糖尿病诱导硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白(TXNIP)对小鼠胰岛β细胞衰老的影响*

目的: 本研究旨在观察糖尿病中硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白(TXNIP)的表达是否影响胰岛β细胞衰老。方法: 正常小鼠(db/m)、糖尿病小鼠(db/db)随机各取6只,血糖仪检测其空腹血糖值,Western blot检测胰腺组织TXNIP蛋白表达、免疫化学染色检测胰腺组织中衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶活性,Western blot检测胰腺组织衰老相关指标p16、p21、Rb表达的变化。INS-1胰岛β细胞随机分7组(n=6),用各组慢病毒(30 μl)转染4~6 h后,嘌呤霉素(PM, 3 μg/m)筛选7 d,构建Normal组(正常组)、Scramble ShRNA组(干扰空病毒组)、TXNIP-ShRNA-1(TXNIP沉默一组)组、TXNIP-ShRNA-2(TXNIP沉默二组)组、TXNIP-ShRNA-3组(TXNIP沉默三组)、Ad-GFP组(过表达空病毒组)、Ad-TXNIP-GFP组(TXNIP过表达组)稳转INS-1胰岛β细胞株,检测其TXNIP蛋白表达、衰老相关β -半乳糖苷酶活性、衰老相关指标。结果: 与正常小鼠相比,db/db组小鼠空腹血糖显著上升(P＜0.01),胰腺组织TXNIP蛋白表达显著升高(P＜0.05),胰腺组织β -半乳糖苷酶阳性染色率增加,p16、p21、Rb蛋白表达显著升高(P＜ 0.05)。与Ad-GFP组相比,Ad-TXNIP-GFP组β -半乳糖苷酶阳性染色率增加,p16、p21、Rb蛋白表达均显著增加(P＜0.01)。与Scramble ShRNA组相比,TXNIP-ShRNA组β -半乳糖苷酶阳性染色率降低,p16、p21以及Rb蛋白表达均降低(P＜0.05)。结论: 糖尿病可通过上调TXNIP表达,诱导胰岛β细胞衰老。     

DDAH/ADMA通路在HDL促进内皮细胞NO生成中的作用

目的:观察高密度脂蛋白(HDL)对氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)抑制内皮细胞一氧化氮(NO)生成的保护作用,并探讨其与二甲基精氨酸二甲胺水解酶(DDAH)/非对称性二甲基精氨酸(ADMA)通路的关系.方法:Ox-LDL(1000 g/ml)孵育人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)24小时或不同浓度的HDL(10、50、100μ g/ml)预处理HUVECs细胞1小时,再与ox-LDL(100μ g/ml)共孵育细胞24小时,收集细胞培养上清液检测NO、ADMA的浓度,收集内皮细胞检测DDAH-Ⅱ的mRNA和蛋白表达以及DDAH的活性.结果:Ox-LDL(100μ g/ml)孵育HUVECs24小时后,细胞培养上清液中NO的浓度显著降低,ADMA水平显著增高,细胞内DDAH-Ⅱ的mRNA和蛋白表达以及DDAH的活性均显著降低.HDL(10、50、100μ g/ml)可以拮抗ox-LDL(100μ g/ml)的上述作用.结论:HDL能显著抑制ox-LDL诱导的内皮细胞NO产生减少,其保护作用与其调节DDAH/ADMA通路有关.     

白藜芦醇对软骨细胞去分化现象的作用机制

该实验观察白藜芦醇(Resveratrol,Resv)对兔关节软骨细胞去分化现象的作用并探讨其可能的机制。首先,在无菌条件下取4周龄兔关节软骨细胞,行软骨细胞鉴定后将细胞随机分成5组:空白组、0μmol/L Resv组、2.5μmol/L Resv组、5μmol/L Resv组和10μmol/L Resv,体外单层培养传代至第5代。分别取P1、P3、P5代细胞在倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞形态变化,倒置相差显微镜下观察到各组P1代软骨细胞形态基本一致,P3、P5代2.5μmol/L Resv组细胞形态变化不大,其余各组细胞出现胞体变大,胞浆变淡,镜下胞核不明显等衰老的形态变化;Alcian Blue染色检测蛋白聚糖(Aggrecan)含量和β-半乳糖苷酶染色检测衰老软骨细胞,各组P1代细胞Alcian Blue染色和β-半乳糖苷酶染色无明显差别,P3、P5代2.5μmol/L白藜芦醇组较其他组明显深染、衰老软骨细胞数明显减少;RT-PCR检测蛋白多糖(Aggrecan),沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1),抑癌基因p53、p21以及P16的表达,2.5μmol/L Resv组的Aggrecan和SIRT1基因表达明显上调,P53、P21及P16基因表达显著下调。综上所述:低浓度白藜芦醇(2.5μmol/L)可能通过上调SIRT1,下调P53、P21、P16基因的表达抑制软骨细胞去分化的现象。     

高糖通过诱导HT22细胞衰老和凋亡抑制细胞生长

目的探讨高糖(High glucose,HG)对小鼠海马神经元细胞HT22细胞的生长抑制作用,分析其是否通过HG诱导细胞衰老以及凋亡而实现。方法采用台盼蓝染色计数法检测细胞生长状况并绘制生长曲线,β-半乳糖苷酶(Senescence associated acidic-β-galactosidas,SA-β-Gal)染色法检测衰老的HT22细胞,Hoechst 33258染色法检测HT22细胞凋亡形态。结果(1)HG(13.5、27、40.5mg/ml,48h)能显著抑制HT22细胞生长(P0.05,P0.01);(2)HG(13.5、27、40.5mg/ml)处理48h可明显诱导SA-β-Gal染色阳性率增加(P0.001);(3)HG(13.5、27、40.5mg/ml,48h)能诱导HT22细胞发生凋亡(P0.001),且呈浓度依赖性。结论 HG可通过诱导HT22细胞衰老和凋亡而抑制HT22细胞生长。     

滇金丝猴粪便微生物来源的β-半乳糖苷酶基因的表达及酶学性质

【目的】对滇金丝猴粪便微生物来源的β-半乳糖苷酶进行异源表达和纯化,并研究其酶学性质。【方法】从滇金丝猴粪便微生物的宏基因组中克隆出一个β-半乳糖苷酶基因galRBM20_1,对该基因进行异源表达和酶学性质分析。构建含有T7强启动子的pEASY-E2-galRBM20_1质粒,转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达后进行酶学性质研究。【结果】滇金丝猴粪便来源的β-半乳糖苷酶(galRBM20_1)最适pH为5.0,在pH 4–7之间能保留70%及其以上的活性。最适温度为45°C,在37°C和45°C下耐受1 h,酶活不变。特别的是,该酶具有良好的Na Cl稳定性,经1–5 mol/L的Na Cl作用1 h后,相对酶活均能超过初始酶活:当NaCl的作用浓度为4 mol/L时,β-半乳糖苷酶相对酶活最高(146%);当NaCl的作用浓度为5mol/L时,β-半乳糖苷酶的相对酶活仍达到135%。【结论】本研究从滇金丝猴粪便微生物的宏基因库中克隆得到β-半乳糖苷酶基因galRBM20_1,并成功在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)表达,首次从动物胃肠道宏基因组中获得具有耐盐和转糖基产Galactooligosaccharides(GOS)性能的β-半乳糖苷酶。该酶具有良好的耐盐性,和较广的pH作用范围,使其在食品、生物技术领域和环保方面的发展具有良好的应用价值。     

β-半乳糖苷酶的筛选、克隆表达、酶学性质及其酶法合成低聚半乳糖

采用人工底物邻硝基苯酚-β-D-半乳糖苷(o NPG)为筛选标记,从耐有机溶剂微生物菌库中,筛选出具有较高水解活性的β-半乳糖苷酶产生菌,再以乳糖为底物考察菌株低聚半乳糖的合成性能,筛选得到1株产β-半乳糖苷酶的Erwinia billingiae WX1。根据Gen Bank中相同属种的基因组序列推测β-半乳糖苷酶基因,克隆得到β-半乳糖苷酶基因gal,并在大肠杆菌中实现了来源于Erwinia billingiae菌β-半乳糖苷酶的克隆表达。该基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为1 428 bp,编码475个氨基酸,理论相对分子质量为5.2×104。镍柱法分离纯化得到电泳纯的β-半乳糖苷酶GAL,其酶学性质研究表明最适催化温度55℃,最适p H 7.0;Mg~(2+)、Mn~(2+)对该酶起较强促进作用,EDTA对该酶抑制作用较强。利用β-半乳糖苷酶GAL的转糖基作用,以乳糖为底物合成低聚半乳糖,初步优化的反应条件:底物乳糖质量浓度400 g/L,每克乳糖添加酶量1.0 U,在40℃反应16 h后,低聚半乳糖合成率达到34%(质量分数),显示了较好的开发前景。     

当归多糖延缓5-氟尿嘧啶所致人骨髓基质细胞衰老

探讨5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-FU)对人骨髓基质细胞(human bone marrow stromal cell,h BMSC)的损伤作用机制;当归多糖(angelica sinensis polysaccharides,ASP)对5-氟尿嘧啶损伤h BMSC的保护作用。采用CCK-8法测定人骨髓基质细胞株HS-5对不同浓度5-FU(0μg/mL,12.5μg/mL,25μg/mL,50μg/mL和100μg/mL)的敏感性。流式细胞术分析细胞周期;β-半乳糖苷酶染色检测衰老细胞;DCFH-DA荧光染色流式检测胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平;酶学法检测谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)含量;流式细胞术分析γH2AX表达水平;ELISA检测8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine,8-OHd G)的含量;5-FU 12.5~100μg/mL抑制HS-5增殖,抑制作用具有浓度依赖性和时间依赖性。5-FU组较与对照组相比细胞周期发生G1期阻滞,β-半乳糖苷酶染色阳性率升高;胞内ROS含量显著升高;细胞抗氧化能力降低;γH2AX和8-OHd G表达水平增高。ASP治疗组较5-FU组细胞相比细胞周期阻滞减少;衰老细胞比率降低;胞内ROS含量显著降低;细胞抗氧化能力升高;DNA损伤指标表达水平降低。5-FU可通过增强氧化应激诱发DNA损伤致骨髓基质细胞衰老;ASP对骨髓基质细胞损伤有保护作用,其机制可能与ASP降低损伤后骨髓基质细胞氧化应激减轻DNA损伤从而延缓骨髓基质细胞衰老有关。     

碳源对K.fragilis LFS-8611β-D-半乳糖苷酶合成的影响

探讨了碳源对脆壁克鲁维酵母(Kluyveromyces fragilis)LFS-8611生长、β-D-半乳糖苷酶合成的影响及碳源对该酶合成的诱导作用。脆壁克鲁维酵母(K,fragilis)LFS-8611生长与β-D-半乳糖苷酶合成同步。该菌株生长和产酶的最适碳源为半乳糖,乳糖次之。菌体生物量和酶活力随着培养基中乳糖浓度的增加而增加,乳糖浓度为12mg／mL,菌体生物量和酶活力达到峰值,分别为5．84g／L、19,12U／mL。半乳糖和乳糖对β-D-半乳糖苷酶合成具有诱导作用。诱导物浓度对β-D-半乳糖苷酶的诱导合成有较大影响。半乳糖诱导以山梨醇为碳源预培养的K．fragilis LFS-8611细胞合成β-D-半乳糖苷酶的最适浓度为10mg／mL。     

二苯乙烯苷对H2O2诱导血管内皮细胞ICAM-1及VCAM-1表达的影响

目的:通过研究二苯乙烯苷(TSG)对H2O2诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞ICAM-1、VCAM-1表达的影响,探明二苯乙烯苷抗氧化保护内皮细胞的作用机制.方法:体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,实验分为空白对照组、H2O2组、辛伐他汀组、TSG组,运用逆转录聚合酶链式反应和酶联免疫吸附试验分别检测ICAM-1及VCAM-1 mRNA与其蛋白的表达.结果:200 μmol· L-1的H2O2作用内皮细胞24h后,ICAM-1和VCAM-1的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均明显上调,与空白对照组比较,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).而在200μmol· L-1的H2O2作用前用1μmol· L-1二苯乙烯苷预处理体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞4h,结果显示二苯乙烯苷能抑制H2O2诱导的内皮细胞ICAM-1、VCAM-1的mRNA和VCAM-1的蛋白水平表达,与H2O2组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.01);而ICAM-1的蛋白表达水平与H2O2组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);辛伐他汀组ICAM-1和VCAM-1的mRNA及其蛋白水平表达降低,与H2O2组比较差异均有显著性(P＜0.01).实验结果表明二苯乙烯苷可抑制H2O2诱导的内皮细胞粘附分子ICAM-1、VCAM-1表达.结论:二苯乙烯苷可通过降低细胞粘附分子ICAM-1和VCAM-1的表达保护氧化应激引起的人脐静脉内皮细胞损伤.     

熊果酸对ox-LDL诱导的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞NQO1表达的影响(英文)

目的:研究熊果酸对经氧化性低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)干预后人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)醌还原氧化酶1表达的影响,以进一步探讨熊果酸抗动脉粥样硬化的机制。方法:体外培养人脐静脉内皮细胞,进行分组处理,每组n=5。对照组,不加任何处理;ox-LDL组,加入ox-LDL培养24h,终浓度为20mg/L;ox-LDL+低浓度熊果酸组,先加入ox-LDL(浓度20mg/L)孕育半小时,然后与熊果酸(浓度1.5μmlo/L)共同培养24h;ox-LDL+高浓度熊果酸组,先加入ox-LDL(浓度20mg/L)孕育半小时,然后与熊果酸(浓度4.5μmlo/L)共同培养24h;采用MTT试验测定细胞吸光度值,检测熊果酸对ox-LDL损伤的保护作用,采用RT-PCR法检测NQO1mRNA的表达,采用Western blot法检测NQO1蛋白的表达。结果:熊果酸减弱ox-LDL对HUVECs的损伤作用;ox-LDL组NQO1mRNA的表达量(0.624±0.009)明显高于对照组(0.521±0.007),P0.01。熊果酸呈浓度依赖性的提高NQO1mRNA的表达量(ox-LDL+低浓度熊果酸组vs ox-LDL组:0.722±0.058 vs 0.624±0.009,P0.01;ox-LDL+高浓度熊果酸组vs ox-LDL组:0.826±0.059 vs 0.624±0.009,P0.01)。ox-LDL组NQO1蛋白的表达量(0.624±0.009)明显高于对照组(0.521±0.007),P0.01。熊果酸呈浓度依赖性的提高NQO1蛋白的表达量(ox-LDL+低浓度熊果酸组vs ox-LDL组:0.710±0.058 vs 0.574±0.024,P0.01;ox-LDL+高浓度熊果酸组vs ox-LDL组:0.831±0.034 vs 0.574±0.024,P0.01)。结论:熊果酸可上调ox-LDL诱导的人脐静脉血管内皮细胞NQO1的表达,表明其可能具有抗氧化应激及抗动脉粥样硬化的作用。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.