粘附分子与信号传导

跨膜信号传导是基本的生命现象。粘附分子,尤其是整合素（integrins）,是信号传导中重要的跨膜分子。细胞通过整合素等与配体结合,进行胞内外信息交流,调节细胞与细胞、细胞与基质的粘附以及细胞形态和功能,从而发挥细胞的正常功能。     

整合素去活化的调控机制

整合素(integrin)是一类重要的细胞表面黏附分子,是由α和β两个亚基通过非共价键组成的异源二聚体,对于免疫反应、免疫细胞的组织定位、凝血、组织愈伤、癌细胞转移以及组织和器官的发育等都至关重要。整合素的功能依赖于对其配体结合的亲和性及其所介导的信号转导的动态调控,整合素活化受阻或是过度活化都会引发多种疾病。目前,对整合素的活化机制的了解比较深入,研究发现,整合素活化的最终步骤是由talin和kindlin等胞内调控蛋白结合β亚基胞内段引起的;但是对于调控整合素去活化的机制了解较少。该文重点介绍了负调控整合素活化的蛋白分子及相关分子机制。     

整合素及其信号传导通路

整合素是位于细胞表面的重要黏附分子,通过其双向信号传导通路,介导细胞与细胞外基质及细胞与细胞间的黏附.整合素由胞外域、跨膜域和胞内域3部分组成.胞内域与细胞内信号分子结合,启动胞内一胞外信号传导激活整合素,提高与相应配体亲合力.而胞外域与相应配体结合后,通过胞外-胞内信号传导,调节细胞生存、增殖、黏附、分化功能.近年研究显示,整合素结构功能及信号传导通路异常与多种疾病有关.     

TCR介导“inside-out”信号通路调控整合素的活化

整合素（integrin）是一类重要的跨膜黏附分子,在T细胞定向迁移到淋巴器官、感染或炎症部位以及T细胞与抗原呈递细胞（antigen presenting cell,APC）之间相互作用等过程中起重要作用。T细胞受到抗原或趋化因子等的刺激后,启动细胞内大量的信号传导分子,并形成＂inside-out＂信号通路,导致整合素构像的改变（conformation change）或促进整合素在细胞表面的聚集（integrinclustering）,最终增强整合素的affinity或avidity,促进其与配体结合的能力,提高淋巴细胞间的黏附。近年来的研究已经鉴定出调控整合素活化的多个关键的信号分子及其形成的信号转导复合体。该文主要阐述T细胞受到抗原刺激后,由T细胞受体（T cell receptor,TCR）介导的＂inside-out＂信号通路中关键的信号分子如ADAP、SKAP-55、RapL、Rap1、Talin和Kindlins等如何与上下游信号分子协同作用,调控整合素LFA-1活化的分子机制。     

整合素与配体结合的特征决定细胞游走速度

整合素与配体结合的特征决定细胞游走速度高等动物细胞在组织中的游走主要由细胞表面的粘附受体如整合素（ｉｎｔｅｇｒｉｎｓ）介导。整合素的作用包括：将细胞与胞外基质配体连结,传递作用力和细胞运动的必须信号。细胞在特定基质中是否能游走及游走速度取决于整合素与...     

整合素活化及其介导的黏着斑成熟与肿瘤转移

整合素是一类由α和β两个亚基组成的异源二聚体单次跨膜细胞黏附分子,通过与其对应配体相互作用,介导细胞与细胞、细胞与胞外基质之间的黏附,同时可以将细胞外信号传递至胞内,并招募一系列胞内蛋白与整合素胞内段结合,在细胞膜上形成超分子结构,激活下游信号.整合素的活化进程伴随着其胞外结构域由折叠构象转变为伸展构象以及胞内结构域的...     

胞外基质的结构与功能

胞外基质是由细胞合成和分泌的胶原蛋白、非胶原糖蛋白、蛋白聚糖等生物大分子在细胞表面或细胞之间构成的复杂网络结构。胞外基质蛋白的结构与功能受到糖基化、共价交联等翻译后修饰的调控。胞外基质不仅起到结构支撑的作用,而且可作为信号分子结合整合素等细胞表面受体传递信号。胞外基质网络同时结合并调控细胞因子与生长因子信号。胞外基质网络在细胞黏附、细胞迁移、细胞周期、细胞命运决定过程起到重要调控作用,进而调控组织发育与机体稳态的建立与维持。胞外基质网络结构与功能的紊乱将导致癌症、组织纤维化、结缔组织异常等多种疾病的发生。该文将简要介绍胞外基质的基本结构和功能、胞外基质与细胞骨架的交互调控机制及其生理与病理功能。     

整合素在细胞黏附中的生物学功能

整合素是一种跨膜蛋白,属于黏附分子家族.其主要功能是参与细胞和细胞、细胞和细胞外基质(ECM)的黏附和信号转导.整合素是含有α和β两条肽链的异源二聚体,来源不同的α、β亚基所形成的整合素具有不同的ECM结合能力.阐述了整合素的结构、生物学功能以及生理、病理学意义,并概述了其研究进展.     

整合素介导的细胞信号转导研究进展

整合素是细胞表面重要的受体,介导细胞-细胞和细胞-细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)的粘附。整合素通过与ECM配体结合可活化特定的信号转导途径,引起细胞发生反应,包括形态改变、伸展、迁移、增殖、分化、存活等,从而决定了与细胞粘附相关的多种生物学功能。因此,对整合素介导的信号转导过程的认识将有助于人们对细胞粘附机制和功能的理解。     

整合素的活化调控

整合素家族是介导细胞与细胞外基质作用的最主要分子,不仅可以识别细胞外环境将信号传到细胞内,还可以通过来自细胞内的信号调节整合素和配体的亲和力,这个过程也就是整合素的活化。本文主要阐述了整合素的活化在生理过程中的重要作用、整合素活性调节的结构基础以及细胞内的信号通路和结合蛋白对整合素活性的影响。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.