS患者入院28 d内死亡的危险因素（P＜0.05）。联合血清铁蛋白、ANGPTL4、PAR三项指标预测ARDS患者预后的曲线下面积为0.867,高于单独指标预测的0.775、0.727、0.776。结论：ARDS患者血清铁蛋白、ANGPTL4水平及PAR增高与病情加重以及预后不良有关,联合检测三项指标在ARDS患者预后评估中具有较高价值。     

特发性肺纤维化患者血清血管生成素-2、潜在转化生长因子结合蛋白2、趋化因子配体14水平与预后的关系研究

摘要 目的：研究特发性肺纤维化（IPF）患者血清血管生成素-2（Ang-2）、潜在转化生长因子结合蛋白2（LTBP2）、趋化因子配体14（CXCL14）水平与预后的关系。方法：选取2019年3月～2020年3月河北医科大学第二医院东院区呼吸内科收治的100例IPF患者作为研究对象。将其按照随访结局分成预后不良组59例及预后良好组41例。比较两组Ang-2、LTBP2、CXCL14水平、肺功能指标、实验室指标以及一般资料,Pearson相关分析血清Ang-2、LTBP2、CXCL14水平与肺功能指标的相关性,多因素Logistic回归分析IPF患者预后的影响因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析Ang-2、LTBP2、CXCL14对IPF患者预后的预测价值。结果：预后不良组血清Ang-2、LTBP2、CXCL14水平均高于预后良好组（P＜0.05）。预后不良组第1s用力呼气容积（FVC₁）、一氧化碳弥散量占预计值百分比（DLCO%）、动脉血氧分压（PaO₂）/氧体积分数（FiO₂）均低于预后良好组,而吸烟史、肺动脉高压人数占比高于预后不良组（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性分析显示：IPF患者Ang-2、LTBP2、CXCL14水平均和FVC₁、DLCO%呈负相关（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：FVC₁、DLCO%、PaO₂/FiO₂、吸烟史、肺动脉高压以及血清Ang-2、LTBP2、CXCL14水平是IPF患者预后不良的影响因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析结果显示：血清Ang-2、LTBP2、CXCL14三项联合检测预测IPF患者预后的曲线下面积高于上述三项指标单独检测。结论：IPF患者血清Ang-2、LTBP2、CXCL14水平与其预后密切相关,可作为评估其预后的辅助性指标。     

不同吸入氧浓度联合PCV-VG模式对行腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术的老年患者氧合及肺损伤的影响

摘要 目的：探讨不同吸入氧浓度联合压力控制容量保证通气模式(PCV-VG)对行腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术的老年患者氧合及肺损伤的影响。方法：选择2022年3月至2023年3月在我院拟行全身麻醉下腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术的90例老年膀胱癌患者为研究对象,随机分为A组、B组和C组,各30例。所有患者在PCV-VG模式维持机械通气,其中A组、B组、C组的吸入氧浓度分别为40 %、50 %、60 %。检测所有患者通气前（T0）、通气后1 h、2 h和3h（T1-3）及撤管后0.5 h（T4）时心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、右心房压（RAP）、动脉血氧分压（PaO₂）,计算氧合指数（PaO₂/FiO₂）、呼吸指数（RI）,记录术后24 h临床肺部感染评分（CPIS）、PACU停留时间、术后住院时间,比较三组手术前及手术结束后血清肺表面活性蛋白A（SP-A）、Clara细胞分泌蛋白（CC16）表达水平及术后肺部并发症发生率。结果：三组在T0、T1、T2、T3和T4时HR、MAP、RAP比较无差异（P>0.05）;在T1、T2、T3和T4时,A组PaO₂、PaO₂/FiO₂均小于B组和C组,RI均大于B组和C组（P<0.05）;而B组与C组在各时间点PaO₂、PaO₂/FiO₂、RI比较无差异（P>0.05）;三组PACU停留时间比较无差异（P>0.05）;B组术后CPIS评分低于A组和C组,术后住院时间短于A组和C组（P<0.05）;C组术后血清SP-A、CC16表达水平均高于A组和B组（P<0.05）;B组术后肺部并发症发生率低于A组和C组（P<0.05）。结论：50%的吸入氧浓度联合PCV-VG模式可有效改善行腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术的老年患者的氧合功能,减轻肺损伤,对于减少术后并发症发生和促进康复具有积极作用,值得临床予以重视。     

血清炎症因子联合T淋巴细胞亚群在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值分析

摘要 目的：分析血清炎症因子联合T淋巴细胞亚群在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用价值。方法：选择我院2021年7月至2022年12月收治的70例急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者作为研究对象,分为轻度组、中度组和重度组。检测所有入选者的血清炎症因子、T淋巴细胞亚群,分析急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者血清炎症因子、T淋巴细胞亚群与氧合指数（OI）、肺部超声B线数目的关系;观察急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者28 d后预后情况,分为死亡组与存活组,使用ROC曲线分析血清炎症因子联合T淋巴细胞亚群对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者死亡的预测效能。结果：血清IL-6、IFN-γ表达水平、外周血Th17细胞比例、Th17/Treg比值在轻度组、中度组和重度组中差异显著,两两比较,差异显著（P＜0.05）;经Pearson相关性分析,急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者血清IL-6、IFN-γ表达水平、外周血Th17细胞比例、Th17/Treg比值均与OI呈负相关,与B线数目呈正相关（P＜0.05）;死亡组血清IL-6、IFN-γ表达水平、外周血Th17细胞比例均高于存活组,Th17/Treg比值大于存活组,差异显著（P＜0.05）;经ROC曲线分析,IL-6、IFN-γ联合Th17/Treg比值预测急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者死亡的AUC为0.935。结论：血清炎症因子、T淋巴细胞亚群与急性呼吸窘迫综合征病情严重程度有关,其中IL-6、IFN-γ联合Th17/Treg比值预测预后不良的效能较好,值得临床予以重视应用。     

老年支气管哮喘患者血清MC-CP、Th17的表达及其与呼吸功能、肺功能的相关性分析

摘要 目的：探究老年支气管哮喘患者血清肥大细胞羧肽酶（MC-CP）、Th17表达及其与患者呼吸功能、肺功能的相关性。方法：选择2018年4月至2021年8月于中国人民解放军东部战区总医院接受治疗的120例老年支气管哮喘患者为研究组（SG）,另选同期于我院接受治疗的100例支气管炎患者为对照组（CG）,对比两组患者血清MC-CP、Th-17、呼气峰值流速（PEF）、第1秒用力呼气量（FEV₁）、血氧分压（PaO₂）、FEV₁占预计值的百分数（FEV₁/FVC）差异,就研究组患者MC-CP、Th-17水平与其呼吸功能、肺功能的相关性开展Spearman分析。结果：（1）研究组患者的MC-CP水平明显高于对照组,Th17百分比同样明显高于对照组（P<0.05）;（2）研究组患者的呼吸功能指标PEF、PaO₂,以及肺功能指标FEV₁、FEV₁/FVC均明显低于对照组（P<0.05）;（3）研究组患者MC-CP与PEF、PaO₂呈现明显负相关联系（r=-0.558、-0.700,P<0.001）,研究组患者Th17与PEF、PaO₂呈现明显负相关联系（r=-0.695、-0.774,P<0.001）;（4）研究组患者MC-CP与FEV₁、FEV₁/FVC呈现明显负相关联系（r=-0.609、-0.481,P<0.001）,研究组患者Th17与FEV₁、FEV₁/FVC呈现明显负相关联系（r=-0.622、-0.561,P<0.001）。结论：老年支气管哮喘患者血清MC-CP及Th17水平会出现异常升高状态,而呼吸功能与肺功能会出现降低,相关性分析显示此类患者血清MC-CP及Th17水平与其呼吸功能、肺功能均呈现负相关联系。     

HFNC与NIV治疗合并Ⅱ型呼衰的COPD患者的临床疗效对比

摘要 目的：探讨高流量湿化治疗仪（HFNC）治疗合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的临床效果及安全性。方法：选择2020 年 4 月至 2022 年 3 月就诊于我院的合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的慢性阻塞性肺疾病的患者共151名。随机分为接受 HFNC治疗组和NIV治疗组（HFNC组77名，NIV组74名）。分别评估患者治疗前和治疗后1小时、24小时以及治疗结束前心率（heart rate，HR）、呼吸频率（respiratory rate，RR）、氧合指数（Oxygenation index，PaO₂/FiO₂）、CO₂分压（arterial partial pressure of CO₂，PaCO₂）的变化、治疗不耐受和失败、有气管插管需求的情况、住院时间以及住院死亡率。结果：治疗后，两组各有6名患者死亡，死亡率分别为HFNC组7.8%，NIV组8.2%，组间比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.94）。两组患者治疗前后HR、RR、平均动脉压、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比、C-反应蛋白、降钙素原及PaO₂/FiO₂、PaCO₂、动脉血酸碱度均无明显统计学差异。与NIV组相比，HFNC组气道护理干预次数明显减少（4±1 vs 8±2，P<0.05），皮肤破损发生率明显降低（5.2% vs 20.3%，P<0.05），住院天数明显缩短（6±2 vs 8±2，P<0.05）。结论：HFNC治疗合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的COPD 患者效果并不亚于NIV，且HFNC的安全性更高，可作为该类患者的首选通气支持治疗方式。     

经鼻高流量湿化氧疗对肺癌放射性肺炎合并呼吸衰竭患者的临床疗效观察

摘要 目的：探究经鼻高流量湿化氧疗对肺癌放射性肺炎合并呼吸衰竭患者的临床疗效,以期为临床治疗提供参考。方法：选取2020年9月至2022年8月在我院呼吸内科住院的因肺癌放射治疗出现放射性肺炎合并呼吸衰竭患者86例为研究对象,根据氧疗方法的不同分为HFNC组和COT组,每组各43例, COT组患者在此基础上给予鼻导管供氧治疗。HFNC组患者给予HFNC氧疗方式。比较两组患者治疗前后血气分析指标、呼吸频率及舒适度、疲劳程度评分的差异及对比两组的预后情况。结果：治疗后12 h、24 h、48 h两组PaO₂//FiO₂/指标均较治疗前明显升高（P<0.05）,且治疗后各个时间点HFNC组对PaO₂/FiO₂/指标改善明显优于COT组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。治疗后12 h、24 h、48 h两组呼吸频率均较治疗前明显降低（P<0.05）,且治疗后各个时间点HFNC组对呼吸频率改善明显优于COT组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。治疗后两组患者舒适度评分均较治疗前明显升高、疲劳程度评分较治疗前明显降低（P<0.05）,HFNC组对舒适度、疲劳程度评分改善程度明显优于COT组（P<0.01）。HFNC组患者气管插管占比、非机械通气天数明显少于COT组（P<0.01）,死亡人数占比两组患者差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：经鼻高流量湿化氧疗可以改善肺癌放射性肺炎合并呼吸衰竭患者氧合指数,降低患者呼吸频率,改善患者舒适度和促进患者预后。     

经鼻高流量加温湿化吸氧联合丹参注射液治疗AECOPD合并轻度Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的效果及对血气、肺功能的影响分析

摘要 目的：探讨经鼻高流量加温湿化吸氧联合丹参注射液治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）合并轻度Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的效果及对患者血气、肺功能的影响。方法：按照随机数字表法将本院重症医学一科在2020年3月至2023年2月期间收治的88例AECOPD合并轻度Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者分为对照组和观察组,各44例。两组均采用经鼻高流量加温湿化吸氧治疗,在此基础上给予观察组患者丹参注射液滴注。比较两组患者临床疗效以及治疗前后血气指标[动脉血氧分压（PaO₂）和动脉二氧化碳分压（PaCO₂）]、肺功能指标[1 s用力呼气量（FEV₁、FEV₁/用力肺活量（FEV₁/FVC）和FEV₁占预计值百分比（FEV₁%）]、炎性因子[白介素6（IL-6）、IL-8、肿瘤坏死因α（TNF-α）]和血清生化指标[转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）、内皮素-1（ET-1）、缔组织生长因子（CTGF）]水平。结果：（1）观察组总有效率高于对照组（P＜0.05）。（2）两组治疗后PaO₂显著增加,PaCO₂显著降低（P<0.05）,观察组治疗后PaO₂较对照组高,PaCO₂较对照组低（P<0.05）。（3）两组治疗后FEV₁、FEV₁/FVC、FEV₁%均显著增加（P<0.05）。观察组患者较对照组高（P<0.05）。（4）两组治疗后血清IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α水平均显著降低（P<0.05）。观察组患者治疗后较对照组低（P<0.05）。（5）两组治疗后血清TGF-β1、ET-1和CTGF水平均显著降低（P<0.05）。观察组患者治疗后血清TGF-β1、ET-1和CTGF水平均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：结论：经鼻高流量加温湿化吸氧联合丹参注射液治疗AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭疗效肯定,改善患者血气和肺功能,减轻炎性反应。     

早产儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征血清1,25-(OH)2D3、PGRN、SIRT1、CTRP3水平与炎症反应和预后的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨不同病情严重程度早产儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）血清1,25-二羟维生素D₃（1,25-(OH) ₂D₃）、颗粒体蛋白前体（PGRN）、沉默信息调节因子2相关酶1（SIRT1）、C1q/肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白3（CTRP3）的变化，分析其与炎症反应和预后的关系。方法：选择2018年10月至2019年12月安徽省妇幼保健院收治的ARDS早产儿100例作为ARDS组，另选取同期在我院出生的健康新生儿60例作为对照组。根据《"新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征"蒙特勒标准（2017年版）》的病情判定标准将ARDS早产儿分为轻度组（n=40）、中度组（n=32）、重度组（n=28），比较不同病情严重程度ARDS早产儿血清1,25-(OH) ₂D₃、PGRN、SIRT1、CTRP3、炎症反应指标肿瘤坏死子因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）水平变化，采用Pearson法分析ARDS早产儿血清1,25-(OH) ₂D₃、PGRN、SIRT1、CTRP3与炎症反应指标的相关性。另根据ARDS组患儿预后情况分为预后良好组（n=65）和预后不良组（n=35），采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析影响ARDS早产儿预后不良的危险因素。结果：ARDS组血清1,25-(OH) ₂D₃、SIRT1、CTRP3、PGRN水平明显低于对照组（P<0.05），ARDS组血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平明显高于对照组（P<0.05）。不同病情严重程度ARDS早产儿血清1,25-(OH) ₂D₃、PGRN、SIRT1、CTRP3、炎症反应指标比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。ARDS早产儿血清1,25-(OH) ₂D₃、PGRN、SIRT1、CTRP3水平与TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平呈负相关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，低出生体重、肺表面活性物质（PS）使用次数≥3次、出现低白蛋白血症是影响ARDS早产儿预后不良的危险因素（P<0.05），血清1,25-(OH)2D3（较高）、PGRN（较高）、SIRT1（较高）、CTRP3（较高）是ARDS早产儿预后不良的保护因素（P<0.05）。结论：血清1,25-(OH) ₂D₃、PGRN、SIRT1、CTRP3可能参与ARDS早产儿的炎症反应过程，与ARDS早产儿的病情进展及预后密切相关，检测血清1,25-(OH) ₂D₃、PGRN、SIRT1、CTRP3有助于评估ARDS早产儿的预后。     

AECOPD合并PH患者血清Hcy、Cys-C水平与肺功能、动脉血气分析指标及肺动脉收缩压的关系研究

摘要 目的：探究慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期（AECOPD）合并肺动脉高压（PH）患者血清同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、胱抑素C（Cys-C）水平与肺功能、动脉血气分析指标及肺动脉收缩压的关系。方法：选择2017年12月至2019年12月我院诊治的80例AECOPD合并PH患者作为AECOPD合并PH组。同时选择80例AECOPD未合并PH患者作为单纯AECOPD组以及50名在我院进行体检的健康志愿者作为健康组。检测并比较各组受试者的血清Hcy和Cys-C水平、第一秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量比值(FEV₁/FVC）、动脉氧分压（PaO₂）、第一秒用力呼气容积占预计值的百分比（FEV₁%pred）、动脉二氧化碳分压（PaCO₂）,肺动脉收缩压（PASP）,分析各指标的相关性。结果：AECOPD合并PH组血清Hcy、Cys-C水平以及PASP最高,其次为单纯AECOPD组,健康组最低（P<0.05）。健康组FEV₁%pred、FEV₁/FVC最高,其次为单纯AECOPD组,AECOPD合并PH组最低（P<0.05）。与单纯AECOPD组相比,AECOPD合并PH组PaO₂明显下降,PaCO₂明显升高（P<0.05）。经Pearson相关性分析可得,血清Hcy和Cys-C与FEV₁%pred、FEV₁/FVC和PaO₂均呈负相关（P<0.05）,而与PaCO₂和PASP均呈正相关（P<0.05）。结论：血清Hcy和Cys-C水平异常升高与AECOPD患者并发PH相关,并且与AECOPD合并PH患者肺功能下降、动脉血气异常以及PASP异常升高存在相关性。     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

The efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in the caesarean section and the effect on the vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in caesarean section and vital signs and the hemodynamics of the lying-in women.MethodsA total of 480 lying-in women who were admitted to this hospital for treatment between December 2017 and June 2018 were enrolled into this study as the subjects, which were divided into the experiment group and the control group, with 240 subjects in each group. In the experiment group, subjects received the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL ropivacaine (0.75%), while those in the control group also took the local anesthesia by infusion of 1.5 mL bupivacaine (0.75%). Thereafter, we observed the differences in the anesthetic efficiency, vital signs and hemodynamics of the lying-in women between two groups.ResultsThe excellent and good rates of the anesthesia in two groups were 92.1% and 87.9%, showing no obvious difference; in the experiment group, the average arterial pressures and systolic pressures at 5 min and 10 min after combined spinal and epidural analgesia (CSEA) were all elevated when comparing to the control group (all P < 0.05); in the experiment group, the onset time was obviously extended, while duration of sensory and motor block and the duration of motor block were all shorter than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). During anesthesia, the incidence rate of the adverse reactions in the control group was 2.50%, significantly higher than 0.83% in the experiment group (P < 0.05).ConclusionDespite that ropivacaine and bupivacaine are efficient in anesthesia in the CSEA in the caesarean section, ropivacaine is more recommended for little influence on the hemodynamics, shorter duration of sensory block and motor block and low incidence rate of adverse reactions, which are conducive to the recovery and also safe to the patients.