印度小裂绵蚜在土壤中的垂直分布及其种群消长

【目的】印度小裂绵蚜Schizoneurella indica Hille Ris Lambers是在云南昭通苹果上发现的一种新害虫,发生普遍且严重。研究印度小裂绵蚜种群在土壤中的垂直分布及其消长动态是为了掌握其发生与危害特点。【方法】2002—2006年,我们采用盆栽和田间调查的方法对印度小裂绵蚜在土壤中的垂直分布和种群消长开展了研究。【结果】印度小裂绵蚜田间种群数量高峰期主要集中发生在9—12月,5—7月份为其田间种群快速增长期,种群增长率可达200%~273%。印度小裂绵蚜无翅蚜种群在0~30 cm的土壤范围内占总虫量的49.0%,30~60 cm的占27.0%,>60 cm的占24.0%。无翅蚜的各虫龄全年均有发生,冬季以第4龄若虫和无翅成虫为主。有翅蚜的发生全年只有1个时期,为11月上旬至12月下旬。【结论】印度小裂绵蚜田间种群数量全年发生1个高峰期,主要集中在0~30 cm的土壤范围内,随着土壤深度的增加,印度小裂绵蚜种群数量亦逐渐下降。田间有翅蚜虫量极少,较难观察到。     

小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺抗药性与田间防治效果的相关性研究

【目的】明确小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)田间种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺抗药性变化与田间防治效果的相关性。【方法】2011—2015年在田间进行了氯虫苯甲酰胺防治小菜蛾田间药效试验,并测定了该地小菜蛾田间种群对氯虫苯甲酰胺的敏感性。【结果】氯虫苯甲酰胺在相同剂量下对小菜蛾田间防治效果从2011的97.74%下降到2015年的63.53%;而小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的相对毒力指数从2011年的1上升到2015的11.93。【结论】小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的敏感性与其抗药性总体上呈现负相关。     

广东省草地贪夜蛾种群周年动态及发生特征

为了明确广东省草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)种群周年消长动态及发生特征,根据2020年和2021年广东省草地贪夜蛾性诱监测及田间调查数据,分析不同生态区草地贪夜蛾成虫及幼虫种群周年发生动态。结果表明：(1) 草地贪夜蛾在广东省大部分冬种玉米区可以周年繁殖,仅在清远、韶关、河源等地未发现幼虫为害;不同地区之间草地贪夜蛾越冬虫源基数差异较大,粤西发生为害较重,珠三角及粤东地区发生相对较轻;(2) 周年繁殖区草地贪夜蛾成虫和幼虫全年均可发生为害,而季节发生区一般于3-4月才零星始见草地贪夜蛾成虫和幼虫,且诱蛾量、幼虫种群数量及为害程度均相对较低;(3) 广东省草地贪夜蛾种群消长动态呈多峰型,发生高峰期主要集中于5-10月,期间出现多个大小不等的高峰,但峰期、蛾量和虫量在不同地区之间差异较大。本研究明确了广东省不同生态区草地贪夜蛾种群的周年消长动态及发生特征,为广东省乃至全国草地贪夜蛾的早期预警和精准防控提供重要参考。     

浙江临海小菜蛾成虫数量季节消长规律

在浙江临海相隔60km的2个十字花科蔬菜种植区,于2002~2005年利用性诱剂诱捕器每日对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)雄成虫进行诱集并计数。对两地成虫数量季节消长与种群基数、气温、雨量和日照等因子的相关性做了统计分析,建立了5个预测模型。应用这些模型可预测全年36个旬期的雄成虫数量变化,从而可预测春季高峰期并对全年的发生量和为害程度进行预警,这对提高当地小菜蛾监测预警与综合防治水平具有实践意义。     

双斑长跗萤叶甲在玉米田的种群消长规律

【目的】明确双斑长跗萤叶甲Monolepta hieroglyphica(Motschulsky)的发生规律,为双斑长跗萤叶甲的预测预报和综合治理提供科学依据。【方法】2011年通过田间系统调查对山西省忻州市和晋中市玉米田的双斑长跗萤叶甲的种群消长动态进行了系统研究。【结果】在山西省忻州市的玉米田,越冬卵在5月下旬开始孵化,幼虫以玉米根系为食,6月中旬为幼虫的发生高峰期,部分老熟幼虫开始化蛹,6月下旬成虫开始羽化出土,为害玉米叶片,8月初成虫种群数量达到最高峰,8月中旬以后随着玉米花丝大部分萎蔫,叶片开始衰老,玉米田间的成虫种群数量也急剧下降。10月中旬玉米田成虫基本消失,但是在杂草上还能发现少量的成虫。在山西省晋中市,玉米的生育期比忻州市晚10 d左右,双斑长跗萤叶甲的发生期也相对晚一些,但是种群数量的发生发展趋势基本是一样的。双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫在靠近杂草的玉米田边比在玉米田中部的发生更重,而在成虫的发生高峰期,田边和田中间的种群密度无显著性差异。【结论】双斑长跗萤叶甲在山西省1年发生1代,在山西省忻州市的发生期比晋中市的要早10 d左右,这与两地玉米田的不同的土壤性质、灌溉方式、玉米生育期等因素有关。     

海南儋州地区橘小实蝇成虫数量动态

【背景】橘小实蝇是热带、亚热带水果的重要害虫,在海南发生严重。【方法】利用橘小实蝇性诱剂进行田间诱捕,以诱到的雄成虫为指标,通过定期调查,获得了海南儋州地区4种样地橘小实蝇成虫的种群动态,并进一步通过相关分析,研究了芒果园橘小实蝇种群动态与温度和降雨量的相关性。【结果】儋州地区橘小实蝇种群周年发生,冬季种群数量较低,夏季种群数量较高。橘小实蝇种群高峰期发生于6月,其中芒果园达327.6头,蔬菜地为182.8头,办公区为150.0头,植物园为209.6头。在芒果园中,随着温度的升高,橘小实蝇的种群数量呈指数增长,其相关系数R=0.799;而与降雨量的相关系数较低,为0.367。【结论与意义】本研究可为儋州地区制定橘小实蝇综合防治策略提供理论依据。     

云南稻区稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel种群发生特征

【背景】2007年6月,云南省首次在嵩明县发现稻水象甲,为掌握其年发生世代、成虫和幼虫种群消长动态及其越冬特点开展此项研究。【方法】2008—2010年,采用田间系统调查法对云南省昆明市嵩明县大桥村稻区稻水象甲的种群发生规律进行了研究。【结果】每年4月初气温回升(4月气温9.0~24.1℃,均温16.1℃),稻水象甲越冬成虫开始出土活动,从稻田周边越冬场所迁移至稻埂或秧田取食杂草和秧苗。5月中旬,随水稻的移栽,迁移至大田为害并产卵,孵化后的幼虫取食水稻根系。6月中旬水稻分蘖期,幼虫发生量达到高峰,虫量为3.17~11.33头·丛-1;7月中下旬水稻孕穗期,也是形成土茧的高峰期,土茧量5.90~9.00头·丛-1;7月下旬—8月中旬水稻抽穗和扬花期,成虫大量出现,数量达0.21~4.85头·网-1;8月中旬水稻乳熟期,成虫逐渐迁移至稻田附近向阳坡面的田埂和沟埂上,主要集中在0~3 cm有杂草覆盖的浅土层越冬,直至翌年的4月底,最大越冬虫量98.33~266.00头·m-2。【结论与意义】稻水象甲在云南省嵩明县水稻区年发生1~1.5代;种群发生动态与水稻的生育期紧密相关,4月初越冬成虫为害秧苗,7月份是防治成虫的关键时期。     

河南省内乡县3种瓜类寄主作物上瓜实蝇的种群动态

【目的】近年来,世界性检疫害虫瓜实蝇由我国南部省份传入河南省西南部地区,对当地多种经济作物的产量和品质造成较大影响。明确该虫在新传入地区不同寄主作物上的种群动态,有助于揭示其在田间的发生危害规律,为当地防治工作提供科学依据。【方法】2020—2022年在河南省南阳市内乡县对田间瓜实蝇成虫开展诱捕监测,比较分析其在丝瓜、南瓜和西葫芦3种寄主作物上的种群发生动态。【结果】瓜实蝇在河南省内乡县每年均有发生,成虫种群基本发生于6~7月下旬—10月下旬,发生盛期在8月中旬—9月下旬,有一个明显发生高峰期;其种群数量、种群动态以及发生期均受寄主植物和年代的影响。【结论】河南省内乡县瓜实蝇种群数量和危害程度呈逐年加重趋势,不同瓜类作物蔬菜田中应因地制宜及时采取防治措施。     

高原春油菜田小菜蛾种群动态和抗药性的监测

【目的】为了准确掌握典型春油菜种植区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)种群变化动态和抗药性现状。【方法】诱捕法调查了青海高原小菜蛾成虫发生动态、室内用浸渍法测定了小菜蛾田间种群的抗性倍数,并进行了田间药效试验。【结果】青海省小菜蛾一般一年发生3代,但2 500 m以上的地区第3代成虫数量较第1代、第2代明显下降。在我省高原春油菜区,每日20:00至次日晨4:00是小菜蛾成虫发生主要的时间段。小菜蛾在青海省不能越冬。湟中点小菜蛾对溴虫腈产生低水平抗性;对多杀菌素、丁醚脲产生中等抗性水平;对Bt、高效氯氰菊酯、茚虫威产生高水平的抗性;对阿维菌素、啶虫隆、氯虫苯甲酰胺产生极高水平抗性。互助点小菜蛾对溴虫腈、丁醚脲产生低水平抗性;对多杀菌素、啶虫隆产生中等抗性水平;对Bt、氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威产生高水平抗性;对阿维菌素产生极高水平抗性。小菜蛾的抗性监测结果与田间药效结果基本一致,溴虫腈的抗性倍数最低,田间防治效果好于其他参试药剂。【结论】青海省小菜蛾年发生代数较少,且不能越冬。春油菜田小菜蛾已对大部分农药产生了抗药性。     

橄榄星室木虱的生活史和种群消长动态的研究

本研究了莆田市延寿村的橄榄星室木虱的生活史和种群消长动态。结果表明,橄榄星室木虱在莆田地区一年发生8代,世代重叠。卵、若虫(1—5龄)、成虫在1年中有6个发生高峰期,以秋梢期为全年雌成虫产卵、若虫发生最高峰,夏梢期是成虫羽化全年最高峰。其田间种群数量消长与橄榄抽梢期有着极为密切的关系,每一次抽梢期都带来一个产卵高峰期和低龄若虫发生高峰期,每一次抽梢都使虫口数量急尉上升,并出现高峰,其间也带来一个很高的种群增长率,待到新梢定型老化(枝梢生长后期)又使种群数量明显下降,而低龄若虫的发生和高峰期的出现,一般比产卵滞后5—10d。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.