固氮螺菌中固氮酶活性的厌氧关闭与细胞内ATP／ADP比值的关系

本文研究了巴西固氮螺菌(Azospirillum brasilense)“玉-62”在以谷氨酸为氮源的好气液体培养条件下固氮酶活性厌氧关闭的机制。ATP 合成的解偶联剂 CCCP 使固氮酶迅速失活,Western blotting 实验证明这种失活的分子基础是固氮酶铁蛋白—亚基被修饰。用萤光素-萤光素酶法测定表明厌氧处理使细胞内 ATP/ADP 比值迅速下降,固氮酶活性亦迅速被抑制,重新供氧后细胞内 ATP/ADP 比值很快恢复到原水平,固氮酶活性亦迅速上升。CCCP处理亦使细胞内 ATP/ADP 比值迅速下降。低电位电子受体 Metronidazole 制固氮活性,但固氮酶铁蛋白不被修饰,细胞内 ATP/ADP 比值略上升。实验证明,细胞内 ATP/ADP 比值的变化是启动固氮酶铁蛋白修饰系统的信号分子。     

G蛋白调节剂对梨花粉萌发及花粉胞内Ca2+浓度变化的影响

用激光共聚焦技术研究了异三聚体G蛋白活性调节剂对梨花粉萌发、花粉管生长及花粉细胞内游离钙离子浓度动态的影响。结果表明：异三聚体G蛋白激活剂霍乱毒素(CTX)可促进梨花粉萌发与花粉管生长,而其抑制剂百日咳毒素(PTX)则抑制花粉萌发与花粉管生长;霍乱毒素处理后,花粉细胞内产生特异性的“钙瞬变”信号,而百日咳毒素处理后则引起花粉细胞内游离钙离子浓度的持续下降。这表明：异三聚体G蛋白可能参与了梨花粉萌发与花粉管生长的调控过程,G蛋白的活性变化对花粉萌发的效应可能是通过调控花粉细胞内游离Ca^2 浓度的动态变化产生特异性的钙信号来实现的。     

重金属镉通过DNA氧化损伤途径诱导细胞中心体扩增

目的:研究氯化镉(CdCl_2)对细胞中心体扩增的影响,及活性氧(ROS)和DNA损伤在CdCl_2诱导细胞中心体扩增中的作用。方法:用不同浓度(0、10、20、40μmol/L)CdCl_2处理HCT116细胞48 h,MTT法检测细胞活性;用低浓度无毒性的CdCl_2处理细胞48 h,免疫荧光实验观察细胞内中心体的扩增;用CdCl_2(20μmol/L)、CdCl_2+N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)处理细胞2 h,活性氧检测试剂盒检测细胞内ROS水平的变化;用CdCl_2(20μmol/L)、CdCl_2+NAC处理细胞6 h,彗星电泳试剂盒检测细胞内DNA损伤水平的变化;用CdCl_2(20μmol/L)、CdCl_2+NAC处理细胞48 h,免疫荧光观察细胞内中心体的扩增。结果:20μmol/L或以下CdCl_2处理细胞48 h不影响细胞活性;CdCl_2 20μmol/L或以下无毒性剂量CdCl_2诱导细胞中心体发生扩增(P0.01),并呈剂量依赖效应;在20μmol/L CdCl_2处理下,细胞内ROS和DNA损伤水平均明显升高(P0.01),当有抗氧化剂NAC存在时,细胞内升高的ROS和DNA损伤水平均被明显抑制(P0.01);抗氧化剂NAC对CdCl_2诱导的中心体扩增也有明显的抑制效果(P0.01)。结论:氯化镉通过DNA氧化损伤途径诱导细胞中心体扩增。     

二氮嗪再灌注处理通过抑制细胞内ROS信号保护心肌细胞

恢复心肌血流量是目前针对急性心肌梗塞的有效治疗方式,但是在心肌再灌注过程中会进一步引起心肌细胞的坏死和调亡。二氮嗪是一种线粒体ATP敏感型钾离子通道开放剂,研究证明二氮嗪预处理具有心肌保护功能。本研究主要探讨二氮嗪再灌注处理是否具有心肌细胞保护作用并探讨其分子机制。以体外培养的H9c2心肌细胞为研究对象,通过联合缺氧模拟在体心肌缺血复灌损伤,检测细胞凋亡、线粒体膜电位、细胞内活性氧及钙离子各项指标的变化。结果发现,与正常组(control)相比,缺血再灌损伤组(ischemia-reperfusion injury,IRI)细胞活性显著下降,细胞凋亡率显著升高,线粒体跨膜电位(MMP)下降,同时细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和钙离子大量爆发,二氮嗪在这一过程中通过抑制细胞内ROS的增加、保护线粒体膜电位起到心肌细胞保护作用,并且其保护作用与细胞内另一种重要的第二信使钙离子没有直接关系。     

外源DMSO和ASA对微囊藻毒素胁迫下烟草细胞ROS生成和抗氧化系统的影响

采用2μg/mL微囊藻毒素-RR(MC-RR)、2μg/mL MC-RR 0.5%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和2μg/mL MC-RR 2 mmol/L抗坏血酸(ASA)分别处理烟草悬浮细胞,研究上述各处理对烟草悬浮细胞活性氧(ROS)产生和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,MC-RR单独处理后烟草悬浮细胞中ROS、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)和细胞内源ASA的含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性明显升高,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量有一个先降后升的变化过程。在分别加入外源抗氧化剂DMSO或ASA后,细胞内ROS和MDA含量下降,ASA、GSH含量和SOD、POD酶活性基本可恢复到对照水平。以上结果说明,微囊藻毒素单独处理细胞可造成氧化胁迫,其所诱导的ROS的大量积累很有可能是其产生细胞毒害的关键因子,外源抗氧化剂ASA和DMSO可缓解MC-RR对细胞的毒害作用,对细胞起一定保护作用。     

甲霜灵对大豆疫霉野生菌株及突变菌株生长发育影响的细胞学研究

本文利用电子显微镜技术研究了内吸性杀菌剂甲霜灵(Metalaxyl)对大豆疫霉Phytophthoras ojae野生菌株和突变菌株的形态学及超微结构的影响。结果表明:不同浓度甲霜灵处理后可导致野生菌株和突变菌株发生一系列不同的变化。低浓度(1μg/mL)处理后,野生菌株在培养基上的生长即可受到抑制,菌丝呈现不规则的肿胀、过度分枝;菌丝细胞壁不规则加厚,菌丝细胞内液泡增加,脂肪粒累积,细胞器排列紊乱,原生质最终坏死。随浓度的升高,野生菌株立即停止生长,菌丝干瘪坏死。而突变菌株只在高浓度(10μg/mL)甲霜灵处理后顶端菌丝出现少量较小的分枝,菌丝细胞壁无增厚现象,但细胞内脂肪粒大量积累,明显高于敏感性菌株;突变菌株在高浓度甲霜灵压力下仍继续生长。     

细胞内微丝骨架的变化对人肝癌Bel-7402细胞形态的影响

癌细胞的形态及癌细胞的生物学行为(如粘附、迁移和浸润)与细胞内骨架系统密切相关,本研究利用Phalloidin-FTTC标记人肝癌Bel-7402细胞内F-肌动蛋白(F-aetin),使用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观测细胞微丝骨架与癌细胞形态的关系,及Cyt-B处理Bel-7402细胞后,癌细胞内微丝骨架的变化。结果显示：癌细胞内F-aedn解聚,F-aetin小体的聚集重组是癌细胞的形态变化的主要因素之一。     

氧化修饰与丙二醛修饰的低密度脂蛋白对巨噬细胞高密度脂蛋白结合量及胆固醇酯聚集的影响

本文用Cu~(2+)(引发氧化修饰)和脂质过氧化降解产物丙二醛(MDA)对低密度脂蛋白(LDL)进行修饰,观察了两种修饰的LDL对巨噬细胞高密度脂蛋白_3(HDL_3)结合量及细胞内胆固醇酯聚集的影响。结果说明:1.Cu~(2+)和MDA修饰的LDL都可使巨噬细胞HDL_3结合量下降,细胞内脂质过氧化物(LPO)含量升高,但当处理细胞在含10％无脂血清(LPDS)培养液中继续培养时,由MDA修饰的LDL(MDA-LDL)导致的HDL_3结合量降低又有一定的恢复,细胞内LPO含量不再升高,而Cu~(2+)修饰的LDL(Cu~(2+)-LDL)处理的细胞继续培养时,HDL_3结合量则继续下降,细胞LPO含量则继续升高。2.由Cu~(2+)-LDL导致的巨噬细胞HDL_3结合量下降与细胞LPO含量升高之间呈负相关(r=-0.81,P<0.01)。3.MDA-LDL和Cu~(2+)-LDL都可造成巨噬细胞胆固醇酯聚集,但MDA-LDL造成的胆固醇酯可被HDL_3大量清除而Cu~(2+)-LDL造成的胆固醇酯聚集则不能。     

辛伐他汀通过上调sirt1抵抗氧化低密度脂蛋白诱导的内皮细胞衰老

目的:探讨辛伐他汀对氧化低密度脂蛋白诱导的内皮细胞衰老的作用及其可能机制.方法:体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,给予不同浓度(0、25、50、100 μg/ml)氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)培养24小时,观察细胞β-半乳糖苷酶染色及SIRT1蛋白表达的变化;给予不同浓度辛伐他汀(1、5、10 μmol/L)预处理内皮细胞l小时后加入100μg/ml ox-LDL培养人脐静脉内皮细胞23小时,检测细胞β-半乳糖苷酶染色及SIRT1蛋白表达的变化.结果:随着ox-LDL作用浓度的增加,细胞内β-半乳糖苷酶染色的阳性细胞百分率逐渐升高,与空白对照组相比差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),在ox-LDL(100 μg/mll)组达到最高,显著高于ox-LDL(25 μg/ml)组(P＜0.001).而不同浓度ox-LDL处理的细胞内SIRT1的表达较空白对照组相比逐渐下降,ox-LDL(50、100 μg/ml)组SIRT1的表达显著低于ox-LDL(25 μg/ml)组(P＜0.05).10 μmol/L辛伐他汀预处理能明显降低100μg/ml ox-LDL处理的内皮细胞内β-半乳糖苷酶染色的阳性细胞百分率(P＜0.001),并显著抑制细胞内SIRT1的蛋白表达(P＜0.001).结论:辛伐他汀可以抵抗ox-LDL诱导的内皮细胞衰老,可能与增加内皮细胞内SIRT1的表达有关.     

眼镜蛇毒直接溶解因子对人肝癌细胞株细胞内游离钙动态变化的影响

用荧光染料FIuo-3标记人肝癌细胞株H_(7402)细胞内游离钙,在粘附式细胞仪观察检测单个细胞内游离钙水平的动态变化,细胞在无钙环境中,直接溶解因子(DLF)刺激下细胞内游离钙迅速升高,达到峰值后下降;在细胞培养皿中加入1mmol/L CaCl_2,DLF使胞浆游离钙持续升高;加入10mmol/L CaCl_2,DLF刺激后胞浆游离钙水平无明显变化,表明DLF能引起胞内Ca~(2 )释放和胞外Ca~(2 )内流,细胞外高浓度Ca~(2 )能阻断DLF升高细胞内Ca~(2 )浓度的 作用。     

Why are Nitrogen Concentrations in Plant Tissues Lower under Elevated CO2? A Critical Examination of the Hypotheses

Plants grown under elevated atmospheric [CO2] typically have decreased tissue concentrations of N compared with plants grown under current ambient [CO2]. The physiological mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon have not been definitely established, although a considerable number of hypotheses have been advanced to account for it. In this review we discuss and critically evaluate these hypotheses. One contributing factor to the decreases in tissue N concentrations clearly is dilution of N by increased photosynthetic assimilation of C. In addition, studies on intact plants show strong evidence for a general decrease in the specific uptake rates (uptake per unit mass or length of root) of N by roots under elevated CO2. This decreased root uptake appears likely to be the result both of decreased N demand by shoots and of decreased ability of the soil-root system to supply N. The best-supported mechanism for decreased N supply is a decrease in transpiration-driven mass flow of N in soils due to decreased stomatal conductance at elevated CO2, although some evidence suggests that altered root system architecture may also play a role. There is also limited evidence suggesting that under elevated CO2, plants may exhibit increased rates of N loss through volatilization and/or root exudation, further contributing to lowering tissue N concentrations.     

Changes in butterfly communities over a 10‐year period in Geum river basin in Korea

One conclusion of this study is that as the road network expands in rural and remote areas the surrounding butterfly populations are generally noted to be decreasing or even disappearing. However, there is one exception, Libythea celtis. This common species, living close to forested areas, have actually increased while thier competing species have decreased according to this study. The endangered species of Korea, Parnassius bremeri, Sinia divina and Argynnis nerippe, which inhabit the area of the study have also decreased or disappeared. Another result of this study is that, while the number of species which inhabit the grasslands have decreased, no similar changes have been noted in the number for the species which inhabit the shrubs. Furthermore, there has been a growth in the numbers of the species that inhabit trees. In addition, the number of individuals has decreased in the grasslands and shrubs but increased in the trees. Overall, the general conclusion of this study is that, while the development of rural and remote areas showed a decrease in the number of specific butterfly species, they are being replaced by more common species.     

Human aging brain disorders: Role of antioxidant enzymes

In order to investigate the role of two free radical detoxificant enzymes in patients with aging brain disorders, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities have been measured in blood from male and female human patients of different ages with several types of aging brain disorders. When compared with activities in the normal population, we have detected: 1) SOD and CAT activities are decreased in patients with Parkinson disease. 2) SOD activity seems to be normal and CAT activity is decreased in patients with dementia. 3) In the patients with stroke, SOD activity is normal, while CAT activity is decreased. SOD activity was measured in red blood cells using the Minami and Yoshikawa method. CAT activity was measured in hemolysates by the method of Aebi. We can conclude that SOD and CAT activities in patients with Parkinson disease are decreased.     

塔里木胡杨林保护区塔里木马鹿生境动态及其影响因素分析

采用GIS技术,结合实地考察数据和历史数据,通过对信息加工与处理,对1973-2003年间塔里木胡杨林自然保护区马鹿塔里木亚种(Cervus elaphus yarkandensis)分布区的生境动态情况进行了研究,同时对影响塔里木马鹿栖息地变化的主要因素进行了分析。结果表明,自1973-2003年在塔里木胡杨林自然保护区中各种生境类型的变化比较显著,其中(1)水资源严重缺乏,水量剧烈减少,水域面积大幅缩小(2)沙漠面积和低盖度植被面积略有减少,高盖度植被面积减少强烈,保护区内耕地面积快速增加,荒漠化趋势明显,总体上马鹿塔里木亚种分布区的各种生境类型处于变化状态,栖息地环境趋向恶化。     

Lesions of skeletal muscles in rats with acute alcoholic intoxication

Histological and histochemical studies of the rat skeletal muscles in acute alcohol intoxication have revealed metabolic disturbances, characterized by a decreased glycogen level, small-drop fatty infiltration, decreased activity of aerobic and enhanced activity of anaerobic enzyme glycolysis, dystrophic and focal necrotic myocyte changes. Acute alcohol intoxication in fasting animals is accompanied by more pronounced dystrophic and necrotic myocyte changes, decreased glycogen and lipid content.     

神经退化性疾病生物能量代谢和氧化应激研究进展

衰老是导致几种常见的神经系统退化性疾病的主要危险因素,包括帕金森氏病（Ｐａｒｋｉｎｓｏｎ’ｓ ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ ＰＤ）,肌萎缩性侧索硬化（Ａｍｙｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃ ｌａｔｅｒａｌ ｓｃｌｅｒｏｓｉｓ,ＡＬＳ）,早老性痴呆（Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ’ｓ ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ ＡＤ）和亨廷顿氏病（Ｈｕｎｔｉｎｇｔｏｎ’ｓ ｄｉｓｅａｓｅ ＨＤ）。最近研究表明,神经退化性疾病涉及到线粒体缺陷,氧化应激等因素。在脑和其它组织中,老化可导致线粒体功能的损伤和氧化损伤的增强。ＰＤ病人中,已发现线粒体复合酶体Ⅰ活性降低,氧化损伤增加和抗氧化系统活性的改变。在几例家族性ＡＬＳ病人中,也发现Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ超氧化物歧化酶（Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ ＳＯＤ）基因的突变,导致Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ超氧化物歧化酶活性减低;散发的ＡＬＳ病人氧化损伤增高。在ＨＤ病人中已发现能量代谢异常     

Temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli affecting beta-galactoside transport

Six different temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants have been isolated which have parental beta-galactoside permease levels at low temperatures but have decreased permease levels when grown at high temperatures. These mutants were derived from Escherichia coli ML308 (lacI(-)Y(+)Z(+)A(+)). After N-methyl-N'-nitro-N'-nitro-soguanidine mutagenesis, ampicillin was used to select for cells unable to grow on low lactose concentrations at 42 C. Temperature-sensitive mutants were assayed for galactoside permease activity after growth in casein hydrolysate medium at 25 or 42 C by measuring both radioactive methylthio-beta-d-galactoside uptake and in vivo o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactoside hydrolysis. The six conditional isolates have decreased levels of galactoside permease which are correlated with decreased growth rates at elevated temperatures. The low permease levels are not due to a temperature labile lacY gene product but rather to a temperature labile synthesis rate of functional permease. Some of the mutants exhibit a ts increase in permeability as shown by the increased leakage of intracellular beta-galactosidase and by the increased rate of in vivo o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactoside hydrolysis via the nonpermease mediated entry mechanism. Preliminary evidence indicates that transport in general is decreased in these mutants, yet there is some specificity in the mutational lesion since glucoside transport is unaffected. All these observations suggest that these mutants have ts alterations in membrane synthesis which results in pleiotropic effects on various membrane functions.     

Changes in individual rates of pancreatic enzyme and isoenzyme biosynthesis in the obese Zucker rat.

Both alterations of enzyme content and a markedly decreased secretory response to selected physiological stimuli have been demonstrated previously in the pancreas of the obese Zucker rat. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the degree to which alterations of enzyme content could be attributed to changes in enzyme biosynthesis. Amylase content of obese rats was decreased by 50%, whereas lipase and trypsinogens were significantly increased. However, the decrease in amylase content was less than might have been predicted from the rate of amylase biosynthesis (80% decrease), and the increases in content of trypsinogen(s) and lipase were greater than would have been predicted from alterations in the absolute rates of biosynthesis. In view of the rapid turnover of pancreatic enzymes under normal conditions, it seems probable that a markedly decreased secretory response to various stimuli leads to an increased content of some enzymes in the pancreas of the obese rat. Ciglitazone treatment, which decreases insulin resistance in obese animals and leads to normalization of glucose metabolism in their pancreatic tissue, restored the enzyme-synthesis rates towards normal, showing that the abnormalities of enzyme synthesis were linked to the insulin resistance rather than to the obese genotype itself. Lipid inclusion bodies were found in acinar cells of obese rats. These bodies have previously been described in acinar cells of starved animals, which, in common with the acinar tissue of the obese Zucker rat, have decreased glucose metabolism.     

Specific cellular defects in patients with Fanconi anemia

Measurements of plating efficiency, accumulation of metaphases and generation times have shown that fibroblast from patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) have decreased probability of completing a further division after successful mitosis. Thus FA cells show decreased growth rates and increased generation times. We have also measured the survival of FA fibroblasts and lymphoblasts after treatment with a variety of mutagens. All FA cells show an increased sensitivity to drugs such as MMC and psoralen plus long wave length UV which cause DNA interstrand crosslinks. FA strains show varying degrees of sensitivity to these drugs and the extent of this sensitivity seems to be characteristic of each patient. FA cells are equal to controls in their sensitivity to other alkylating agents such as ethyl methane sulfonate, N-methyl-N1-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and actinomycin D. Both the decreased growth and increased drug sensitivity may result from defect in DNA replication or repair.     

Does copulation increase the risk of predation?

Studies of mating behaviour have assumed that individuals are at greater risk when paired than when engaged in other activities. Recently, four experimental studies of insects and crustaceans have tested this assumption using predators from divergent taxa. Three of these studies indicate that mating carries no additional risk to the participants. Indeed, the findings suggest decreased vulnerability, relative to other activities, due to decreased predation on one or the other of the mating pair.