月季花发育过程中花色变化的生理生化研究

以月季‘仙境’为材料,观测其正面和反面花瓣在开花过程中6个阶段的颜色和其花色的L*、a*、b*、C*、h*值变化,花瓣组织结构,以及pH值、花色素含量、类黄酮含量、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,探讨月季花色的呈色机理。结果显示:(1)半开期时,花瓣正面红色最深,花色苷、类黄酮、可溶性糖含量最高,而可溶性蛋白含量则在盛开期时达到最高。(2)pH越小时,花瓣红色越深,而且pH值小范围内的变动,就能导致花色的改变。(3)花色素大部分集中分布在上表皮,并且上表皮呈圆锥形小突起、下表皮为扁平状,故上表皮花色深于下表皮,亮度小于下表皮。(4)a*正面与pH值、花色苷和可溶性糖含量呈正相关关系;a*反面与L*正面、L*反面、b*反面呈正相关关系;L*正面与b*正面、L*反面与b*反面呈极显著负相关关系。(5)众多影响花色呈现的因素中,正面(反面)花色主要是受到花色素苷(L*反面)的直接作用,其他因素则通过影响花色素苷(L*反面)间接影响花色的呈现。     

光照长度对茴香植株生长及精油含量和组分的影响

采用人工遮光的方法,设计3个光照长度:从15:00遮光、17:00遮光和不遮光,研究不同光照长度对茴香生长和精油含量及组分的影响。结果表明:茴香株高、植株节数、鲜重均以17:00遮光较高,不遮光次之,15:00遮光较低;茴香植株干重、全碳含量、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、类胡萝卜素含量和叶绿素a/叶绿素b均随光照长度的增加而增加;全氮含量、蛋白氮含量随光照长度的增加而减小;精油含量(0.61-1.20mL.(100g)-1DM)、单株精油产量(0.007-0.021mL)随光照长度的增加而增加,且处理间差异显著。精油共鉴定出22种成分,不同光照长度处理的茴香精油成分种类没有差别,且大多数成分的相对含量差异不显著。精油第一主要成分反式-茴香脑含量为47.40%-48.51%,第二主要成分柠檬烯含量为31.69%-33.26%,处理之间差异均不显著。     

显脉金花茶对不同光照强度的适应性研究

以显脉金花茶Camellia euphlebia二年生扦插苗为材料,研究不同光照强度(10%、20%、40%、全光照)下其叶片叶绿素含量、保护酶(SOD和POD)活性、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)含量、营养元素含量(氮、磷、钾)以及苗木的生长量。结果表明,随着光照强度的增强,叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量持续下降,不同光照强度下叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量存在差异,而叶绿素a/b的差异不显著。叶片SOD活性随光照强度增加而逐步上升,全光照处理的SOD活性显著高于10%和20%光照处理(P0.05);40%光照条件下的叶片POD活性与全光照和20%光照处理无显著差异,但显著高于10%光照处理(P0.05)。全光照条件下叶片MDA含量显著高于其他光照处理(P0.05)。营养元素方面,全光照处理的氮含量显著高于20%和40%光照处理(P0.05);不同光照处理的叶片磷含量差异显著(P0.05),而钾含量无显著差异。不同光照处理间叶片的可溶性蛋白含量存在显著差异(P0.05),可溶性糖含量差异不显著。显脉金花茶在20%光照强度下有较高的苗高和地径生长量。综合分析,显脉金花茶扦插苗在20%光照强度下生长较佳。     

盆栽桐花树对不同遮光度的生理生态响应

盆栽红树植物桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)1年生幼苗,研究了在浇灌淡水和人工海水2种情况下不同遮光度(透光率25%、45%和100%)处理对盆栽桐花树生理生态的影响.结果表明,处理360 d后,在相同盐度处理下植株的茎高年增量随光照强度减弱而增大,3种光照强度处理之间差异极显著,而茎径年增量则与茎高年增量相反.平均每株分枝数、叶片数、叶面积和叶片厚度存在显著差异.在相同盐度处理下,光照强度25%和45%处理的植株叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量无显著差异,但均显著高于100%光照强度,而6种处理植株叶片叶绿素a/b比值没有显著差异.在相同盐度处理下,随着光照强度的降低,净光合速率、可溶性糖含量、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和根系活力均呈下降趋势,且不同光照强度处理间存在极显著差异.在同一光照强度下,淡水组的可溶性糖含量、NR活性和根系活力均比人工海水组低.试验表明,遮光对盆栽桐花树的生理生态有显著影响.     

欧洲卫矛秋冬转色期叶色变化的生理机制

以3个欧洲卫矛(Euonymus europaea)品种‘矮生’(Euonymus europaea‘Pumilis’)、‘八仙花’(E.europaea‘Aldenhamensis’)和‘白果’(E.europaea‘Albus’)为试验材料,测定其秋冬转色期叶色参数及各项生理指标的变化,分析色素与叶色参数、可溶性糖、相关酶的关系,探讨欧洲卫矛转色期叶片的呈色机理,为后期园林应用提供依据。结果表明:(1)‘八仙花’、‘白果’叶片明度参数L*值、色素参数b*值(黄/蓝)呈先升后降的单峰曲线,‘矮生’的L*值、b*值呈先降后升的单峰曲线,3个品种色素参数a*值(红/绿)在转色期间均不断上升。(2)各品种叶片叶绿素含量随生育期整体呈下降的趋势,主要是叶绿素a减少,叶绿素b与类胡萝素下降较为平稳;花色素苷含量、花色素苷/叶绿素比值呈上升趋势,类胡萝素/叶绿素比值整体呈下降的趋势。(3)各品种叶片可溶性糖含量随生育期呈先升后降的单峰曲线,它们的PAL活性呈波动上升趋势,POD活性整体呈下降趋势,PPO活性呈缓慢上升趋势。(4)相关性分析显示,3个品种叶色参数a*值与花色素苷含量均呈极显著正相关关系,‘矮生’花色素苷含量与叶绿素、类胡萝素含量呈显著负相关关系,‘八仙花’、‘白果花’的花色素苷含量与叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量呈不显著负相关关系。研究发现,影响欧洲卫矛秋冬转色期叶片变红的主要因素是叶绿素、花色素苷和可溶性糖相对含量及PAL、PPO活性,类胡萝卜素含量对叶片变红的贡献不大,POD活性对叶片变红无直接影响。     

光强对苗期烤烟光合作用及干物质生产的影响

以烤烟云烟87为材料,研究了不同光照强度(100%、88%、72%、62%自然光强)对苗期烤烟光合作用及干物质生产的影响.结果表明:烟苗在晴天中午100%自然光强下会产生光合抑制现象,适度遮光(88%自然光强)会消除光抑制,其日光合总量显著高于其他处理.遮光降低了烟苗光饱和点和光补偿点,增加了表观量子效率和弱光时的净光合速率,提高了叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量,降低了叶绿素a/b和类胡萝卜素含量.在88%自然光强下,烟苗具有较高的光饱和点和较低的光补偿点,对光照变化的适应性较强,其光合同化潜力有所提高.100%自然光强处理更有利于干物质和可溶性总糖向茎部转移,88%自然光强处理更有利于干物质和可溶性总糖向根部转移.在本试验条件下,苗期适当遮光(88%自然光强)可以提高烟苗的成苗素质.     

不同遮光处理对平茬后厚朴萌蘖株部分形态及生理指标的影响

以自然光照(遮光率0.0%)为对照,对遮光率20.0%、52.5%和78.6%条件下平茬后厚朴(Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils)萌蘖株的部分形态和生理指标进行比较.结果表明:随遮光率提高,3个遮光处理组萌蘖株的株高呈现逐渐增大的趋势,萌蘖株叶中的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素含量也基本上呈现逐渐增大的趋势,但萌蘖株的地径却呈现逐渐减小的趋势.萌蘖株的冠幅,单桩的萌蘖株数、叶片总数和叶芽总数,叶长和叶宽,单叶的干质量和叶面积,叶中叶绿素a含量与叶绿素b含量的比值(Chla/Chlb)和可溶性糖含量均在遮光率52.5%条件下最大,但仅冠幅、单桩叶片总数、单叶面积和叶中可溶性糖含量显著大于对照,分别较对照增加156.21%、28.18%、129.02%和64.31%;并且,多数指标在遮光率20.0%条件下居中、在遮光率78.6%条件下最小.然而,萌蘖株的叶长宽比、比叶质量及叶的相对含水量和可溶性蛋白质含量则在遮光率52.5%条件下最小,但仅比叶质量显著小于对照,较对照减少37.43%;并且,多数指标在遮光率20.0%条件下居中、在遮光率78.6%条件下最大.研究结果显示:适当的遮光处理能够促进平茬后厚朴萌蘖株的生长,遮光率52.5%为最优的遮光处理条件.     

光照强度和光周期对醉马草内生真菌共生体幼苗生长和生物碱积累的影响

该研究通过测定不同光周期(8、12、14和16h·d~(-1))和光照强度(1 500、2 500和3 500lux)处理下醉马草内生真菌共生体幼苗的形态指标以及叶绿素、可溶性糖、麦角酰胺和麦角新碱的含量,以明确醉马草内生真菌共生体幼苗生长和生物碱积累的最适光照条件,为醉马草内生真菌共生体的应用提供理论依据。结果发现:(1)醉马草内生真菌共生体幼苗株高、叶绿素和可溶性糖含量随着光照时间的延长而增加,并在光周期为16h·d~(-1)时显著(P0.05)高于其他处理;根长、单株分蘖数和单株生物量均先升高后降低,且均在14h·d~(-1)处理下达到最大值。(2)随着光照强度的增加,醉马草内生真菌共生体幼苗4个形态指标以及叶绿素和可溶性糖含量均呈增加的趋势,并在光照强度为3 500lux时均达到最大值。(3)随着处理时间的延长,醉马草内生真菌共生体幼苗麦角酰胺和麦角新碱的含量在不同光周期处理下均呈上升的趋势,并在光周期为12h·d~(-1)和光照强度为2 500lux处理下麦角酰胺和麦角新碱的含量均显著高于其他处理(P0.05),且在处理第15天时达到最大值。研究表明,适宜的光照环境能显著促进醉马草内生真菌共生体幼苗生长和生物碱的积累,并以12h·d~(-1)光周期和2 500lux光照处理下最有利于麦角酰胺和的麦角新碱积累。     

遮光灵武长枣果实糖积累和代谢相关酶活性特征

于灵武长枣盛花期对果实进行遮光处理,以自然照光为对照,通过测定果实生长指标、叶绿素含量、蔗糖代谢相关酶活性及其蔗糖代谢糖分含量等,研究果实光合作用在果实糖积累中的作用及对果实多糖和总糖含量积累的影响。结果表明:(1)遮光处理后,果实单粒重、单粒体积以及果实中叶绿素含量均降低。(2)遮光处理不同程度增加了果实中转化酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶和蔗糖合成酶分解方向酶的活性,而降低了其蔗糖合成酶合成方向酶的活性。(3)遮光处理主要影响果实着色期和成熟期的糖含量,对果实发育初期糖含量影响较小;果实多糖的形成与果实所受光照状况具有一定的关系,而果实中总糖的积累与外界光照具有密切关系。可见,果实遮光处理影响了果实发育过程中蔗糖代谢相关酶的活性,从而影响果实糖分的代谢和积累。     

5种野牡丹属植物花色素成分及影响花色呈色因子分析

为明确野牡丹属(Melastoma L.)植物花瓣的色素成分和呈色机理,为花色育种提供参考。以野牡丹(M.candidum)、白花野牡丹(M.candidum f.albiflorum)、印度野牡丹(M.malabathiricum)、白花印度野牡丹(M. malabathricumvar.alba)、毛稔(M.sanguinrum)5种野牡丹属植物材料,采用目测法、RHSCC比色法和色差仪测定花瓣表型,应用化学显色法、紫外分光光度法对花色素成分及含量进行初步分析与测定,通过徒手切片组织切片法观察花瓣表皮细胞的显微结构和分布特点,测定花瓣pH值、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量等生理指标分析对花色的影响。结果显示,野牡丹属植物花瓣不含叶绿素和类胡萝卜素,紫罗兰色系主要含花青素苷和黄酮类化合物,白色系主要含黄酮类化合物。野牡丹和毛稔花色素分布于上、下表皮,印度野牡丹花色素分布于上、下表皮和栅栏组织,白花野牡丹和白花印度野牡丹花瓣没有发现色素积累;紫罗兰色系野牡丹上表皮细胞呈圆锥形突起,白色系野牡丹上表皮细胞呈不规则的扁平状,它们下表皮细胞全呈不规则的扁平状。野牡丹属植物花色明度L*随花瓣颜色变深而降低,明度L*与红度a*呈极显著负相关、与蓝度b*呈极显著的正相关。花瓣中花青素苷含量与其明度L*和蓝度b*呈显著负相关,pH值与花瓣红度a*呈现显著的负相关。研究表明,野牡丹属植物花色主要由花青素苷决定,花青素苷含量、色素分布、上表皮细胞形状等是引起花色呈现多样的主要因子。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.