解淀粉芽胞杆菌分离鉴定及培养优化的研究进展

解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)是芽胞杆菌属的一个种,广泛存在于自然界,具有丰富的生境多样性,其芽胞具有抗逆性,可抵抗不良环境,同时能产生多种抗菌物质,如脂肽、抗菌蛋白和多种酶类,能抗植物病原真菌和有害细菌,该菌能形成生物膜,定植于植物根系,促进植物生长,因此对该菌进行分离鉴定以及培养优化具有重要意义。截至目前,已经从各种生境中分离、鉴定了多种有应用价值的解淀粉芽胞杆菌,通过不同策略对该菌的培养基和培养条件进行优化,使该菌相关功能得以提高。本文综述了近年来对解淀粉芽胞杆菌的生境多样性、分离鉴定及培养基和培养条件优化的策略,简要归纳了国内外关于解淀粉芽胞杆菌重要的工业和商业产品,为更好地研究和应用解淀粉芽胞杆菌提供必要的参考和借鉴。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的高效表达

目的:克隆解淀粉芽孢杆菌β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因(bglA)使其在解淀粉芽孢杆菌CICIM B4081中高效表达,并对重组酶进行酶学性质研究.方法:以解淀粉芽孢杆菌(CICIM B4801)染色体DNA为模板,经过PCR扩增得到了大小约为0.8kb的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因(bglA),构建了重组表达质粒pQ-bglA,通过电转化的方法将其转化人解淀粉芽孢杆菌(CICIM B4801)中.结果:得到了能高效表达β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的重组解淀粉芽孢杆菌.在250mL摇瓶条件下,重组菌分解地衣多糖的胞外最高酶活达到了1515.7U/mL,重组酶的最适作用温度为55℃,最适反应pH值为6.5.结论:重组菌的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的酶活为原始菌株的11.84倍,实现了bglA基因在解淀粉芽孢杆菌中的高效表达.     

基于盲肠菌群和回肠粘膜基因表达探讨解淀粉芽孢杆菌提高蛋鸡生产性能的潜在机制

【背景】我们的前期工作表明,在蛋鸡饲料中添加解淀粉芽孢杆菌BLCC1-0238可显著提高产蛋性能和蛋品质,但其益生机制还不清楚。【目的】从基因组学和转录组学的视角去揭示益生菌提高蛋鸡生产性能的潜在机制。【方法】利用高通量测序技术比较分析基础日粮组(C组)和解淀粉芽孢杆菌BLCC1-0238添加组(0.06%,2.0×1010 CFU/g,T组)盲肠微生物菌群和回肠粘膜基因表达的差异。【结果】基因组学分析发现,与对照组相比,益生菌添加组的盲肠菌群Chao1和Shannon指数升高;在门水平上,厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门(Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes)的比例显著增加,梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度降低;在属水平上,厚壁菌门中的考拉杆菌属(Phascolarctobacterium)、乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、瘤胃球菌科UCG-014属(Ruminococcaceae UCG-014)、厌氧棍状菌属(Anaerotruncus)、瘤胃梭菌属(Ruminiclostridium9)、克里斯滕森氏菌(Christensenellaceae_R-7_group)相对丰度明显增加。转录组学结果表明,回肠粘膜组织中共有356个差异表达基因,其中,上调基因199个,下调基因157个。生物信息学分析提示,上调基因参与了淀粉和蔗糖代谢、半乳糖代谢以及甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢等促进物质代谢和营养吸收的过程。【结论】日粮中添加解淀粉芽孢杆菌BLCC1-0238,可通过改善盲肠菌群多样性和肠道营养吸收能力提高蛋鸡的饲料利用率和产蛋性能,具有潜在的实用价值。     

蛋白酶对解淀粉芽孢杆菌α—淀粉酶活力的影响

目前工业生产α－淀粉酶的主要菌种是解淀粉芽孢杆菌,该菌在培养条件下不但产生α－淀粉酶,同时也产生一定比例的蛋白酶。本文研究了不同来源的蛋白酶对解淀粉芽孢杆菌ＢＦ７６５８和８６３１５α－淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明发现中性蛋白酶对两种α－淀粉酶活性无显著影响,而２７０９碱性蛋白酶能使α－淀粉酶活性丧失６０％以上。     

水产养殖用解淀粉芽孢杆菌微胶囊的安全性评价

目的:评价水产养殖用解淀粉芽孢杆菌微胶囊的安全性。方法:参照《GB/T21805-2008化学品藻类生长抑制试验》、《GB/T13266-91水质物质对蚤类(大型蚤)急性毒性测定方法》、《GB/T13267-91水质物质对淡水鱼(斑马鱼)急性毒性测定方法》、《渔药临床试验技术规范》等国家标准及相关法规,观察了解淀粉芽孢杆菌微胶囊对小球藻生长的抑制作用以及对大型蚤、斑马鱼和草鱼的急性毒性,分析了其对养殖水体主要理化因子的影响。结果:解淀粉芽孢杆菌微胶囊在终浓度为0.2～2 000mg/L时对小球藻生长具有促进作用,对小球藻的半数抑制浓度大于2 000mg/L,而且其对大型蚤、斑马鱼和草鱼的半数致死浓度也大于2 000mg/L(或mg/kg体重)。此外,在养殖水体中加入解淀粉芽孢杆菌微胶囊至终浓度为0.2～2 000mg/L后14天内,各浓度组的氨氮含量、硫化物和pH均缓慢下降,仅亚硝酸盐氮含量稍微升高后逐渐缓慢降低,但这些理化因子的变化与解淀粉芽孢杆菌微胶囊的加入量呈负相关关系。结论:解淀粉芽孢杆菌微胶囊实际无毒,对养殖水中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硫化物和pH等理化因子的影响均控制在虾虎鱼仔鱼、黄颡鱼、白斑狗鱼、克氏原螯虾等水产养殖动物的安全浓度范围内,为其在水产养殖中的安全应用提供了重要的科学依据。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌抗菌机制研究进展

自然界中,细菌与细菌之间、细菌与其他生物之间存在广泛的相互作用。细菌产生的代谢物质可以提高自身在自然界中的竞争/生存能力。解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)能够产生种类繁多的抑菌物质,有效地抑制真菌和其他细菌的活性,是一类应用较广的生防菌。到目前为止,解淀粉芽孢杆菌的抑菌作用研究已经广泛开展,但是生物体是复杂多变的,仍然有很多东西是未知的,并且利用解淀粉芽孢杆菌进行生物防治的前景十分广阔,所以加强对抑菌物质的机制研究、提取相关抗菌物质尤为关键。本文综述了国内外有关解淀粉芽孢杆菌的抑菌机制研究,为进一步探究解淀粉芽孢杆菌的抑菌机制、抑菌基因和基因工程菌做好铺垫。     

地衣芽孢杆菌WS-6 β-葡聚糖酶基因的克隆及表达

β-葡聚糖是植物细胞壁中结构性非淀粉多糖,存在于各种饲料农作物中。作为一种抗营养因子,β-葡聚糖使食糜具有很高的粘度,阻碍肠道消化液与食糜的混合,影响营养物质特别是蛋白质和脂肪的消化吸收,降低饲料的利用率。地衣芽孢杆菌分泌的β-葡聚糖酶可分解β-葡聚糖。在青贮发酵过程中,这种酶可降解大麦β-葡聚糖,有效提高家畜、家禽对饲料的利用率。从地衣芽孢杆菌WS-6中克隆到β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶基因并进行测序,将该基因与大肠杆菌表达载体pET32a进行连接,转化大肠杆菌BL21,使该基因得到了有效的表达,为进一步在食品级宿主菌中的表达奠定了基础。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌分子遗传操作及其应用研究进展

解淀粉芽孢杆菌是FDA认定的安全级(generally recognized as safe,GRAS)菌株,在工业酶制剂、高分子聚合物、大宗化学品、绿色生物农药等方面的生产具有突出的优势.近年来,随着解淀粉芽孢杆菌的分子遗传操作技术越来越成熟,对利用该菌开发成微生物发酵平台化菌株用于合成生物学制造领域提出了更迫切的需...     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌相关功能机制研究进展

解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)属于芽孢杆菌属,可广泛应用于农业生产、食品工业、环境保护、化妆品行业、医药以及沙漠治理。这些应用与解淀粉芽孢杆菌的特性和相关功能紧密相连。正因为解淀粉芽孢杆菌有多方面的生理功能,如形成生物膜、定殖于植物、促进植物生长等,才使其应用的广泛性成为可能。对解淀粉芽孢杆菌相关重要生理特征和功能机制进行了总结归纳,旨在为更好开发和利用这种益生菌提供科学理论数据。     

蛋白酶对解淀粉芽孢杆菌α－淀粉酶活力的影响

目前工业生产α－淀粉酶的主要菌种是解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓａｍｙｌｏｌｉｑｕｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ）,该菌在培养条件下不但产生α－淀粉酶,同时也产生一定比例的蛋白酶。本文研究了不同来源的蛋白酶对解淀粉芽孢杆菌ＢＦ７６５８和８６３１５α－淀粉酶活性的影响,结果发现中性蛋白酶对两种α－淀粉酶活性无显著影响,而２７０９碱性蛋白酶能使α－淀粉酶活性丧失６０％以上。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.