长江口潮间带底栖生物生态及变化趋势

基于长江口3个区域潮间带(崇明东滩、南汇边滩和嵊山岛)监测数据,对长江口区域潮间带底栖生物生态现状及变化趋势进行评价。结果表明,2019年长江口海域泥相和岩相潮间带共鉴定大型底栖生物9门57种,软体动物、甲壳类和多毛类构成主要类群。崇明东滩、南汇边滩两个泥相潮间带底栖生物平均栖息密度分别为96.4个/m~2和160.4个/m~2,平均生物量分别为68.42 g/m~2和45.71 g/m~2;嵊山岛岩相潮间带平均栖息密度和生物量分别为488.9个/m~2和763.72 g/m~2。各断面多样性、丰富度和均匀度指数分别位于1.36—3.24、0.75—2.88和0.48—0.77,泥相潮间带低潮区生物多样性优于中潮区和高潮区,岩相潮间带中潮区生物多样性最好。聚类分析可见长江口海域潮间带底栖生物分为泥相和岩相2个大组群,物种分布存在明显的分潮区现象,高潮区站位成群或与个别中潮区站位成群,低潮区站位成群或与个别中潮区站位成群,表明底质类型和潮汐是影响潮间带大型底栖生物群落结构的主要因子。近30年来,崇明东滩和南汇边滩底栖生物种类数存在一定波动,嵊山后陀湾断面生物种类数明显下降;3个区域潮间带...     

嵊泗列岛潮间带群落生态学研究Ⅰ．岩相潮间带底栖生物群落组成及季节变化

对嵊泗列岛岩相潮间带底栖生物群落的研究表明,受盐度及海岸开敞度影响,该列岛岩相潮间带生活着低盐性、广盐性及高盐性３种类型群落．多毛类数量,从西部到东部呈逐渐增加的趋势,软体动物密度和生物量顺序分别为ＳＳ４＞ＨＬ３＞ＳＪ２＞ＤＹ１和ＤＹ１＞ＳＪ２＞ＨＬ３＞ＳＳ４;甲壳动物分别为ＤＹ１＞ＳＪ２＞ＨＬ３＞ＳＳ４和ＳＳ４＞ＨＬ３＞ＳＪ２＞ＤＹ１;藻类生物量顺序为ＨＬ３＞ＳＳ４＞ＳＪ２＞ＤＹ１．垂直分布上,多毛类数量,断面ＤＹ１及ＳＪ２为中湖区＞低潮区＞高潮区,断面ＨＬ３及ＳＳ４为低潮区＞中潮区＞高潮区;软体动物、甲壳动物和藻类生物量顺序均为中潮区＞低潮区＞高潮区．藻类生物量一般以春秋季最高,夏季较低;底栖动物生物量,ＤＹ１以夏秋季生物量较大,冬季最小,ＳＪ２、ＨＬ３分别以春秋生物量最大,ＳＪ２以冬季最小,ＨＬ３以春季最小．     

泉州湾大型底栖生物群落生态

泉州湾大型底栖生物有256种,其中多毛类66种,软体动物74种,甲壳动物77种,棘皮动物12种和其他动物27种。多毛类、软体动物和甲壳动物占总种数的84．76％。三者构成大型底栖生物的主要类群。春季、夏季、秋季和冬季4个季节平均生物量为23．13g/m^2,平均栖息密度为144个／m^2。数量组成,生物量以软体动物居首位10．28g/m^2,棘皮动物居第二位5．44g／m^2;栖息密度以软体动物占第一位78个／m^2,多毛类占第二位37个／m^2。泉州湾大型底栖生物主要有2个群落：群落Ⅰ。丝鳃稚齿虫一光滑河篮蛤-纹尾长眼虾群落;群落Ⅱ,中蚓虫-光滑河篮蛤-模糊新短眼蟹群落。泉州湾大型底栖生物群落出现一定扰动,主要在于群落的季节演替。     

泉州湾岩相潮间带底栖生物生态研究Ⅰ.物种多样性与分布特征

2001年11月至2002年8月在泉州湾浮山(R1)、下洋(R2)、垵头(R3)和大坠岛(R4) 选择4条岩相潮间带断面对底栖生物分布进行了调查,共采集了6687号标本.经分析鉴定共有324种,其中有藻类17种,多毛类102种,软体动物96种,节肢动物62种,棘皮动物11种,其他动物共有36种.岩相断面种类的水平分布受制于潮流和海浪,不同断面的种数排序是浮山(206种)＞下洋(197种)＞大坠岛(193种)＞垵头(166种).垂直分布主要受制于潮汐和海浪.各断面不同潮区的共同特征是中潮区的物种最多,在129-156种之间;低潮区居第二,在87-116种之间;高潮区的种类最少,在9-20种之间.种数的季节变化反映生物对水温的适应性,不同季节种数排序为夏季(190种)＞春季(164种)＞秋季(158种)＞冬季(150种).     

浙江洞头大竹屿岛潮间带大型底栖生物多样性

2009年4、7、10月和2010年1月对大竹屿岛潮间带大型底栖生物进行了调查,共采集到大型底栖生物125种,其中软体动物57种、甲壳动物24种、腔肠动物6种、其他动物6种和藻类32种,分别占总种数的45.6%、19.2%、4.8%、4.8%和25.6%.高潮区优势种为小结节滨螺(Nodilittorina exigua)和短滨螺(Littorina brevicula),中潮区为日本笠藤壶(Tetraclita japonica)和条纹隔贻贝(Septifer virgatus),低潮区为盘管虫(Hydroides sp.)、鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)和短石蛏(Lithophaga curta).大型底栖生物总平均丰度和生物量分别为1637 ind·m-2和2851.63 g·m-2.Shannon指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数的平均值分别为1.63、3.36和0.35.等级聚类和非度量多维标度排序分析结果吻合;比较丰度/生物量曲线表明,群落结构已受到干扰,但群落相对稳定.     

南麂大檑山岛贻贝增殖区潮间带底栖生物的多样性

2012 年6 月在南麂大檑山岛厚壳贻贝增殖区潮间带布设2 个断面,进行潮间带底栖生物调查。定量采集到底栖生物16 种,其中软体动物6 种,藻类、甲壳类各3 种,腔肠动物、多毛类各2 种。潮间带底栖生物平均丰度为1 592 inds/m²,平均生物量17 326.48 g/m²,以厚壳贻贝的生物量及丰度为最高。大檑山岛潮间带底栖生物的Shannon-Weiner 多样性指数(H')、Simpson 多样性指数(D)、Pielou 均匀度指数(J)和Margalef 丰富度指数(d)分别为1.25~1.53、0.46~0.54、0.49~0.75、0.92~1.25,平均值分别是1.48、0.50、0.57、1.13,多样性指数都比较低,潮间带底栖生物群落受到中度干扰。底栖生物ABC 曲线分析表明,大檑山岛潮间带底栖生物群落处于稳定状态。厚壳贻贝壳长频数分布分析表明,大檑山岛潮间带厚壳贻贝以1~2 龄为主。     

福建海坛海峡潮间带大型底栖动物群落结构及次级生产力

为了解海坛海峡潮间带大型底栖生物现状,我们于2005年10月、2006年4月在位于台湾海峡北端的海坛海峡设置6条断面,依据<海洋监测规范第7部分:近海污染生态调查和生物监测>(GB17378.7-1998),进行潮间带大型底栖动物采样.共采获潮间带大型底栖动物228种,其中多毛类77种、软体动物75种、甲壳动物52种、棘皮动物7种、鱼类5种、其它类群动物12种.年平均生物量(湿重)为12.14 g/m2,年平均密度为571.5 ind./m2 .在数量组成中,软体动物占优势(314.2 ind./m2, 5.38 g/m2),其次是多毛类(20 4.7 ind./m2, 3.35 g/m2).Shannon-Weiner多样性指数3.419, Margalef物种丰富度指数3.271, Pielou均匀度指数0.780, 群落特征表明海坛海峡潮间带生态环境属正常状况.年平均去灰干重2.19 g(AFDW)/m2,依据Brey(1990)的公式计算,潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力3.72 g(AFDW)/ (m2·a),年平均P/B值为1.74 a-1,表明海坛海峡潮间带大型底栖动物中,个体小、生命周期短、繁殖力高、栖息密度大的种类对潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力的贡献较大[动物学报 54(3):428-435,2008].     

辽宁獐子岛马牙滩潮间带及近岸海区大型底栖动物群落特征

为摸清辽宁獐子岛潮间带及近岸海区的大型底栖动物的分布现状和群落受扰动情况,作者于2011年11月中旬在马牙滩潮间带和近岸海区采集大型底栖动物,采用优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数,Bray-Curtis相似性聚类分析、MDS标序和ABC曲线等方法,分析该区域内大型底栖动物群落的生态学特点.结果表明,在潮间带共鉴定大型底栖动物39种,优势类群为多毛类、甲壳类和软体类;优势种均为多毛类,即小头虫(Capitella capitata)、多美沙蚕(Lycastopsis augenari)、仙居虫(Naineris laevigata)和短叶索沙蚕(Lumbrineris latreilli);平均生物量为25.76±41.08 g/m2,以软体动物占优势;平均栖息密度为315.11±160.73个/m2,以多毛类占优势;丰富度指数、均匀度指数与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的平均值分别为1.17±0.89,0.74±0.17和1.80±1.09.近岸海区共鉴定大型底栖动物40种,优势类群为多毛类、甲壳动物、软体动物和棘皮动物.优势种包括4种棘皮动物和1种多毛类,即紫蛇尾(Ophiopholis mirabilis)、日本倍棘蛇尾(Amphioplus japonicus)、短叶索沙蚕、心形海胆(Echinocardium cordatum)和浅水萨氏真蛇尾(Ophiura sarsiivadicola).近岸海区的平均生物量和平均栖息密度分别为218.86±152.24g/m2和700.00±471.51个/m2,均以棘皮动物占优势.丰富度指数、均匀度指数与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的平均值分别为1.40±0.60,0.64±0.19和2.04±0.78.聚类分析结果表明,潮间带不同潮区间和近岸海区不同断面间群落差异显著.ABC曲线分析显示,獐子岛潮间带底质环境受到中度扰动,大型底栖动物群落结构处于不稳定状态;近岸海区受到轻度干扰,群落结构未发生明显变化.     

盐城自然保护区射阳河口潮间带大型底栖动物空间分布与季节变化

2008年11月—2009年10月,在盐城自然保护区射阳河口潮间带按月份对大型底栖动物群落进行取样。共得到大型底栖动物16种,隶属3门4纲15科,为软体动物、节肢动物甲壳类和环节动物多毛类,其中,潮间带米草丛6种,高潮带光滩7种,中潮带光滩13种,低潮带光滩7种。对潮间带各样点的物种数、密度、生物量以及不同样点的生物多样性指数Margalef指数(S)、Shannon指数(H)、Pielou指数(J)和Simpson指数(D)进行样点-季节间无重复双因素方差分析,发现样点间物种数、密度和生物量差异极显著(所有P<0.01),三者季节间差异均不显著;样点间H、D和S差异显著(所有P<0.05),季节间差异均不显著;而季节间和样点间J差异均不显著。对四季4个样点的群落进行聚类和排序分析发现,中、高潮带光滩界限不明显,潮间带米草丛和低潮带光滩界限明显。结果表明:生境条件的不同是潮间带大型底栖动物群落组成差异的主要原因,同一生境大型底栖动物群落季节间差异不显著。     

楚科奇海及白令海大型底栖生物初步研究

1999年夏季在楚科奇海、白令海采用30 cm×30 cm箱式取样器,取得16个站位大型底栖生物定量样品。经分析研究有大型底栖生物92科164种,其中多毛类、软体动物和甲壳动物种数最多,占总种数的88.41％,三者构成北极楚科奇海和白令海大型底栖生物的主要类群。优势种有独毛虫属一种(Tharyx sp.) 、齿吻沙蚕属一种(Nephtys sp.)、囊叶齿吻沙蚕(Nephtys caeca)、平滑胡桃蛤(Ennucula tenuis)、短吻状蛤(Nuculana pernula pernuloides)、拟猛钩虾属一种( sp.)、日本沙钩虾(Byblis japonicus)和萨氏真蛇尾(Ophiura sarsii)等。楚科奇海和白令海大型底栖生物平均生物量为111.83 g/m²,平均栖息密度为2538个/m²。生物量和栖息密度均以多毛类和软体动物占多数。楚科奇海和白令海大型底栖生物有5个群落类型：Ⅰ. 梯额虫(Scalibregma inflatum)-紫轮参(Polycheira rufescens)-结栉盖蛇尾(Stegophiura nodosa)群落, Ⅱ. 拟单指虫(Cossurella sp.)-平滑胡桃蛤-鳞甲钩虾(Lepidepecreum sp.)群落, Ⅲ. 缩头竹节虫(Maldane sarai)-葛氏希泊钩虾(Hippomedon gorbunovi)-萨氏真蛇尾群落, Ⅳ.齿吻沙蚕(Nephtys sp.)-平滑胡桃蛤-日本沙钩虾-戈芬星虫(Golfingia sp.)群落和白令海群落, 即索沙蚕(Lumbrineris fragilis)-户枢蛤(Asthenothaerus sp.)-太平洋方甲涟虫(Eudorella pacifica)-革囊星虫(Phascolion sp.)群落。楚科奇海的群落Ⅰ、群落Ⅱ和白令海各群落结构相对稳定;楚科奇海群落Ⅲ和群落Ⅳ出现一定扰动。     

三亚岩相潮间带底栖海藻群落结构及其季节变化

为了解三亚潮间带大型海藻生态现状,布设6条岩相断面,于2008年1—11月进行了四季野外的调查,并使用物种多样性指数与聚类分析研究了潮间带大型海藻四季的群落结构和多样性变化。调查共鉴定出大型底栖藻类130种,隶属于4门75属,其中红藻门41属67种、褐藻门16属31种、绿藻门15属29种、蓝藻门3属3种。潮间带海藻种类数季节变化不大,并呈低潮带>中潮带>高潮带的垂直分布特征,且中低潮带有共同分布种,夏季尤为普遍。潮间带海藻夏冬两季平均生物量高于春秋两季,但并无显著差异。优势种季节变化明显:春季有波利团扇藻Padina boryana、日本仙菜Ceramium japonicum、半叶马尾藻Sargassum hemiphyllum、海柏Polyopes polyideoides,夏季有波状软凹藻Chondrophycus undulates、冠叶马尾藻Sargassum cristaefolium、宽扁叉节藻Amphiroa dilatata、石花菜Gelidium amansii,秋季有冠叶马尾藻、波状软凹藻、叶状铁钉菜Ishige foliacea,冬季有瓦氏马尾藻Sargassum vachellianum、苔状鸭毛藻Symphyocladia marchantioides、珊瑚藻Corallina officinalis、波利团扇藻、日本仙菜。群落多样性冬高夏低:Shannon多样性和Margalef丰富度指数最大值出现在冬季,Shannon多样性和Pielou均匀度指数最低值出现在夏季。区域底栖藻类以暖水性热带-亚热带种为主,其次为温水性的暖温带种类,基本符合南海南区暖水区系特点。研究表明,尽管三亚潮间带底栖海藻种类数与生物量上并无显著的季节差异,但群落结构与多样性均显示出一定的季节变化。     

Spatial variability in structural and functional aspects of macrofauna communities and their environmental parameters in the Jade Bay (Wadden Sea Lower Saxony, southern North Sea)

Spatial distribution and functional structure of intertidal benthic macrofauna in relation to environmental variables in the Jade Bay (southern North Sea) were studied and compared with other intertidal areas of the Wadden Sea. A total of 128 stations covering the whole Jade Bay were sampled in summer 2009. A total of 114 taxa were found. Highest species numbers occurred in the subtidal areas, whereas highest mean abundances were found in the upper intertidal areas. Based on species abundance data, six significantly distinct macrofauna communities in the Jade Bay were identified and evaluated with multivariate statistics, univariate correlations and canonical correspondence analysis. Differences in these community patterns were caused by the response of the dominant species (Hydrobia ulvae, Tubificoides benedii, Pygospio elegans, Caulleriella killariensis, Scoloplos armiger, Urothoe poseidonis, Microprotopus maculatus) to prevailing environmental conditions along the gradient from the lower and exposed sandy intertidal areas via intermediate mixed sediments to the upper mudflat areas. Distribution patterns in relation to tidal zonation were best explained by variability in submergence time, Chlorophyll a (chl a) content and sediment composition (mud content), which are proxies for hydrodynamic conditions and food availability. Species inventory and species richness were comparable with other intertidal areas of the Wadden Sea, but the Jade Bay differs from these areas regarding dominant species. Differences in sediment composition and morphological characteristics (macrotidal versus mesotidal Wadden Sea areas) are discussed for comparison of regional differences.     

Zonation of intertidal macrobenthos in the estuaries of Schelde and Ems

Based on data, collected in 1980–1990, the intertidal benthic macrofauna of the Schelde and Ems estuaries was compared. The spatial occurrence of the benthic macrofauna along the salinity gradient, including the freshwater tidal area was emphasized. Both estuaries appeared to have a very similar species composition, especially at genus level. The higher number of species observed in the Schelde estuary was probably due to a greater habitat diversity. In both estuaries species diversity decreased with distance upstream. The total density did not vary along the estuarine gradient, whereas biomass is highest in the polyhaline zone.In both estuaries distinct intertidal benthic communities were observed along the salinity gradient: a marine community in the polyhaline zone, a brackish community in the mesohaline zone, and a third community in the oligohaline and freshwater tidal zones of the estuary. These three communities were very similar between both estuaries. Their main characteristics were discussed together with the occurrence and distribution of the dominant species.For the Schelde estuary and to a lesser extent also for the Ems estuary, there was evidence that anthropogenic stress had a negative effect on the intertidal macrobenthic communities of the oligohaline/freshwater tidal zone. Only Oligochaeta were dominating, whereas the very euryhaline and/or true limnetic species were missing. In the mesohaline zone, the Schelde estuary was dominated by large numbers of short-living, opportunistic species, whereas in the Ems estuary relatively more stable macrobenthic communities were observed. A comparison with some other European estuaries showed in general similar trends as those observed for the Schelde and Ems estuaries.     

珊瑚藻类对南麂列岛潮间带底栖生物群落多样性的影响

为了解南麂列岛潮间带珊瑚藻类对于其他大型藻类和底栖动物的影响, 在南麂列岛国家级海洋自然保护区布设了4条潮间带断面, 于2012年5月至2013年2月对其生物状况进行了逐季调查, 分别分析了中低潮区大型藻类、非珊瑚藻大型藻类、底栖动物的物种多样性和均匀度, 并计算了大型底栖动物的功能多样性指数Rao's Q。主要结果如下: (1)共采集和鉴定出大型藻类52种, 其中珊瑚藻科藻类有5种; (2)珊瑚藻类在高潮区没有分布, 在中低潮区均占据优势, 占潮间带藻类生物量的68.9%。四季中低潮区大型藻类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数范围为1.638-4.044, 非珊瑚藻大型藻类的多样性指数范围为1.495-3.809, 底栖动物为5.289-6.917; 大型藻类的Pielou均匀度指数范围为0.819-0.971, 非珊瑚藻大型藻类的均匀度指数范围为0.830-0.973, 底栖动物为0.967-0.988; (3)大型藻类物种多样性和均匀度指数的降低与珊瑚藻类优势度的增加相关, 但珊瑚藻类优势度与底栖动物物种多样性指数、均匀度指数和功能多样性指数均没有显著相关性; (4)底栖动物功能多样性与珊瑚藻类优势度均呈低潮区高于中潮区的变化规律, 但相关性分析表明两者间并无直接联系。推测珊瑚藻类通过竞争占据了其他藻类的生存空间, 从而降低了南麂列岛潮间带大型藻类的物种多样性和均匀度。底栖动物则因其自身生活特点而使得珊瑚藻类的扩张未能影响其多样性水平。     

深圳湾潮间带1995-2010年大型底栖动物群落的时空变化

本文根据1995-2010年在深圳湾潮间带5条断面采集的大型底栖动物数据,分析了群落的物种数、栖息密度、多样性指数(H)、丰度指数(d)和多变量海洋底栖生物指数(M-AMBI)的时空变化.结果表明,物种数、多样性指数、丰度指数和多变量海洋底栖生物指数存在明显的空间差异,即距离深圳河口越近,大型底栖动物物种数越少,多样性指数、丰度指数和多变量海洋底栖生物指数越低.空间差异还体现在越靠近深圳河口的取样断面,大个体物种,如羽须鳃沙蚕(Dendronereis pinnaticirris)和腺带刺沙蚕(Neanthes glandicincta)的栖息密度越低,而小个体、生命周期短的小头虫(Capitella capitata)和寡毛类动物栖息密度所占的比例越高,丰度生物量比较(abundance biomass comparison,简称ABC)法证实了深圳湾潮间带大型底栖动物群落的空间差异.造成这种差异的原因推测是由于深圳市人口的增加和工、农业的发展,排入深圳河的污水量增加,导致距离深圳河越近,有机质含量越高.大型底栖动物群落的物种数、栖息密度、多样性指数、丰度指数、多变量海洋底栖生物指数的年和季节变化各不相同,没有明显的变化趋势.     

福建省主要海湾潮下带大型底栖无脊椎动物组成与分布特征

根据2010年8月对福建省12个主要海湾潮下带大型底栖无脊椎动物的调查资料,分析了大型底栖无脊椎动物的种类组成、生物多样性和群落结构分布特征及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明: 12个海湾共采集到大型底栖动物382种,包括环节动物170种、甲壳动物75种、软体动物78种、棘皮动物19种,以及其他类群40种.物种数、丰度、生物量和生物多样性指数空间差异较大: 罗源湾物种数最高,为92种,旧镇湾最低,为25种,所有海湾平均(55±21)种;所有海湾在物种组成上均为多毛类占优势,其平均物种数百分比为(51.8±5.5)%;诏安湾平均丰度最高,为(1330±1094) ind·m^-2,其次为福清湾、厦门湾、湄洲湾,泉州湾最低;兴化湾平均生物量最高,为(821.2±2387.7) g·m^-2,其次为福清湾、厦门湾,深沪湾最低;丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数在罗源湾、湄洲湾、深沪湾、厦门湾和东山湾呈现较高值,而在福清湾和旧镇湾呈现较低值,两者的全域均值分别为(0.80±0.09)和(2.73±0.64).以相似度20%为界,可将研究区域的大型底栖无脊椎动物划分为14个群组,其中罗源湾内各站位间群落相似度最高,湾内差异最小,其次为三沙湾、福清湾、深沪湾和诏安湾,而其他海湾不同站位的群落组成差异较大.物种数、多样性指数和环境因子间的相关性分析和主成分分析显示,造成研究区大型底栖动物群落结构组成和分布差异的主要环境因子依次为沉积物铜、水深和底层水体活性磷酸盐.     

Benthic fauna in tropical tidal flats of Hinchinbrook Channel, NE Australia: diversity, abundance and their spatial and temporal variation

A survey of the benthic infauna (macro- and mesofauna) in tidalflats of Hinchinbrook Channel, north-east Australia, was carried out toassess the species diversity and individual abundances as well as theirtemporalvariations. Two sites were surveyed at five occassions from November 1988 toOctober 1991. In addition, spatial distributions over the intertidal gradientwere investigated once in May 1990. During the entire survey, over 200 specieswere recorded, with 53 species found on average at each sampling occassion.Species densities ranged from 4.0 to 8.2 species 177cm^–2 for macrofauna and from 4.1 to 11.8 species10 cm^–2 for mesofauna, but varied little betweensites. The average infaunal diversity (H') was 2.53. Individual abundancesreached median values of 14.0 individuals 177cm^–2for macrofauna and 14.5 individuals 10 cm^–2 formesofauna. Changes in total abundances were not related to season andinconsistent at the two study sites, with significantly higher abundancesoccurring either at site A or B on single sampling dates. Transects sampled inMay 1990 showed varying species compositions and abundances in the upper, midand lower intertidal, but no defined benthic communities were revealed bymultivariate analyses. Temporal variations in the benthic assemblages of thetwotidal flats in Hinchinbrook Channel were higher than variations between sites,with a separation of assemblages before and after 1989. Problems to assess andinterpret temporal changes in species rich tropical benthic communities arediscussed.     

浙江乐清湾湿地水鸟资源及其多样性特征

乐清湾是我国具有重要意义的海湾之一。作者于1997、1999和2003年对乐清湾水鸟的分布、数量和多样性特征进行了研究,共观察到54种水鸟,隶属4目7科24属。其中湾口的水鸟物种数、个体数量、多样性指数、均匀度指数以及涉禽所占比例均为最高,湾底次之,湾中部最低。影响这一区域鸟类分布和多样性的因素包括不同区域的滩涂宽度、水动力条件以及有效潮上坪面积等。乐清湾冬季水鸟的物种数呈逐年下降趋势,但年间差异均不显著。除2003年分布于湾底的水鸟个体数量比1999年有所增加外,其他区域都呈逐年下降的趋势,但只有湾口2003年和1997年间的差异显著。鸟类多样性指数和均匀度指数均呈下降趋势,说明适宜水鸟栖息的整体资源环境正逐渐退化,这可能与围垦等人为干扰因素有关。     

Assessing the Response of Nematode Communities to Climate Change-Driven Warming: A Microcosm Experiment

Biodiversity has diminished over the past decades with climate change being among the main responsible factors. One consequence of climate change is the increase in sea surface temperature, which, together with long exposure periods in intertidal areas, may exceed the tolerance level of benthic organisms. Benthic communities may suffer structural changes due to the loss of species or functional groups, putting ecological services at risk. In sandy beaches, free-living marine nematodes usually are the most abundant and diverse group of intertidal meiofauna, playing an important role in the benthic food web. While apparently many functionally similar nematode species co-exist temporally and spatially, experimental results on selected bacterivore species suggest no functional overlap, but rather an idiosyncratic contribution to ecosystem functioning. However, we hypothesize that functional redundancy is more likely to observe when taking into account the entire diversity of natural assemblages. We conducted a microcosm experiment with two natural communities to assess their stress response to elevated temperature. The two communities differed in diversity (high [HD] vs. low [LD]) and environmental origin (harsh vs. moderate conditions). We assessed their stress resistance to the experimental treatment in terms of species and diversity changes, and their function in terms of abundance, biomass, and trophic diversity. According to the Insurance Hypothesis, we hypothesized that the HD community would cope better with the stressful treatment due to species functional overlap, whereas the LD community functioning would benefit from species better adapted to harsh conditions. Our results indicate no evidence of functional redundancy in the studied nematofaunal communities. The species loss was more prominent and size specific in the HD; large predators and omnivores were lost, which may have important consequences for the benthic food web. Yet, we found evidence for alternative diversity–ecosystem functioning relationships, such as the Rivets and the Idiosyncrasy Model.     

Intertidal and subtidal soft-bottom macro- and meiofauna of the Kongsfjord (Spitsbergen)

The intertidal and subtidal soft bottom macro- and meiofauna of a glacier fjord on Spitsbergen was studied after complete ice melt in June 2003. The abundances of the benthic fauna were within the range reported from estuaries and similar intertidal areas of boreal regions. The high proportion of juveniles in the eulittoral zone indicated larval recruitment from subtidal areas. The macrobenthic fauna can be divided into an intertidal and a subtidal community, both being numerically dominated by annelids. Deposit feeders were numerically predominant in intertidal sites, whereas suspension feeders were most abundant in the subtidal area. Among the meiofauna, only the benthic copepods were identified to species, revealing ecological adaptations typical for intertidal species elsewhere.