激光微切割与定量PCR技术分析肾脏病理切片RNA

采用激光微切割与定量PCR技术,分析使用不同提取方法从不同固定方法固定的病理切片中提取的RNA.用70%乙醇、丙酮、甲醇、4%多聚甲醛固定肾脏冰冻切片,使用激光微切割技术切取肾小球,用硫氰酸胍方法(guanidinethiocyanatemethods,GTC)和Trizol试剂方法提取RNA,使用Taqman定量PCR方法分析比较各组RNA的量;选取丙酮固定的石蜡切片,使用激光微切割技术切取肾小球,采用RNA裂解液提取RNA,使用Taqman定量PCR方法,比较石蜡切片和冰冻切片中RNA含量.结果显示:提取沉淀性固定剂如乙醇、丙酮、甲醇固定的冰冻切片的RNA时,2种提取方法和3种固定方法对RNA含量的影响都无明显差异;但在提取4%多聚甲醛固定冰冻切片时,使用Trizol提取RNA含量明显高于使用GTC方法,且其含量与沉淀性固定剂固定的切片RNA含量无明显差异.石蜡切片中经激光微切割肾小球的RNA含量与冰冻切片经激光微切割肾小球的RNA含量无明显差异.结果提示:切片的固定方法和RNA的提取方法是影响切片RNA提取量的主要原因.     

从少量培养细胞中同时提取微量蛋白和RNA的方法探讨

为建立一项从少量培养细胞中同时提取RNA和蛋白质的技术 ,向 2～ 3× 10 5细胞中加入 1ml自制RNA提取试剂 ,RNA抽提后剩下的中下两相 ,用异丙醇、盐酸胍和无水乙醇抽提蛋白质 .同时用进口Tripure试剂、经典的异硫氰酸胍 苯酚 氯仿一步抽提RNA法和分子克隆实验手册裂解液制备蛋白质的方法 ,作为对照 .自制试剂提取的总RNA ,18S、2 8S清晰可见 ,2 8S比 18S带亮度强 2～ 3倍 ,带与带之间无拖尾现象 ,5S隐约可见 ,而且成功地进行了Northern印迹、RT PCR分析 ,与经典方法差异不大 ;用此法所提蛋白质 ,经SDS PAGE检测 ,蛋白分离效果很好 ,无杂质 ,且Western印迹检测Giα蛋白 ,可见一条清晰的特异带 ,与常规提取蛋白质 ,结果相似 .从微量细胞中同时提取的RNA和蛋白质 ,得率高、纯度好 ,具有化学完整性和生物学性质     

狗獾粪便DNA提取方法的初步探讨

在京杭大运河扬州段堤坝上采集狗獾的新鲜粪便,采用预处理-酚/氯仿抽提法、NaCl改良法、异硫氰酸胍裂解法、淀粉吸附法及QIAamp试剂盒法5种方法对粪便样品中狗獾DNA进行提取,探讨狗獾粪便样品中DNA提取方法和优化条件。结果表明,在5种提取方法中,淀粉吸附法的效果明显优于其它4种方法。采用粪便裂解液快速裂解细胞后,加入淀粉去除其中的大量PCR抑制物,然后用蛋白酶K裂解、酚/氯仿/异戊醇抽提,最后使用UNIQ-10柱纯化粪便DNA,对线粒体控制区和微卫星位点的PCR扩增反应及测序结果证实该方法的可行性。以上结果表明,通过该方法获得的粪便DNA能够用于更深入的分子遗传学等学科的研究。     

制作眼球切片标本方法的改进

我们经过几年的实践,对制作眼球切片标本的方法作了一些改进,其制备过程如下: 取材固定取下狗、猫或兔的眼球并立即置于复方甲醛固定液中。配方是: 丙酮:50毫升,冰醋酸:2毫升,甲醛液:4毫升,蒸馏水:3毫升。固定一周后,将原液倒出一半,再加等量丙酮固定5天,再直接放入95％酒精中。     

原位PCR和原位杂交检测蛋鸡J亚群禽白血病病毒

根据ALV_J原型株HPRS10 3株gp85基因的内部序列 ,和pol基因的 3′端设计一对引物H5 H7。从发生ML病死蛋用型鸡的肿瘤、骨髓、肝脏、脾脏和输卵管组织中提取总RNA ,反转录为cDNA ,经PCR扩增得到长度为 5 4 5bp的ALV_JcDNA特异性探针。探针定位于 5 2 5 8～ 5 80 2bp。将病鸡的组织石蜡切片置HybaidExpress原位PCR仪平台上 ,以H5 H7为引物进行原位PCR扩增。应用地高辛标记的cDNA探针对原位PCR扩增后切片进行了原位杂交检测。结果在待检组织肿瘤组织、十二指肠、骨髓中出现明显的阳性信号。睾丸、肺、胰腺、大脑、输卵管、肾脏均检出散在的阳性信号。这是国内外首次从分子水平证明蛋鸡J亚群禽白血病。     

三种固定液对两种氧化应激细胞模型Bclin1和LC3蛋白免疫荧光染色的影响

摘要 目的：比较采用三种不同的固定液对两种氧化应激细胞模型Beclin1和LC3蛋白免疫荧光染色的影响。方法：本研究使用丙酮/甲醇（1:1）固定液、甲醇固定液和4%多聚甲醛三种固定液分别对氧化应激细胞模型大鼠原代心肌成纤维细胞和MCF-7乳腺癌细胞株进行固定,然后再分别进行免疫荧光双染实验,对比三种固定液固定后对自噬关键调控蛋白Beclin1和LC3染色效果。结果：三种固定液对氧化应激细胞模型Beclin1和LC3蛋白免疫荧光染色结果存在较大差异。丙酮/甲醇（1:1）固定液固定后免疫荧光染色效果最佳,细胞结构清晰可见,两种蛋白定位表达清晰,甲醇固定液次之,4%多聚甲醛固定液效果欠佳。结论：在对大鼠原代心肌成纤维细胞和MCF-7乳腺癌细胞进行自噬相关蛋白免疫荧光双染色实验中,在使用其它固定液染色效果不佳的情况下,可以选择应用丙酮/甲醇（1:1）固定液固定,再进行免疫荧光染色;根据不同实验需求相应选择更适宜的固定液,以达到最佳的荧光染色结果。     

两种脱钙法植被鼠尾病理切片的比较

目的探讨制作大鼠尾巴标本石蜡切片的方法。方法采用盐酸脱钙液运用两种脱钙方法制作大鼠尾巴标本石蜡切片。结果两种方法制作的石蜡切片完整、无破碎,HE染色观察组织结构细胞形态完整,核浆分明,红蓝适度。结论两种方法都能制作理想大鼠尾巴标本石蜡切片,可保证病理诊断质量。     

从血液中提取总RNA的一种快速高效方法

血液中含有大量的RNA酶 ,可引起RNA的降解 .防止RNA酶的降解 ,是保证所得RNA片段完整的关键 .目前提取RNA的方法较多 ,但有些方法尚不能完全防止RNA降解 .将TRIZOL方法稍加改进 ,将TRIZOL与异硫氰酸胍联用提取血液淋巴细胞总RNA .琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果表明 ,其 2 8SRNA与 18SRNA的比值为 2∶1,优于单独使用其中任何一种试剂者 .此方法同样适用于从其它细胞中提取RNA .     

大鼠胎脑神经干细胞HPRT基因的敲除

根据已知大鼠次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶 (HypoxanthineGuaninePhosphoribosylTransferase ,HPRT)基因的外显子序列 ,从大鼠HPRT基因组DNA序列的细菌人工染色体 (BacterialArtificialChromosome ,BAC)中用酶切和PCR方法分别分离得到用于构建基因敲除载体的 3 0kb的 5′长臂 (LongArm ,LA)和 1 7kb的 3′短臂 (ShortArm ,SA) ,并分别克隆到pSL1180和pCR2 1中。进一步构建大鼠HPRT基因打靶载体———pKO HPRT ,经酶切鉴定后的大鼠HPRT基因敲除载体用NotⅠ酶切使其线性化 ,经溴乙锭、正丁醇、酚、酚 /氯仿提纯后 ,将终浓度调至 1μg μl。在FuGene 6转染试剂的作用下转染培养 2 4h的第二代大鼠胎脑神经干细胞 (RatFetalNeuralStemCells,rFNSCs)。转染后的细胞用 80 μg mlG4 18和 0 2 μmol L的Ganc全培养液筛选 ,2w后将存活细胞进行悬浮培养 ,使细胞形成球形物 ,挑选单个的球形物进行单克隆增殖 ,其中一部分细胞 (约 2～ 3× 10 3)用裂解液处理 ,取上清用于PCR检测 ,大部分细胞 (5× 10 7)用于DNA和RNA的提取 ,进行Southernbolt和RT PCR检测 ,剩余细胞冷冻保存。最后 1次实验共分离培养了 32个rFNSCs单克隆 ,其中 3个单克隆 (9 3% )经PCR、Southernbolt和RT PCR证实HPRT基因已被敲除     

非洲山毛豆叶片蛋白组双向电泳样品制备方法的建立

以非洲山毛豆叶片为材料,对非洲山毛豆总蛋白质3种提取方法(TCA/丙酮沉淀法、尿素/硫脲法和酚-甲醇/醋酸铵沉淀法)以及3种蛋白裂解液进行比较分析。结果表明,采用酚-甲醇/醋酸铵沉淀法提取非洲山毛豆叶片总蛋白,用蛋白裂解液(7mol/L尿素,2mol/L硫脲,4%CHAPS,40mmol/LTris-base,1%Bio-LytepH3.5-10,65mmol/LDTT)裂解蛋白1h,2-DE图谱分离到的蛋白点效果最好。此方法适合于色素、多酚及黄酮类次生代谢物含量较多的非洲山毛豆叶片总蛋白制备方法。     

A comparison of methods for DNA extraction from paraffin-embedded tissue for microsatellite instability analysis by polymerase chain reaction

In a prospective study, nuclear DNA was extracted from colorectal tumours and normal mucosa which had been fixed in buffered formalin and embedded into paraffin. DNA-extraction was performed using three different methods: a commercial kit which was not especially created for this use; a known fast procedure without DNA-cleaning steps; and a more conventional DNA-preparation protocol with DNA-cleaning. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA was amplified by being targeted onto two β-globin fragments with different lengths (536 bp and 989 bp) and (CA)n repeats localized on chromosome 5q (D5S346) and chromosome 17p (TP53CA) with a length of about 100 bp for detection of microsatellite instability. The success rate of microsatellite amplification was 100% with all methods. The 536 bp β-globin fragment could be amplified with a success rate ranging from 40% to 100%. The amplification of the 989 bp β-globin fragment was unsuccessful. Significant differences were observed between the three methods in the final DNA concentration and DNA yield. In microsatellite instability studies of paraffin-embedded tissues, the investigator can expect a high success rate of nearly 100% using any of the described methods.     

In situ detection of precursor and mature microRNAs in paraffin embedded, formalin fixed tissues and cell preparations

The in situ detection of microRNAs (miRs) expression offers several challenges. It would be advantageous to have a method which can be used in paraffin embedded, formalin fixed tissue to be able to access the large data bank of archival material. Further, it would be helpful if one could differentiate between precursor and mature, active forms of the miR. In this review, two different methods for the in situ detection of miR in paraffin embedded, formalin fixed tissues are described. Detection of the inactive precursor miR can be accomplished by RT in situ PCR. This will allow the detection of one copy of a given pre-miR per cell. Detection of the mature form of a given miR can be accomplished with in situ hybridization with a labeled probe in which some of the nucleotides have been modified; this is referred to as a locked nucleic acid (LNA) probe. An intense signal after in situ detection with the LNA probe documents marked up-regulation of the, typically, mature miR. Further, one can easily determine the specific subcellular compartmentalization of the precursor and mature forms which may provide insight into the modulation of these important regulatory molecules and their targets.     

Effect of fixation on the amplification of nucleic acids from paraffin-embedded material by the polymerase chain reaction.

Amplification of nucleic acids from paraffin-embedded material by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is increasingly being used to detect viral genomes and oncogene mutations. To determine the effect of fixation on the preservation of the nucleic acids, we fixed two randomly chosen fresh pathology specimens in formalin, B-5, Bouin's, Zenker's, ethanol, and Omnifix for 6, 24, 48, 72, and 168 hr (1 week), and then embedded the tissue in paraffin. Oligonucleotide primers specific for the cytoplasmic-beta-actin gene were chosen to span an intron such that amplification yielded a product of 250 BP for DNA and 154 BP for RNA. A single 6-microns section was cut from each paraffin block, deparaffinized, and then subjected to 30 rounds of amplification for either DNA or RNA. On amplifying DNA, consistent product was seen in the ethanol and Omnifix specimens up to 72 hr of fixation time, whereas variable product was seen with formalin or Zenker's fixation; all specimens fixed in Bouin's or B-5 were negative. On amplifying RNA, a product could be detected even after 1 week of fixation in ethanol or Omnifix, and after 48 hr in the formalin-fixed tissue. The Zenker's-fixed tissues gave variable results, and the Bouin's and B-5 tissues gave consistent results only after 6 hr of fixation. We therefore conclude that choice of fixative and fixation time are critical factors influencing the outcome of PCR amplification of nucleic acids from paraffin-embedded material.     

Comparison of DNA extraction methods for PCR amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) DNA from primate fecal samples

Mitochondrial COII DNA was amplified by PCR from total DNA extracted from field collected primate fecal samples (n=24) which had been stored without refrigeration for over 30 days. High molecular weight DNA total DNA was obtained from samples stored in 70% (v/v) ethanol, SDS lysis buffer (LB) and guanidine isothiocyanate buffer (GTB) than from samples stored in 10% formalin. Fecal DNA quality and COII amplification varied according to storage solution (formalin, ethanol, LB and GTB), extraction method (LB-based and GTB-based) and primate species (chimpanzee, baboon, human). It is recommended that fecal samples be collected in LB for DNA analysis. However, GTB-based protocols are suitable when total RNA is needed for epidemiological studies of viral diseases or gene expression analysis.     

罗氏沼虾诺达病毒的核酸检测及其部分序列分析

根据安替列群岛分离的罗氏沼虾诺达病毒株基因组序列(MrNV-ant),制备特异性核酸探针,设计特异性引物,用点杂交和RT-PCR的方法检测在中国境内分离的罗氏沼虾诺达病毒(MrNV-chin).点杂交的方法可以检测出少于26ng的患肌肉白浊症的组织样品中的病毒,或少于25ng的病毒RNA样品;RT-PCR可以检测出少于25pg的RNA样品.扩增的MrNV-chin RNA1序列长858个核苷酸,与MrNV-ant的核苷酸一致率为957%,两者翻译后的氨基酸序列的一致率为99.7%.扩增的MrNV-chin RNA 2序列长1121个核苷酸,与MrNV-ant的核苷酸一致率为92%,两者翻译后的氨基酸序列的一致率为93.2%.因此,MrNV-ant和MrNV-chin应属于同一种病毒的不同分离株.用两株罗氏沼虾诺达病毒的RNA聚合酶序列与其它6株诺达病毒RNA聚合酶序列比较后构建的进化树中,罗氏沼虾诺达病毒与Alphanodavirus的亲缘关系近于与Betanodavirus的亲缘,组成了一个新的分支.     

Fixation and decalcification of adult zebrafish for histological, immunocytochemical, and genotypic analysis

To facilitate the molecular analysis of tissues in adult zebrafish, we tested eight different fixation and decalcification conditions for the ability to yield DNA suitable for PCR and tissue immunoreactivity, following paraffin embedding and sectioning. Although all conditions resulted in good tissue histology and immunocytochemistry, only two conditions left the DNA intact as seen by PCR. The results indicate that zebrafish fixed in either 10% neutral buffered formalin or 4% paraformaldehyde, followed by decalcification in 0.5 M EDTA, is an easy and reliable method that allows molecular experiments and histology to be performed on the same specimen. The fixation and decalcification by Dietrich's solution permitted the PCR amplification of DNA fragments of 250 but not 1000 bp. Therefore, a protocol of formalin or paraformaldehyde fixation followed by decalcification with EDTA is broadly applicable to a variety of vertebrate tissues when excellent histological, immunocytochemical, and genotypic analyses may be simultaneously required.     

Effect of fixation and epitope retrieval on BrdU indices in mammary carcinomas.

Studies in which 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) is used to quantify rates of cell proliferation are conducted prospectively. Therefore, the opportunity exists to select conditions that optimize detection of the BrdU epitope. The objective of this study was to quantify the extent to which the BrdU epitope was masked by formalin vs methacarn fixation in the assessment of cell proliferation. Mammary carcinomas from animals pulse-labeled with BrdU were trisected. A portion was frozen and the remaining two portions were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin or methacarn for 24 hr, processed, embedded in paraffin, and sections stained for incorporated BrdU using a peroxidase immunohistochemical staining technique. Antigen retrieval techniques also were applied to formalin-fixed sections. Fixation in methacarn gave the highest labeling index (16.4%), which was comparable to that observed in unfixed frozen sections (17.5%). Formalin fixation alone dramatically suppressed the labeling index (0.3%), which was only partially recovered using various antigen retrieval techniques (2.1-8.1%). Methacarn fixation is recommended for prospective studies in which BrdU detection is planned because of the quantitative recovery of epitope and the simplicity of the approach.