兔植入前移核胚中发育相关基因的差异表达分析

与早期胚胎发育相关的一些重要基因异常表达致使克隆胚细胞核的再程序化过程受阻,是导致动物克隆失败的重要原因.为了分离鉴定再程序化相关基因,我们改进了mRNA差异显示技术,成功地建立了单胚差示技术体系.以不同发育时期的兔克隆胚（MⅡ卵、2细胞、4细胞、8～16细胞克隆胚胎）为材料进行单胚差示, 分离了80个差异片段.经反向RNA印迹验证、亚克隆、序列分析及NCBI GenBank数据库检索, 结果表明：A028片段与CstF3基因有93％的同源性, 在早期胚胎发育过程中的表达有阶段特异性, 该基因在兔克隆胚的早期发育过程中起重要作用.RNA印迹显示：该基因在所检测的组织中,只在卵巢中有表达.这项研究为再程序化相关基因全长的克隆及功能研究奠定了良好的基础.     

降低mRNA差异显示技术假阳性率的一种方法

为了探讨降低mRNA差异显示技术假阳性率的方法 ,进一步提高此技术的可靠性 ,提取了手术切除肝癌及非癌肝组织成对标本的总RNA ,逆转录获得cDNA片段 ,以mRNA差异显示方法筛选差异表达基因 ,选取较明显的一条差异表达条带 ,行进一步PCR扩增 .分别对PCR产物及其经TA克隆后随机挑选的 6个单克隆质粒DNA进行序列分析 ,并通过GenBank BLAST数据库进行序列的同源性比较 ,以Northern杂交予以来源确认 .自 72 0余条扩增条带中共选出 2 8条差异条带 .序列分析及同源性比较表明 ,所选择条带的PCR产物为一可能的新基因片段 ;而随机选择的 6个TA克隆质粒DNA中 ,有 4个为同一已知基因片段 ,一个为另一已知基因片段 ,一个为一可能的新基因片段 .同源性比较表明 ,PCR产物直接测序所得序列与TA克隆质粒DNA的 6个片段不具同源性 .结果表明 ,mRNA差异显示条带可能由 1条以上分子量相似的片段构成 ,直接对PCR产物行序列分析并以其为探针进行Northern杂交 ,是导致出现假阳性片段的原因之一 .将PCR产物进行TA克隆 ,对单克隆质粒DNA进行序列分析并以其为探针进行Northern杂交 ,可能是解决此问题的一种较好方法 .     

筛选代表小鼠植入前胚胎紧密化相关基因的EST

分别收集181及241枚昆明白小鼠8细胞早期胚胎及8细胞紧密化胚胎,采用SMART PCR方法直接合成胚胎双链cDNA.进而运用抑制消减杂交技术(SSH)对8细胞早期胚胎及8细胞紧密化胚胎的基因表达进行研究,并将所获得的差异表达产物按片段大小分段分离纯化后克隆入pUCm-T载体中,经PCR鉴定后挑选阳性克隆进行测序,筛选出27个代表8细胞早期胚胎和紧密化8细胞胚胎差别表达基因的cDNA片段;经与GenBank中收录的序列进行同源性匹配分析,证实其中17个eDNA片段为新的EST,提交GenBank后被接受并给予了新序列编号.这1 7个片段均可能为与紧密化密切相关的新基因的表达片段,为今后进一步克隆新的紧密化相关基因的全长cDNA及后续新基因的结构和功能研究打下基础.通过采用不同长度大小片段分别克隆的方法,可获得较长片段的EST,避免差异表达大片段的丢失.     

兔移核重构胚再程序化相关基因片段的分离与鉴定

用单个植入前胚胎mRNA差别显示方法（Single Preimplantation Embryonic mRNA Differential Display Reverse Polymerase Reaction,SPEDDRTPCR）,以家兔移核重构发育至2细胞、8细胞时期的胚胎及囊胚作为起始材料。研究家兔移核重构胚再程序化相关基因的表达。获得了25个与再程序化相关的基因片段,完成了对所有片段的克隆、序列分析,其中5个反向Northern证实的片段在从MⅡ到囊胚的发育阶段中呈现特异性表达的特点。这项研究为再程序化相关基因全长的分离以及功能研究奠定了良好的基础。     

SSH法分离早期发育相关基因片段

目的:分离和鉴定与小鼠合子基因组激活(ZGA) 以及母源调控向胚胎调控(MZT) 过渡事件 相关的基因片段,为进一步认识ZGA 和MZT 发生的分子机制奠定基础。方法:利用单个植入前 胚胎抑制性消减杂交(SPE2SSH) 的方法,对单个小鼠MⅡ卵母细胞和22细胞期胚胎进行双向消减 杂交;利用cDNA array 对获得的基因片段作进一步的鉴定。结果:从构建的消减杂交库中随机挑 取得31 个克隆,经cDNA array 鉴定发现其中有5 个MⅡ期特异表达的基因片段和9 个22细胞期 特异表达的基因片段,Genbank 检索发现其中10 个片段是首次报道在植入前发育阶段表达。结 论:这些基因片段具有明显的期特异性表达的特点,可能在ZGA、MZT 和胚胎植入前发育过程中 起着重要的作用。     

利用改进的DDRT-PCR分离并鉴定水稻细胞缺铁胁迫相关cDNA克隆

利用改进的差异显示PCR(DDRT—PCR)技术从水稻细胞中分离与缺铁胁迫相关的新基因。在分离到的8个差异片段中,通过Northern杂交验证,其中5个为阳性。在这5个阳性片段中有3个是受缺铁胁迫抑制,有2个受缺铁胁迫诱导表达。对这些阳性片段的序列分析表明有3个(IDR2,IDR3,IDR8)为新基因。其中IDR2,IDR8是2个未知基因,IDR3通过GenBank搜索可以找到一些与它同源的已知基因片段。     

小鼠单个植入前胚胎SSH方法的可行性

为建立一种能够一次性分离任意两个植入前胚胎之间全部的差别表达的基因的方法 ,在已有的单胚胎操作技术的基础之上 ,对单个植入前胚胎抑制性消减杂交 (singlepreimplantationembryosuppressionsubtractivehybridization ,SPE SSH)方法进行了初步的探索 ,分离到OM2和MⅡ d 2的基因片段 ,经GenBank和文献检索发现 ,这两个基因具有在MⅡ期和 2细胞期特异性表达的特点 .利用cDNA阵列所进行的鉴定也获得了同样的结果 ,而且所使用的材料极少 ,说明SPE SSH是一种强有力的分离和识别早期发育相关基因片段的实验技术 .若与单个卵裂球分离技术相结合 ,还可用于分离和识别人类早期分子诊断的标记性基因     

筛选代表小鼠植入前胚胎紧密化相关基因的EST

分别收集181及241枚昆明白小鼠8细胞早期胚胎及8细胞紧密化胚胎,采用SMART PCR方法直接合成胚胎双链cDNA。进而运用抑制消减杂交技术（SSH）对8细胞早期胚胎及8细胞紧密化胚胎的基因表达进行研究,并将所获得的差异表达产物按片段大小分段分离纯化后克隆入pUCm-T载体中,经PCR鉴定后挑选阳性克隆进行测序,筛选出27个代表8细胞早期胚胎和紧密化8细胞胚胎差别表达基因的cDNA片段;经与GenBank中收录的序列进行同源性匹配分析,证实其中17个cDNA片段为新的EST,提交GeneBank后被接受并给予了新序列编号。这17个片段均可能为与紧密化密切相关的新基因的表达片段,为进一步克隆新的紧密化相关基因的全长cDNA及后续新基因的结构和功能研究打下基础。通过采用不同长度大小片段分别克隆的方法,可获得较长片段的EST,避免差异表达大片段的丢失。Abstract: A total of 181 8-cell embryos and 241 8-cell compacted embryos were collected respectively from Kunmingbai mouse and their cDNA was synthesized directly using SMART PCR. Genes, which expressed differently between early 8-cell embryos and 8-cell compacted embryos, were investigated using the method of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). Then PCR production was cloned into pUCm-T vector respectively according to the size after isolated and purified. Twenty-seven ESTs (expressed sequence tags ) of genes expressed differently between early 8-cell embryos and 8-cell compacted embryos have been isolated and cloned. seventeen of those were novel ESTs after being confirmed by blaster matching in GenBank for homology analysis. And they were banked into GenBank with accession numbers. All 17 ESTs might be for novel genes related to compaction in compacted embryos. And longer ESTs may be obtained by cloning according to the size.     

Ywhaz和ATPase6在小鼠植入前胚胎中阶段特异性表达的分析

Ywhaz基因与卵裂球之间的通讯以及细胞通讯系统的建立有关,而ATPase6基因对1-细胞向2-细胞转变是非常关键的并在氧化磷酸化系统的建立中起重要作用。本文报道小鼠2-细胞期胚胎特异表达的基因的表达分析。对mRNA差异显示技术（DDRT-PCR）进行改进,使之在小鼠植入前胚胎发育领域得以应用。通过对感兴趣的差异片段进行回收,亚克隆,序列分析和反向Northern杂交,结果表明：Ywhaz和ATPase6是2-细胞期胚胎特异表达的基因。     

双链RNA病毒诱导的牙鲆胚胎细胞差减cDNA文库的构建

以紫外线灭活的dsRNA病毒草鱼出血病病毒(GCHV)诱导和模拟诱导的牙鲆胚胎细胞为材料,利用抑制性差减杂交(SSH)技术,成功构建了双链RNA病毒诱导的牙鲆胚胎细胞(FEC)差减cDNA文库.以管家基因α-tublin作为差减指标,经检测,该文库差减效率达2 10倍,表明经病毒诱导后某些差异表达基因也得到了相应倍数的富集.将获得的cDNA片段连接到pGEM-T载体,PCR检测显示差减片段在250bp～2 000bp之间.该差减cDNA文库的构建为从分子水平研究牙鲆培养细胞对dsRNA病毒的免疫反应、以及进一步鉴定和克隆差异表达基因打下了坚实基础.     

PCR扩增同源重组片段筛选转基因胚胎

使用小鼠乳清酸蛋白基因（ＷＡＰ）启动子控制下的人集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）基因为显微注射片段,采用ＰＣＲ方法检测了转基因胚,为消除ＰＣＲ扩增中的假阳性结果,构建了两个具有部分同源性的亚克隆片段进行共注射．ＰＣＲ扩增片段跨越这一同源区域,仅当注射的片段能够整合并发生正常重组,转基因整合胚才能以相对高的比例扩增出特异性片段．结果表明,１、２和８细胞期的阳性率分别为１１．１％、５５．５％和４４．４％,较常规ＰＣＲ检测获得更为明确的结论,为在大动物转基因胚胎检测提供了依据     

Expression of the QrCPE gene is associated with the induction and development of oak somatic embryos

Somatic embryogenesis is a powerful tool for plant regeneration and also provides a suitable material for investigating the molecular events that control the induction and development of somatic embryos. This study focuses on expression analysis of the QrCPE gene (which encodes a glycine-rich protein) during the initiation of oak somatic embryos from leaf explants and also during the histodifferentiation of somatic embryos. Northern blot and in situ hybridization were used to determine the specific localisation of QrCPE mRNA. The results showed that the QrCPE gene is developmentally regulated during the histodifferentiation of somatic embryos and that its expression is tissue- and genotype-dependent. QrCPE was strongly expressed in embryogenic cell aggregates and in embryogenic nodular structures originated in leaf explants as well as in the protodermis of somatic embryos from which new embryos are generated by secondary embryogenesis. This suggests a role for the gene during the induction of somatic embryos and in the maintenance of embryogenic competence. The QrCPE gene was highly expressed in actively dividing cells during embryo development, suggesting that it participates in embryo histodifferentiation. The localised expression in the root cap initial cells of cotyledonary somatic embryos and in the root cap of somatic seedlings also suggests that the gene may be involved in the fate of root cap cells.     

Preimplantation development and viability of in vitro cultured rabbit embryos derived from in vivo fertilized gene-microinjected eggs: apoptosis and ultrastructure analyses

Microinjection (Mi) of gene constructs into pronuclei of fertilized eggs is a widely used method to generate transgenic animals. However, the efficiency of gene integration and expression is very low because of the low viability of reconstructed embryos resulting from cell fragmentation and cleavage arrest. As a consequence, only a few viable embryos integrate and express transgene. Since cellular fragmentation and cleavage stage arrest in embryos may be associated with apoptosis, we aimed to test the hypothesis that the low viability of Mi-derived eggs is caused by a high rate of apoptosis in embryos, as a result of the detrimental effect of Mi. Pronuclear stage eggs (19-20 hours post-coitum, hpc) were microinjected with several picolitres of DNA construct into the male pronucleus (gene-Mi); the intact eggs (non-Mi) or eggs microinjected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS-Mi) served as controls. Epidermal growth factor (EGF; 0, 20 and 200 ng/ml) was added to the culture medium and the embryos were cultured up to 94-96 hpc. Apoptosis was detected using the TUNEL assay, and the ultrastructure was analysed using electron microscopy of Durcupan ACM thin sections of the embryo. Gene-Mi embryos had significantly lower (p < 0.05) blastocyst yields and a higher percentage of cleavage-arrested embryos than those in the non-Mi group. In gene-Mi groups, approximately 40% of all cleavage-stage-arrested embryos had fragmented blastomeres. Both gene-Mi- and PBS-Mi-derived blastocysts had a significantly higher TUNEL index (p < 0.001) and lower total cell number (p < 0.05) than the non-Mi embryos. Comparison of the quality of gene-Mi embryos with that of PBS-Mi embryos indicated that the deleterious effect of Mi on the embryo was caused by the Mi procedure itself, rather than DNA. EGF (at 20 ng/ml) had beneficial effects on the quality of gene-Mi-derived embryos, eliminating the influence of the Mi procedure on apoptosis and embryo cell number. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed a higher occurrence of apoptotic signs (nuclear membrane blebbing, areas with electron-dense material, numerous apoptotic bodies) in Mi-derived cleavage-arrested embryos compared with untreated or Mi-derived normal-looking embryos. These findings suggest an association between embryo cleavage arrest and apoptosis in Mi-derived embryos. Inclusion of EGF in the embryo culture medium can eliminate the detrimental effect of Mi on embryo quality.     

Isolation of cDNA Clones for Epidermis-Specific Genes of the Ascidian Embryo

The present investigation was conducted to isolate cDNA clones that correspond to epidermis-specific genes of the ascidian embryo. When cleavage of fertilized eggs of Halocynthia roretzi is blocked by treatment with cytochalasin B and the arrested eggs are reared as one-celled embryos for about 30 hr, they develop features of differentiation of the epidermis only. Translation in vitro of poly(A)⁺ RNA from cleavage-arrested embryos and analysis of the products by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed several predominant polypeptides that were not detected in a similar analysis of fertilized eggs, suggesting the appearance of epidermis-specific mRNAs in cleavage-arrested embryos. A cDNA library was constructed from arrested one-celled embryos. Differential screening of the library with a total cDNA probe from cleavage-arrested embryos and with a similar probe from fertilized eggs yielded eight different cDNA clones specific for the cleavage-arrested embryos. Northern blot analysis revealed that the mRNAs that corresponded to these cDNAs were present in normal tailbud embryos. In addition, in situ hybridization of whole-mount specimens showed that the mRNAs were restricted to the epidermal cells of tailbud embryos.     

Factors affecting the success rate of porcine embryo vitrification by the Open Pulled Straw method

The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the influence of porcine embryo developmental stage on in vitro embryo development after vitrification, (2) to study the efficiency of the one-step dilution procedure, compared with conventional warming, for vitrified embryos at different stages of development, and (3) to determine the influence of the embryo donor on the in vitro survival of vitrified embryos at morulae and blastocyst stages. Two to four cell embryos, morulae and blastocysts were collected by laparotomy from weaned crossbred sows (n=55). Vitrification and conventional warming were performed using the OPS procedure with Superfine Open Pulled Straws (SOPS). For one-step dilution, embryos were placed in 800 microl TCM199-HEPES containing 20% of new born calf serum and 0.13 M sucrose for 5 min. To evaluate development, two to four cell embryos, morulae and blastocysts were cultured in vitro for 120, 48 and 24h, respectively. Some fresh embryos from each developmental stage were not vitrified and cultured as controls. Embryos were morphologically evaluated for their developmental capacity during the in vitro culture by stereomicroscopy. The total cell number of embryos was assessed by Hoechst-33342 staining and fluorescence microscope observation. There was a significant effect of the stage of development on the in vitro survival, perihatching rate and the number of cells of embryos after vitrification and warming (Experiment 1; p<0.001). The survival and perihatching rates of two to four cell embryos were lower than those obtained for morulae and blastocysts (p<0.001). No differences (p>0.05) in survival rates were found between vitrified and fresh blastocysts. The warming procedure did not affect the development and total cell number of vitrified two to four cell embryos, morulae or blastocysts (Experiment 2). However, donor had a significant effect (p<0.001) on the in vitro development and the number of cells of morulae and blastocysts after vitrification and warming (Experiment 3). In conclusion, the embryo developmental stage and the embryo donor were important factors that affected the development of porcine embryos after OPS-vitrification and warming. OPS-vitrification and the one-step dilution are efficient procedures to be used with intact porcine morulae and blastocysts.     

Increased messenger RNA for allograft inflammatory factor-1, LERK-5, and a novel gene in 17.5-day relative to 15.5-day bovine embryos

Considerable embryonic loss occurs between Gestation Days 15 and 18 in cattle when critical cellular and molecular events occur, including maternal recognition of pregnancy. To gain insight into these events, mRNA differential display analysis was used to identify eight unique cDNA fragments present in greater abundance in 17.5-day than in 15.5-day bovine embryos. Four cDNA fragments, confirmed to be upregulated in 17.5-day embryos using Northern analysis, were cloned and sequenced. Three cDNA fragments shared sequence identities with known homologs: human allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1), human LERK-5, and bovine interferon-tau. One novel cDNA fragment did not share sequence identity to previously reported genes, except for a similar DNA sequence in the human genome. AIF-1 mRNA was present in developing placenta through Gestation Day 36, and abundant levels were observed in adult bovine spleen and lung. The novel gene, which we have named periattachment factor (PAF), was not detected in adult tissues using Northern analysis or in conceptuses between Days 30 and 36 of pregnancy. Additional sequence information for bPAF was obtained from a cDNA library constructed from a 25-day bovine embryo. The protein corresponding to the open reading frame has four protein kinase C phosphorylation sites, two casein kinase II phosphorylation sites, a nuclear targeting sequence, but no obvious DNA or RNA binding motifs. Abundant expression of this gene during a narrow but critical window of embryonic development makes it worthy of further study.