铜对植物器官分化的影响

铜在浓度较高时对植物生长发育和器官分化具有毒害作用,适当控制铜供应的时间和剂量,可能有利于植物根、枝、花等器官的分化。文章同时对铜影响器分化的可能原因作了探讨。     

铜在植物生长发育中的作用

铜是植物正常生命活动所必需的 7种微量元素之一 ,参与植物生长发育过程中的多种代谢反应。铜是多酚氧化酶、抗坏血酸氧化酶、细胞色素氧化酶等的组成成分 ,参与植物体内的氧化还原过程。它也存在于叶绿体的质体蓝素中 ,参与光合作用的电子传递。1　植物对铜的吸收及其代谢植物通过根部从土壤中以离子形式吸收铜 ,也可通过叶面吸收。根部除了吸收溶解在土壤溶液中的铜以外 ,还能通过分泌出柠檬酸、苹果酸等有机酸以及呼吸作用形成的碳酸溶解难溶性物质以获取铜。影响根部吸收铜的因素除温度、通气状况、溶液浓度和离子间相互作用外 ,很重要…     

植物铜转运相关蛋白研究进展

环境中过量的铜会损害植物细胞的功能、降低酶的活性并且破坏蛋白质的结构。植物中有一个复杂的金属转运网络,对维持植物体内铜的动态平衡发挥着重要作用。综述了重金属铜对植物的毒害,详细介绍了铜转运相关蛋白及其对铜的转运和调控机制。     

狮子山铜尾矿植物对铜的吸收及土壤特性的影响

我国铜矿储藏丰富,铜矿开采带来巨大经济利益的同时,也对生态环境造成极大的破坏,这种恶劣的环境严重阻碍了植物的定居,但是自然界物种繁多,总有一些植物能适应这种环境而生存下来。本文通过对狮子山优势植物吸收和积累铜的分析,发现这些植物均能富集较多的铜,在土壤铜含量很高的情况下,依然生长旺盛,没有出现受害症状,成为尾矿上的优势种,并形成了单优群落或多优小群落。这些植物的存在改变了土壤的理化特性,降低了土壤中的重金属的含量,提高了土壤的全N、全P、全K和有机质含量,一定程度上改善了土壤的不良环境,在尾矿的植被恢复和土壤修复中起着非常重要的作用。     

狮子山铜尾矿植物对铜的吸收及土壤特的影响

我国铜矿储藏丰富,铜矿开采带来巨大经济利益的同时,也对生态环境造成极大的破坏,这种恶劣的环境严重阻碍了植物的定居,但是自然界物种繁多,总有一些植物能适应这种环境而生存下来.本文通过对狮子山优势植物吸收和积累铜的分析,发现这些植物均能富集较多的铜,在土壤铜含量很高的情况下,依然生长旺盛,没有出现受害症状,成为尾矿上的优势种,并形成了单优群落或多优小群落.这些植物的存在改变了土壤的理化特性,降低了土壤中的重金属的含量,提高了土壤的全N、全P、全K和有机质含量,一定程度上改善了土壤的不良环境,在尾矿的植被恢复和土壤修复中起着非常重要的作用.     

植物铜转运蛋白的结构和功能

铜(Cu)是植物必需的微量营养元素, 参与植物生长发育过程中的许多生理生化反应。Cu缺乏或过量都会影响植物的正常新陈代谢过程。因此, 植物需要一系列Cu转运蛋白协同作用以保持体内Cu离子的稳态平衡。通常, Cu转运蛋白可分为两类, 即吸收型Cu转运蛋白(如COPT、ZIP和YSL蛋白家族)和排出型Cu转运蛋白(如HMA蛋白家族), 主要负责Cu离子的跨膜转运及调节Cu离子的吸收和排出。然而, 最近有研究表明, 有些Cu伴侣蛋白家族可能是从Cu转运蛋白家族进化而来, 且它们在维持植物细胞Cu离子稳态平衡中也具重要功能。该文对Cu转运蛋白和Cu伴侣蛋白的表达、结构、定位及功能等研究进展进行综述。     

海南铜铁岭种子植物资源调查

据调查海南铜铁岭有野生种子植物165科681属1279种,其中裸子植物3科3属5种;双子叶植物135科516属1025种;单子叶植物27科152属249种。在这些植物中,有国家重点保护野生植物8种、珍稀濒危植物61种。统计结果表明：有材用植物约401种、药用植物623种、油脂植物86种、芳香植物58种、蜜源植物102种、纤维植物56种、野生果树66种、观赏植物196种、饲料植物51种、绿肥植物22种、杀虫植物24种、单宁植物27种、淀粉植物16种。对其资源特点进行了分析,并对其开发利用和保护提出了建议。     

用于植物的铜诱导基因表达系统的改进

铜诱导基因表达系统已被用于植物转基因表达的时空调控.它由两部分构成:(1)组成型或器官专一性表达的acel基因编码铜反应性的转录因子;(2)融合启动子控制下的目的基因,融合启动子由含ACE1结合位点的金属反应元件(MRE)连接CaMV 35S(-90～+8)启动子组成.本实验测试了来自酵母金属硫蛋白基因5′调控区的两个不同的ACE1结合区域在转基因烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L. cv.W38)中的效果.结果表明,与MRE(-148～-105)相比,使用MRE(-210～-126)的铜诱导系统效率增加50%到100%.在植物生物技术中使用这一系统控制基因性状是很有潜力的.     

用于植物的铜诱导基因表达系统的改进

铜诱导基因表达系统已被用于植物转基因表达的时空调控。它由两部分构成：(1)组成型或器官专一性表达的aceI基因编码铜反应性的转录因子;(2)融合启动子控制下的目的基因,融合启动子由含ACE1结合位点的金属反应元件(MRE)连接CaMV 35S(-90- 8)启动子组成。本实验测试了来自酵母金属硫蛋白基因5′调控区的两个不同的AcE1结合区域在转基因烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.cv.W38)中的效果。结果表明,与MRE(-148～-105)相比,使用MRE(-210～-126)的铜诱导系统效率增加50％到100％。在植物生物技术中使用这一系统控制基因性状是很有潜力的。     

Copper and the biological evolution

Copper is contained in a number of enzymes and proteins. A remarkable feature is that except for the electron-carrying blue copper proteins (azurin and plastocyanin) and copper-containing cytochrome c oxidase found in some cyanobacteria and some aerobic bacteria, all copper enzymes and proteins are found only in eukaryotes. In the early and middle precambrian period when the stationary oxygen pressure in the atmosphere was quite low, copper existed as either metallic or cuprous sulfides which are very insoluble in aqueous media; thus copper might have been unavailable to organisms. The time when copper became Cu(II) upon rise of the atmospheric oxygen pressure and thus became available to organisms seems to be in the middle of Proteozoic era when first eukaryotic organisms seem to have appeared on earth. Thus copper may be considered to be an indicator element for the atmospheric evolution (switching from anoxygenic to oxygenic) and the evolution of higher organisms (eukaryotes).     

Copper and the estradiol receptor

Copper is an essential element in living organisms and it appears to be involved in estrogen action. This study bears on the manner in which the metal may be linked to the mechanism of this action. Divalent copper was found to induce at 37 degrees C a several fold increase in estradiol binding to the receptors in rat uterine cytosols. An endogenous substance present in the uterine cytosol and separated from it by fractionation on a hydroxylapatite column was found to function as a potent inhibitor of the copper effect. This substance has been found so far also in human breast tissue and in some human breast tumors.     

Handling of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles by Astrocytes

Copper is an essential trace element for many important cellular functions. However, excess of copper can impair cellular functions by copper-induced oxidative stress. In brain, astrocytes are considered to play a prominent role in the copper homeostasis. In this short review we summarise the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms which are involved in the handling of copper by astrocytes. Cultured astrocytes efficiently take up copper ions predominantly by the copper transporter Ctr1 and the divalent metal transporter DMT1. In addition, copper oxide nanoparticles are rapidly accumulated by astrocytes via endocytosis. Cultured astrocytes tolerate moderate increases in intracellular copper contents very well. However, if a given threshold of cellular copper content is exceeded after exposure to copper, accelerated production of reactive oxygen species and compromised cell viability are observed. Upon exposure to sub-toxic concentrations of copper ions or copper oxide nanoparticles, astrocytes increase their copper storage capacity by upregulating the cellular contents of glutathione and metallothioneins. In addition, cultured astrocytes have the capacity to export copper ions which is likely to involve the copper ATPase 7A. The ability of astrocytes to efficiently accumulate, store and export copper ions suggests that astrocytes have a key role in the distribution of copper in brain. Impairment of this astrocytic function may be involved in diseases which are connected with disturbances in brain copper metabolism.     

Copper Hypersensitivity and Uptake in Pseudomonas syringae Containing Cloned Components of the Copper Resistance Operon

Copper resistance in Pseudomonas syringae carrying the copABCD operon is associated with accumulation of copper in the periplasm and outer membrane, apparently as a function of the copper-binding activities of the copABC gene products. However, no specific function for copD has been determined. In this study, P. syringae cells containing copCD or copBCD cloned behind the lac promoter were hypersensitive to copper. An increased accumulation of copper was measured in cells containing several combinations of cop genes that included copC and copD. Our data suggest that CopC, a periplasmic copper-binding protein, and CopD, a probable inner membrane protein, may function together in copper uptake.     

铜与动脉粥样硬化

动物和人体的研究表明,动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,As)与机体铜缺乏或过多有关,机体铜的水平高低可以影响脂质代谢、氧自由基产生、抗氧化酶活性、低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL)氧化及炎症反应等。从而提示铜在动脉粥样硬化发生发展中起着重要的作用。     

Copper Supply in Relation to Content and Redistribution of Copper Among Organs of the Wheat Plant

The relationship of copper supply to the content and movementof copper among organs of wheat plants was examined at sevenstages in their growth from seedlings to maturity on a copperdeficient sand. In the absence of copper (Cu₀), plants becameseverely copper deficient and produced no grain; developmentof tillers, leaves, stems, and inflorescences was delayed andgrowth of roots strongly depressed; leaf senescence was retardedand tiller growth was prolonged. Application of a marginal supplyof copper (Cu₁) overcame all symptoms and promoted growth andgrain production. Increasing copper supply eightfold (Cu₂) didnot change vegetative or grain production. Copper concentrations in stems, individual leaves, and wholetops were highest and responded most strongly to copper supplywhen they were young. As they aged, Cu₁ and Cu₂ leaves lostcopper rapidly; the first Cu₀ leaves retained their copper andremained healthy for more than 7 weeks even though younger leavesdeveloped severe copper deficiency. In all treatments, lossof copper from the oldest leaf paralleled senescence and theloss of nitrogen. It is suggested that copper does not move out of plant leavesuntil they lose organic nitrogen compounds. As a result, copperbehaves in non-senescent leaves as if it is not mobile in plantphloem. But under conditions favouring senescence, copper ishighly mobile: in the present experiment, 67 per cent of thecopper present in vegetative organs of the Cu₂ primary shootat flowering moved from them during grain development and thiscould account for all of the copper found in the grain at maturity. The retention of copper by leaves before senescence, its rapidloss during senescence, and the effect of copper deficiencyin delaying senescence resulted in the oldest leaf of severelydeficient Cu₀ plants in the present experiment having a highercopper concentration than that of copper adequate Cu₁ and Cu₂plants. This behaviour could account for the many reports ofanomalous C-shaped ‘Piper-Steenbjerg’ curves inthe relationship of yield to copper concentrations in planttops. The coupling of copper movement from leaves to nitrogenmovement can also account for the unusually high values reportedfor critical concentrations of copper in tops of plants givenhigh levels of nitrogen fertilizers. Old organs should not be included in samples for diagnosis ofcopper deficiency. Only young organs should be used. In thepresent experiment, the copper concentration of young leavesgave a good indication of the copper status of wheat: a valueof 1 µg g^–1 in young leaves indicated copper deficiency. copper, nitrogen, phloem transport, mineral transport, deficiency diagnosis, wheat, Triticum aestivum L.     

The Consequence of Selection for Copper Tolerance on the Uptake and Accumulation of Copper inMimulus guttatus

Previous research has shown that copper tolerance inMimulusguttatusFischer ex DC. is controlled by a single major geneand can be enhanced by a number of minor genes (or modifiers).Here we report the uptake of copper by three lines which allpossessed the major tolerance gene but differed in the modifiergenes: the major gene only (IT), the major gene plus increased(HT6) and decreased (LT6) modifiers. HT6 showed the highestcopper tolerance and IT the lowest. Copper uptake was investigatedat five copper concentrations and over 30 d to analyse the concentrationof copper accumulated in roots and shoots and the partitioningof apoplastic and symplastic root copper. Significant differenceswere found for root copper concentration with the IT line accumulatingthe highest levels. Fifty-two per cent of the root copper inthe IT line is symplastic and this increases to 60% in LT6 and64% in HT6. Significant differences were recorded for shootcopper concentration with HT6 accumulating the highest and ITthe lowest. At the highest external copper concentration theHT line accumulated nearly 800 µg g^-1in its shoot, approachinglevels reported for copper hyperaccumulation.Copyright 1997Annals of Botany Company Copper tolerance; copper uptake; copper minor genes; Mimulus guttatus