美洲大蠊肠道内生细菌的分离及其初步抑菌活性研究

分离鉴定美洲大蠊肠道内生细菌,并初步研究了其抑菌活性。采用平板稀释法对美洲大蠊肠道内生细菌进行分离纯化,分离菌株通过形态学观察和16S rDNA基因序列BLAST比对进行种属鉴定。以金黄色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希氏菌4株细菌为对象,采用牛津杯法初步鉴定各分离菌株的抑菌活性。BLAST比对分析结果表明:从15只美洲大蠊肠道内分离鉴定出125株内生细菌,分属12科20属。初步抑菌活性显示:部分菌株对金黄色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希氏菌有明显抑菌活性。美洲大蠊肠道内生菌种类繁多,而且较多菌株具有抑菌活性。     

刺五加内生真菌分离鉴定及抗菌活性研究

为开发利用刺五加内生真菌资源,寻找新型抗菌物质,从刺五加根茎叶中分离纯化得到内生真菌71株,经菌落形态和显微形态去重后进行ITS序列分子鉴定为18个种,来自于4目、8科、11属,其中链格孢属与镰孢霉属为优势属。根、茎、叶中内生真菌多样性指数分别为1. 112 31、1. 523 658、0. 264 1。18种刺五加内生真菌中,16种内生真菌至少对一种指示菌有抗菌活性。CWJ-5(镰孢霉属Fusarium oxysporum)对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌效果显著,抑菌直径27. 17±0. 07 mm; CWJ-6(链格孢属Alternaria alternata)对大肠埃希菌抑菌效果显著,抑菌直径18. 07±0. 01 mm。结果表明刺五加内生真菌资源丰富,有很大的开发利用空间,部分菌种抑菌活性显著,值得进一步研究。     

野生黄芩内生真菌的分离鉴定及抗菌活性筛选

从野生黄芩的根、茎、叶中分离出97株内生真菌, 其中33株来自生长期植株, 64株来自成熟期植株。经分类鉴定, 隶属于38个属, 优势属为Alternaria, 成熟期的属种多样性高于生长期。将其中的95株内生真菌对14种指示菌进行抑菌试验, 发现其中91株内生真菌对一种或多种指示菌具有抑菌活性, 占分离菌株总数的95.8%。野生黄芩内生真菌对大肠杆菌CGMCC1.1103、枯草芽孢杆菌CGMCC1.769、蜡样芽孢杆菌ATCC1361、致病性大肠埃希氏菌ATCC49105、白色假丝酵母ATCC10231、小孢拟盘多毛孢CNUMB2PM01等6个指示菌菌株抑菌效果较好; 对单核细胞增生李斯特菌ATCC27708、普通变形杆菌ATCC33420、肠炎沙门氏菌ATCC14208、副溶血型弧菌ATCC27519、宋内氏痢疾杆菌ATCC51060、九州镰孢霉CNUMB2FK01等6个指示菌菌株抑菌效果较差; 对深红酵母CGMCC2.282和金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC12600没有抑制作用。     

白苞蒿内生真菌的分离及其抗肿瘤抗菌活性筛选

重视药用植物内生真菌的研究,实现利用内生真菌代替药用植物生产活性物质,具有重要的生态学和经济学意义。白苞蒿(Artemisia lactifloraWall.ex DC.)是一种重要的药用植物,已收载于《中国药典》2010年版一部附录,是中药刘寄奴的基原植物之一,具有清热、解毒、止咳、消炎、活血、散瘀、通经等功效,用于肝、肾疾病的治疗。该研究以白苞蒿的根、茎、叶和花为试验材料进行内生真菌的分离,共分离得到白苞蒿内生真菌54株;以人骨髓白血病细胞系(HL-60)、人乳腺癌细胞系(MCF-7)和人前列腺癌细胞系(PC-3)为细胞模型,采用MTT法对54株白苞蒿内生真菌发酵物粗提物的体外抗肿瘤活性进行筛选,发现对3种肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制率在90%以上的菌株共有5株,占总菌株数的9.3%;以白色念珠菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌3种病原细菌为靶标菌,采用滤纸片法对54株白苞蒿内生真菌发酵物粗提物的抗菌活性进行筛选。结果表明:所有菌株对白色念珠菌均未表现明显的抑菌活性,而对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌有一定抑菌活性的菌株共有17株,占总菌株数的31.5%,其中有2株对金黄色葡萄球菌表现较强的抑菌活性。     

黄花夹竹桃内生真菌抗病原细菌的初步研究

从植物黄花夹竹桃 (Thevetiaperuviana)的根、茎、叶、果实中分离出内生真菌 10 1株。以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌 (Salmonellatyphimurium)、肺炎链球菌 (Streptococcuspneumoniae)、乙型溶血链球菌 (Streptococcushemolyticus)、金黄色葡萄球菌 (Staphyllococcusaureus) 4种人类病原菌为指示菌 ,对其进行抑菌活性筛选 ,结果有 17株内生真菌对 1株或 1株以上人类病原菌有抑菌活性 ,其中平板抑菌圈直径大于 2 0mm的菌株有9株。具有抗菌活性的内生真菌分别来自木霉属 (Trichoderma)、曲霉属 (Aspergillus)等 9个属。     

柴胡内生真菌鉴定与抑菌活性筛选

从野生柴胡中分离内生真菌,旨在寻找具广谱抗菌活性的内生真菌。对采自四川省甘孜藏族自治州的一株健康野生柴胡中的内生真菌进行分离,以枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)为指示菌,对分离到的内生真菌分别利用琼脂块法和双层平板法法进行抑菌活性的初筛和复筛。从其根、茎、叶中共分离出27株内生真菌,经分类鉴定,隶属于9个属,其中青霉属(Penicillium)和曲霉属(Aspergillus)为优势属。26株内生真菌对两种或3种指示菌均具有一定的抑菌活性,占分离菌株总数的96.30%,其中5株(CHG-01、CHG-04、GHJ-10、CHY-01和CHY-03)对3种指示菌均有较强抑菌活性。柴胡内生真菌的次级代谢产物中存在着天然抑菌活性物质,可为寻找新型抗菌物质提供资源。     

白木香内生真菌抗肿瘤抗菌活性的筛选研究

白本香[Aquilariasinensis（Lour．）Gilg]是我国特有的珍稀濒危药用植物。对已分离得到的白木香内生真菌的发酵液提取物的抗肿瘤抗菌活性进行了筛选。结果表明,对肿瘤细胞SF-268增殖的抑制率在90％以上的菌株有6株,占总菌株数的31．6％。其中有16株对金黄色葡萄球菌具有一定的抑菌活性,占总菌株教的84．2％,有9株表现较强的抑菌活性。另外有1株时白色念珠菌表现较强的抑菌活性;有2株对黑曲霉表现一定的抑菌活性。所有菌株对大肠埃希菌都没有表现明显的抑菌活性。     

药用植物青蒿不同种类的内生菌抑菌活性分析

为了研究青蒿不同种类的内生菌抑制细菌和抑制真菌的活性,该研究采用组织块法和研磨法从青蒿的根、茎、叶中分离内生细菌、放线菌和真菌,以大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)(CICC 23657)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)(CICC 10275)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)(CICC 10384)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)(CICC 2487)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)(CICC 33032)为指示菌,采用琼脂块法和双层平板法检测内生菌的抑菌活性。结果表明:(1)从青蒿植株中共分离到76株内生菌,其中内生细菌19株、内生放线菌34株、内生真菌23株。从分离部位来看,56株来自于茎段、17株来自于根段、3株来自叶片。(2)内生细菌中抑菌活性菌株占总菌株的比例最高,为95%,内生放线菌和内生真菌中抑菌活性菌株的比例分别为41%、35%。(3)内生细菌的抗菌谱较广;虽然内生放线菌的抗菌谱较窄,但其中高抗菌株较多,尤其对酿酒酵母的抑菌效果好。综上结果显示,药用植物青蒿中存在着丰富的有抑菌活性的内生菌,且不同种类的内生菌抑菌活性不同。     

黄连内生真菌的分离鉴定及抑菌活性研究CSCD

为研究四川省峨眉地区黄连内生真菌多样性及菌株抑菌活性和机制,发掘黄连内生真菌资源,本研究从川黄连植株分离鉴定14株黄连内生真菌,分属于2纲,5目,7科,11属。根状茎、茎、叶和须根中的内生真菌定殖率分别是27.8%、56.7%、52.5%和39.6%。14株黄连内生真菌对金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑菌效果,Cop S01、Cop L01、Cop FR01的抑菌圈直径超过35 mm,纸片扩散法测得3株内生真菌发酵液对金黄色葡萄球菌均有效,Cop L01抑菌圈直径大于20 mm,抑菌效果最好,其发酵产物最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为10 mg/mL,最低杀菌浓度(MBC)为11 mg/mL。初步探究Cop L01抑菌机制发现该菌株发酵产物破坏金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜,引起胞内核酸及蛋白外泄,造成金黄色葡萄球菌死亡。本研究表明川黄连内生真菌具有丰富的多样性,部分菌株及其发酵产物对金黄色葡萄球菌均表现出较好的抑菌效果,预示着黄连内生真菌Cop L01具有产生新型抗菌活性物质的潜力,为后续深入开发这一资源宝库提供了新的菌种和思路。     

无患子内生真菌抗菌筛选与鉴定

目的筛选和鉴定具有抗菌活性的无患子内生真菌,为进一步探索其抗菌成分提供菌源。方法采用拮抗试验和体外抗菌测试方法,以大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和白假丝酵母菌(Candida albicans)为指示菌,首次研究6株无患子内生真菌(HY11-1、HY11-2、P11、O、ye4、ye5)的抗菌特点。通过形态学观察和18SrDNA序列分析,对活性菌株进行菌种鉴定。结果菌株HY11-1、ye5和P11具有较强的抗菌能力,其中菌株HY11-1对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌效果最显著,确定菌株HY11-1、ye5、P11分别为Alternaria alternate、Aspergillus ochraceus和Penicillium chrysogenum。结论 3株无患子内生真菌A.alternate HY11-1、A.ochraceus ye5和P.chrysogenum P11具有较强的抗菌效果,具有进一步研究的价值。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Five additional genera of conidial lichen-forming fungi from Europe

Three remarkable new genera of conidial lichen-forming fungi, with pycnidial or acervular conidiomata are described and illustrated.Hastifera tenuispora gen. et spec. nov. from the South-Tyrol, Italy, is characterized by very long and narrow hyaline conidia produced in pycnidial conidiomata immersed in thalline warts.Lichingoldia gyalectiformis gen. et spec. nov. from rocks subject to inundation by freshwater in Norway has long sigmoidly curved conidia which appear to be adapted to dispersal in water.Woessia fusarioides gen. et spec. nov. from aQuercus stump in the Burgenland, Austria, has a finely granular thallus and disc-like conidiomata producing falcate conidia; this species is also of interest in that it hasChlorella as the photobiont. The recently described hyphomyceteCheiromycina flabelliformis B. Sutton is reported from Austria for the first time, and is also lichenized. Recent collections ofNigropuncta rugulosa D. Hawksw. from Austria and Italy also show that this species is lichenized rather than parasymbiotic. In all five cases the fungal hyphae of the conidiogenous structures are continuous with those in intimate contact with cells of the algal partners and the biological relationship appears to be mutualistic giving rise to stable crustose lichen thalli.