我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

植物离体培养中的顽拗现象及其生理和遗传基础

介绍了植物离体培养中顽拗现象的若干表现形式 ,包括影响顽拗性的主要因子、多年生木本和草本植物的遗传预决定性生长特性、顽拗现象与自由基、离体肿瘤转化性进程中植物器官发生全能性的丧失等 ,并对有关的生理和遗传基础的研究进展进行了概述     

Advances in Pollen Mediated Genetic Transformation

植物遗传转化技术是植物科学基础理论与应用研究的有力武器,已成为植物遗传改良的重要途径之一。但是、目前遗传转化所采用的受体系统,大都需要体外培养和植株再生过程,才能获得转基因植株。其中、基因型限制和遗传变异是该技术不可逾越的两大障碍。花粉管通道法可省去转化体的离体培养,不过、多数植物受花器结构的限制而难以经花柱注射ＤＮＡ,只能向子房注射,并不是真正的“花粉管通道”。又由于此法外源基因的导入发生在授粉之后,因此该方法亦不属于花粉遗传转化。利用小孢子胚胎发生体系进行遗传转化与利用花粉作为外源ＤＮＡ的媒介,继而、通过授粉受精获得转基因种子,是目前花粉遗传转化的两个重要方面和活跃的研究方向。前者仍需要离体再生系统,后者则可以利用植物自身的再生机制,本文称之为花粉介导法（ｐｏｌｅｎ－ｍｅｄｉａｔｅｄｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ）。该方法通过自然的胚胎发育过程获得转基因子代,避免了组织培养过程中的遗传变异和转基因植株的嵌合现象。可望成为简便快速的植物遗传转化体系。目前对花粉介导的遗传转化进行专门评述的文献较少,本文对该领域的研究分三个层次进行了综述。一、外源基因转化方法小孢子或由小孢子形成的胚状体是很有潜力的遗传转化受体     

辣椒离体再生及遗传转化研究进展

离体再生技术与遗传转化技术促进了传统农作物育种技术的发展并定向改良了辣椒性状.但由于辣椒较其它茄科植物再生困难,导致在利用DNA重组技术改良辣椒对生物和非生物胁迫抗性时增加了难度.近年来,辣椒器官再生、花药培养、胚培养和细胞培养等离体培养技术取得了巨大的成果.就辣椒离体培养及相关生物技术进行了综述,并指出了存在的问题并对其应用前景进行展望.     

花粉作为外源基因媒介的植物遗传转化

以花粉作为外源DNA的媒介,获得转基因植株是有潜力的遗传转化体系。它可避免离体培养过程中的遗传变异和转基因植株的嵌合现象。本文介绍以花粉为外源基因的载体,利用植物有性生殖过程和小孢子胚胎发生两条途径进行植物遗传转化的研究进展。     

花粉作为外源基因媒介的植物遗传转化

以花粉作为２外源ＤＮＡ的媒介,获得转基因植株是有潜力的遗传转化体系,它可避免离体培养过程中的遗传变异和转基因植株的嵌合现象。本文介绍以花粉为外源基因的载体,利用植物有性生殖过程和小孢子胚胎发生两条途径进行植物遗传转化的研究进展。     

禾谷类的细胞培养与N_6培养基

植物生物技术是对植物进行分子和细胞水平上的遗传操作,改良植物遗传特性,培育农作物和经济植物的新品种。但是高等植物是多细胞的有机体,无法对一棵植物的所有细胞同时进行遗传操作,只能先将外源基因导入离体培养的植物细胞,然后转化了的细胞经过分裂、分化和器官发...     

植物离体培养过程中DNA甲基化变异研究进展

表现遗传变异对于植物的生长发育起着重要作用,主要包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、染色体重塑和RNA干涉等.DNA甲基化是一种最重要的表现遗传机制,在植物离体培养过程中广泛存在,本文对植物离体培养过程的DNA甲基化变异现象、影响因素及机理等情况进行综述.     

重要禾谷类植物转基因研究

与双子叶植物相比,禾谷类植物的离体培养和再生主要采用一些胚性组织,对它们的转基因研究发展相对比较缓慢。90年代以来,离体培养方面的经验被有效地融入DNA转移技术;通过筛选和再生少量的转化细胞,已得到了不少可育的小麦、水稻、玉米、大麦等禾谷类转基因植物。本文着重综述了禾谷类植物转化方法和选择体系方面的研究现状,同时讨论了该研究方向的未来发展趋势。     

小麦遗传转化研究进展

小麦作为最重要的3大禾谷作物之一,其离体培养具有很强的惰性,再生频率与水稻、玉米相比要低一些,目前大多通过对基因型和外植体的选择来达到植株的高频再生分化,因此其遗传转化就远远滞后于水稻和玉米,更不用说与其它双子叶植物相比了.重点综述了小麦转基因技术和外源基因在小麦中的遗传转化研究现状,其内容包括几种主要的小麦转基因方法和以基因枪法为主的各种转化技术对品质基因、抗除草剂基因和抗病等基因在小麦中的遗传转化研究进展,并对存在的一些问题进行了简要的论述.     

Biotechnological advances in mango (Mangifera indica L.) and their future implication in crop improvement: a review

Biotechnology can complement conventional breeding and expedite the mango improvement programmes. Studies involving in vitro culture and selection, micropropagation, embryo rescue, genetic transformation, marker-assisted characterization and DNA fingerprinting, etc. are underway at different centers worldwide. In vitro culture and somatic embryogenesis of several different genotypes have been achieved. The nucellus excised from immature fruitlets is the appropriate explant for induction of embryogenic cultures. High frequency somatic embryogenesis has been achieved in some genotypes; however, some abnormalities can occur during somatic embryo germination. Embryo rescue from young and dropped fruitlets can improve the hybridization success in a limited flowering season. Protocols for protoplast culture and regeneration have also been developed. In vitro selections for antibiotic tolerance and fungal toxin resistance have been very promising for germplasm screening. Genetic transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been reported. Genes that are involved with fruit ripening have been cloned and there have been attempts to deliver these genes into plants. DNA fingerprinting and studies on genetic diversity of mango cultivars and Mangifera species are also being conducted at several research stations. The purpose of this review is to focus upon contemporary information on biotechnological advances made in mango. It also describes some ways of overcoming the problems encountered during in vitro propagation of mango.     

Genetic transformation of sugar beet: evolution of theoretical and experimental approaches

The review is dedicated to several aspects of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) biotechnology: in vitro cultivation, callus induction, plant regeneration and genetic transformation. Media composition, methods of plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis and protoplast culture are analysed. The use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and gold particle bombardment is the base for modern genetic transformation methods.     

华山松胚性愈伤组织诱导与幼胚离体培养

探索华山松（Pinus armandii）体细胞胚胎发生技术对其实施规模化无性繁殖和开展遗传转化具有重要意义。本文以1／2LM为基本培养基,通过激素调节等措施对华山松的胚性愈伤组织诱导和幼胚的离体培养技术进行了初步研究。研究结果：胚性愈伤组织诱导率最高可达52．71％,但愈伤组织继代培养后没有体细胞胚胎的分化;首次从其子叶期的幼胚中直接诱导出具有根和茎的完整植株,诱导率达92％以上。文章确认了采集的幼胚发育状态对胚性愈伤组织的诱导有重要影响,并对诱导的培养条件等进行了探讨。     

华山松胚性愈伤组织诱导与幼胚离体培养

探索华山松(Pinus armandii)体细胞胚胎发生技术对其实施规模化无性繁殖和开展遗传转化具有重要意义。本文以1/2LM为基本培养基, 通过激素调节等措施对华山松的胚性愈伤组织诱导和幼胚的离体培养技术进行了初步研究。研究结果: 胚性愈伤组织诱导率最高可达52.71%, 但愈伤组织继代培养后没有体细胞胚胎的分化; 首次从其子叶期的幼胚中直接诱导出具有根和茎的完整植株, 诱导率达92%以上。文章确认了采集的幼胚发育状态对胚性愈伤组织的诱导有重要影响, 并对诱导的培养条件等进行了探讨。     

Tissue culture-mediated biotechnological intervention in pomegranate: a review

The past 30 years have witnessed a series of systematic biotechnological advances made in pomegranate. These encompass optimization and establishment of in vitro culture techniques including micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, synthetic seed production, plant regeneration via callus-mediated shoot organogenesis, adventitious shoot regeneration, anther culture, tetraploid induction and genetic transformation. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive account on the tissue culture-mediated biotechnological interventions made in pomegranate aimed at complementing conventional programmes for improvement of this nutraceutically important fruit crop.     

Role of biotechnological interventions in the improvement of castor (Ricinus communis L.) and Jatropha curcas L

Castor and Jatropha belong to the Euphorbiaceae family. This review highlights the role of biotechnological tools in the genetic improvement of castor and jatropha. Castor is monotypic and breeding programmes have mostly relied on the variability available in the primary gene pool. The major constraints limiting profitable cultivation are: vulnerability to insect pests and diseases, and the press cake is toxic which restrict its use as cattle feed. Conventional breeding techniques have limited scope in improvement of resistance to biotic stresses and in quality improvement owing to low genetic variability for these traits. Genetic diversity was assessed using protein based markers while use of molecular markers is at infancy. In vitro studies in castor have been successful in shoot proliferation from meristematic explants, but not callus-mediated regeneration. Genetic transformation experiments have been initiated for development of insect resistant and ricin-free transgenics with very low transformation frequency. In tropical and subtropical countries jatropha is viewed as a potential biofuel crop. The limitations in available germplasm include; lack of knowledge of the genetic base, poor yields, low genetic diversity and vulnerability to a wide array of insects and diseases. Great scope exists for genetic improvement through conventional methods, induced mutations, interspecific hybridization and genetic transformation. Reliable and highly efficient tissue culture protocols for direct and callus-mediated shoot regeneration and somatic embryogenesis are established for jatropha which indicates potential for widening the genetic base through biotechnological tools. Assessment of genetic diversity using molecular markers disclosed low interaccessional variability in local Jatropha curcas germplasm. The current status and future prospects of in vitro regeneration, genetic transformation and the role of molecular tools in the genetic enhancement of the two-oilseed crops are discussed.     

棉花体细胞胚发生机理的研究进展

棉花是一种较难通过体细胞胚发生完成植株再生的作物,而体细胞胚发生是限制棉花基因工程和细胞工程得以广泛应用的主要因素.研究者从不同角度探讨了棉花体细胞胚发生机理并取得了很大的进展,为棉花的遗传转化提供了重要的技术支持,同时成功建立了一些棉花植株再生体系.本文分别从基因型限制、胚胎学、生理生化变化、分子机理等方面阐述了近年来棉花体细胞发生机制的研究进展,并讨论了本研究领域目前存在的主要问题及相应对策.     

矮牵牛育种研究进展

从常规育种、基因工程育种、体细胞育种和单倍体育种4个方面评述了矮牵牛(Petunia hybrida Vilm.)育种研究进展.国外对矮牵牛育种研究较多,新品种面世推陈出新,国内对其研究则较为薄弱.其常规育种最为成功,不断有新品种推出,基因工程育种也取得了一定成就,已有新品种面世,而体细胞育种及单倍体育种尚无新品种产生,但对这两种方法在育种上应用的可能性和前景作出了一定探索.