K、V、T型小麦细胞质雄性不育系叶绿体DNA的SSR分析及RuBP羧化酶活性比较

为了探讨小麦细胞质雄性不育(CMS)与叶绿体DNA(cpDNA)的关系,揭示CMS机理。以2套K、V、T型同核异质不育系(A)及其保持系(B)‘太911289’和‘冀5418’、育性恢复的F_1和各自的质供体粘果山羊草(Aegilops kotschyi)、偏凸山羊草(Aegilops ventricosa)、提莫菲维小麦(Triticum timopheevii)为试验材料,利用cpSSR引物对小麦cpDNA进行比较分析,筛选出代表不同胞质不育系的引物,探讨CMS与叶绿体的关系;同时测定由叶绿体DNA与核DNA共同编码的RuBP羧化酶的活性,为小麦K、V、T雄性不育类型的应用提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)K型、V型、T型不育系与保持系的cpDNA之间均呈现多态性,且不同的细胞质之间存在特异片段,这从DNA水平上提供了3类不育系胞质来源不同的证据,并分别找到5对和7对可以鉴定V型和T型不育系的特异引物。(2)除K型‘冀5418’与其胞质供体的cpDNA出现差异外,不育系与其胞质供体的cpDNA没有差异,而且不育系与其育性恢复的F_1代cpSSR扩增片段之间也没有差异,很好地遗传了其母本性状。(3)在起身期和开花期,不仅2套不育系的RuBP羧化酶活性显著高于保持系,且在不育系与恢复系杂交的F_1中,随着育性的恢复其RuBP羧化酶活性高于保持系而低于各自不育系;而在拔节期的不育系与保持系之间、不育系之间、以及F_1代与不育系和保持系之间的RuBP酶活性大小没有显著差异。这可能与拔节期主要是营养生长有关系。     

水稻两种细胞质雄性不育“三系”及其F1杂交种线粒体DNA的RFLP分析

对水稻BT型和WA型细胞质的雄性不育系,相应保持系和恢复系以及杂种的mtD-NA用12个线粒探针进行了RFLP分析,结果如下：（1）BT型和WA型不育系的mtDNA在组织结构上存在差异;（2）不育系的mtDNA与其保持系间存在显著差异,推测mtDNA与水稻的cms有关;（3）atp9探针检测到WA型不育系与F1之间的多态性,Frag36探针检测到BT型不育系与F1之间的多态性,Frag9探针检测到WA型和BT型不育系与其F1之间的多态性,证明核恢复基因影响mtDNA的结构;（4）对mtDNA的结构变异与细胞质雄性不育的关系进行了分析与探讨。     

水稻两种细胞质雄性不育“三系”及其F1杂交种线粒体DNA的RFLP分析

对水稻BT型和WA型细胞质的雄性不育系,相应保持系和恢复系以及杂种的mtDNA用12个线粒体探针进行了RFLP分析,结果如下(1)BT型和WA型不育系的mtDNA在组织结构上存在差异;(2)不育系的mtDNA与其保持系间存在显著差异,推测mtDNA与水稻的cms有关;(3)atp9探针检测到WA型不育系与F1之间的多态性,Frag36探针检测到BT型不育系与F1之间的多态性,Frag9探针检测到WA型和BT型不育系与其F1之间的多态性,证明核恢复基因影响mtDNA的结构;(4)对mtDNA的结构变异与细胞质雄性不育的关系进行了分析与探讨.     

D^2型小麦细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系和恢复系线粒体DNA的比较研究

ｍｓＤ２－ＣＡ８０５７是新育成的具有粗厚山羊草（Ａｅ．ｃｒａｓａ,６ｘ）胞质的Ｄ２型小麦细胞质雄性不育系。采用ＲＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ方法对该不育系及其具有普通小麦（Ｔ．ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）胞质的保持系ＣＡ８０５７和恢复系保－７６９－２２－６的线粒体ＤＮＡ进行分析和比较,发现该不育系的线粒体ＤＮＡ组织结构明显不同于其保持系,也不同于其恢复系。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ结果表明,该不育系线粒体基因组在ａｔｐＡ、ａｔｐ９、ｃｏｂ和ｃｏｘⅡ基因上或附近具有显著的组织结构差异。ＲＡＰＤ分析证实了这一点。相反,ＲＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ结果都表明保持系与恢复系之间线粒体基因组结构非常相似。这支持了该不育系的胞质遗传特点来源于与普通小麦胞质差异较大的野生型胞质的事实。推测这种胞质差异与育性有关     

普通小麦T型细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系线粒体多肽的电泳比较研究

应用单向SDS-PAGE和双向IEF-SDS电泳技术对两个品种的普通小麦(T.aestivum L.)T型细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系的线粒体多肽进行了比较研究,结论如下:1.黄化苗期不育系和保持系线粒体多肽在单向SDS-PAGE和双向IEF-SDS电泳行为上无明显差别;2.在孕穗期幼穗线粒体多肽的单向SDS-PAGE图谱上,两个不育系都缺少28Kd多肽带纹,因而不育系和保持系间表现出明显的差异。双向IEF-SDS凝胶电泳证实28Kd带纹实际上是分子量相同而等电点分别为5.58和5.65的两个多肽;3.线粒体基因的表达是具有时空性质的;4.线粒体与T型细胞质雄性不育可能存在着某种特定的关系。 本文还就T型细胞质雄性不育的分子机制进行了探索性讨论。     

两个育性相关基因在几类小麦雄性不育材料中的表达研究

以1B/1R类K型不育系K3314A及其保持系3314B,非1B/1R类K型不育系732A及其保持系732B,YS温敏雄性不育小麦A3017为材料,提取不同温度处理下各时期小穗的总RNA进行反转录,对AY914051和AY660990两个目标基因进行半定量PCR和电泳分析,测定其在小麦中的表达变化趋势,以分析其与这几种不育系的育性相关关系,探讨这几种不育小麦败育的关键发育时期。结果表明,除AY914051基因在2种保持系3314B和732B中表达量变化不大之外,其它均有明显差异;2个目标基因与这几种雄性不育系的败育有关,但与育性相关程度不同,不育系两个目的基因的表达受温度变化影响程度明显大于保持系。由实验结果推测,1B/1R类K型不育系、非1B/1R类K型不育系和YS温敏雄性不育系的败育关键时期为单核期或单核期至二核期之间;温度差异可能会导致YS温敏雄性不育系的育性相关基因表达时期错位,错位后的表达差异积累可能最终导致其败育。     

BT型细胞质雄性不育水稻及其三系的线粒体DNA研究

用RAPD技术对BT型水稻胞质雄性不育系秀A及其保持系秀B、恢复系湘晴以及杂种F1代的线粒体DNA进行了比较分析。结果表明不育系与其保持系间存在显著差异;不育系与其F1之间mtDNA也存在差异。在引物OPJ－08的扩增产物中,秀A扩增出一条分子量为800bp的多态性片段,在引物OPK－10的扩增产物中,杂种F1扩增出一条分子量为900bp的片段。把这两片段回收、克隆并制备探针,OPJ－08800的Southern杂交结果显示不育系与其F1杂交图谱存在多态性;OPK－10900的Suthern杂交结果显示不育系与其保持系同存在差异。推测这两片段与育性可能有一定的联系。     

水稻孢子体细胞质雄性不育系线粒体DNA的RAPD分析

利用200个10nt随机引物对水稻孢子体细胞质雄性不育系珍汕97A、保持系珍汕97B、F1代汕优63、恢复系明恢63和另一种孢子体细胞质雄性不育系马协A、保持系马协B、F1代马协63的线粒体DNA进行PCR扩增。在36℃的退火温度下,有132个引物扩增出了清晰的、重复性较好的条带。同一组合内的不育系同保持系、恢复系之间线粒体DNA随机引物扩增产物的多态性明显高于不育系与F1代。不育系与F1代线粒体DNA的扩增产物也存在多态性。一些特异性的差异片段可能与水稻CMS相关。     

水稻野败型细胞质雄性不育系和其保持系蛋白质多肽的比较研究

应用单向SDS—PAGE结合蛋白质铬银染色技术对水稻野败型细胞质雄性不育系珍汕97A和其保持系的叶绿体、线粒体和细胞质的蛋白质多肽进行了比较研究,发现两系之间存在明显的差异,生殖器官(穗子)上的差异比营养器官(叶片)上的差异更为显著。在成熟穗上,叶绿体可溶性蛋白不育系有25条带,保持系仅16条带,两者间有19个多肽不同;线粒体可溶性蛋白不育系有28条带,保持系比不育系少30.1和21.8KD两个多肽;细胞质可溶性蛋白丙酮沉淀物的水溶性蛋白组分不育系有24条带,保持系为29条带,两系间却有7条多肽存在差别;细胞质可溶性蛋白丙酮沉淀物的SDS-增溶性蛋白组分不育系有18条带,保持系只有11条带,两者间亦有7条多肽出现差异。由此可以看出,水稻野败型CMS表型的表达可能需要较多个基因的启动和关闭,既与叶绿体和线粒体有关,还涉及到核基因组的作用。     

水稻细胞质雄性不育系和保持系的线粒体COⅠ、COⅡ基因组织结构差异的分析

我们研究了水稻珍汕97不育系和保持系的线粒体DNA的PstⅠ、HindⅢ、BamHⅠ酶切电泳带型,发现了不育系和保持系的线粒体DNA分子结构的显著不同,而不育系和保持系的叶绿体DNA的HindⅢ酶切片段没有差异。以线粒体的细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ、Ⅱ(COⅠ、COⅡ)基因为探针,与珍汕97不育系、保持系的叶绿体、线粒体DNA酶切片段进行分子杂交,证明叶绿体DNA没有COⅠ、COⅡ基因的同源顺序,发现不育系和保持系COⅠ、COⅡ基因有组织结构上的差异,但不能确证这些差异是否与细胞质雄性不育有关。     

Molecular characterization of a new type of cytoplasmic male sterile sugar beet

A line (named Cl) of cytoplasmic sterility of sugar beet whose cytoplasm derived from Betacicla Turkey was obtained by interspecific hybrid. Its cytoplasm and a spontaneous male sterile cytoplasm from wild beet Beta maritima (named M) were compared with that of Owen's sterile line (S-cms) and a common maintainer of them named N was used as control. RFLP and RAPD methods were mainly used in our experiments. The restriction fragment patterns of mtDNAs were found to be likely but for a few of specific low-lighted electrophoresis bands in Cl. The results of Southern hybridization of six heterogeneous mitochondrial genes as probes to digests of mtDNAs by six restriction enzymes showed to be analogous between S and M lines. But the Cl mtDNA was sorted out by hybridization of atpA probe. Difference of low-molecular-weight mitochondrial DNAs was found among the three sterile lines. Three RNA molecules weighing about 4.2kb stably existed in Cl mitochondria. Our results of RAPD also supported that the Cl cytoplas     

普通小麦三种细胞质雄性不育系线粒体DNA的比较研究

对细胞质分别来源于粘果山羊草（Ａｅ．ｋｏｔｓｃｈｙｉ）、偏凸山羊草（Ａｅ．ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｏｓａ）、提莫菲维（Ｔ．ｔｉｍｏｐｈｅｅｖｉ）的３种普通小麦雄性不育系,其相应保持系和共有的一种恢复系的ｍｔＤＮＡ进行了ＲＦＬＰ比较分析。发现Ｋ型和Ｖ型不育系的ｍｔＤＮＡ在组织结构上不同于Ｔ型,说明Ｋ、Ｖ型不育系是有别于Ｔ型的两种新不育类型。Ｋ型、Ｖ型不育系的ｍｔＤＮＡ与保持系和恢复系显著不同,推测ｍｔＤＮＡ与小麦细胞质雄性不育性有关。实验同时发现Ｔ型不育系与其保持系的ｍｔＤＮＡ非常相似,对这种相似性的原因进行了讨论。     

反义酸性转化酶基因低温贮藏马铃薯块茎还原糖和淀粉含量的影响

对2个含有酸性转化酶(AcInv)反义基因的转基因马铃薯品系及对照品种进行低温贮藏(4℃)及室温还暖处理.随低温贮藏时间的延长,供试材料均表现出还原糖含量升高,总淀粉含量下降的趋势.低温处理40 d时,"Ac转Atlantic"和"Ac转甘农薯2号"的还原糖含量比未转基因品种低23%和18%.总淀粉含量分别比未处理前下降约1.0%和1.3%,支链淀粉含量分别下降约1.4%和1.7%,淀粉直/支比明显低于对照,分别为0.29和0.38.块茎的石蜡切片显示,转基因块茎中深蓝色淀粉颗粒明显少于未转基因对照.另外,对低温贮藏的块茎室温还暖后,2个转基因品系的还原糖含量仍低于对照品种.实验结果证明反义AcInv基因对低温贮藏下块茎还原糖和淀粉含量具有下向调节作用.     

Mitochondrial <Emphasis Type="Italic">atpA</Emphasis> gene is altered in a new <Emphasis Type="Italic">orf220</Emphasis>-type cytoplasmic male-sterile line of stem mustard (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica juncea</Emphasis>)

The purpose of this research is to identify the probable mitochondrial factor associated with cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) by comparative analysis of cms and its isogenic maintainer lines in stem mustards. Dramatic variations in the morphology of floral organs were observed in cms stem mustard. Mitochondrial atpA gene was shown to be altered in cms compared with that in its maintainer line, of which mitochondrial atpA gene from its maintainer line was sequenced to encode 507 amino acids. It was indicative of high homology with mitochondrial atpA genes from other species, even as high as 94% in similarity with Oryza sativa in terms of amino acid constituents. However, only 429 amino acids were deduced in cms showing 83% similarity with atpA gene from its maintainer line. Two copies were observed in its maintainer line, but only one was found in cms. Such numerous differences of mitochondrial atpA gene between cms and its maintainer lines may not be the results of evolutionary divergence but the rearrangements of mitochondria. Expression of mitochondrial atpA gene was shown to be down-regulated in cms by using Northern blot. Consequently, mitochondrial ATP synthesis was severely decreased more than one fold in cms stem mustard indicating deficiency in mitochondrial ATP synthesis in this type of cms. Therefore, we deduced that mitochondrial atpA gene altered in cms could be associated with male-sterility in this type of cms. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Jing-Hua Yang and Yan Huai contributed equally to this work.     

Nuclear-mitochondrial epistasis and drosophila aging: introgression of Drosophila simulans mtDNA modifies longevity in D. melanogaster nuclear backgrounds

Under the mitochondrial theory of aging, physiological decline with age results from the accumulated cellular damage produced by reactive oxygen species generated during electron transport in the mitochondrion. A large body of literature has documented age-specific declines in mitochondrial function that are consistent with this theory, but relatively few studies have been able to distinguish cause from consequence in the association between mitochondrial function and aging. Since mitochondrial function is jointly encoded by mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear genes, the mitochondrial genetics of aging should be controlled by variation in (1) mtDNA, (2) nuclear genes, or (3) nuclear-mtDNA interactions. The goal of this study was to assess the relative contributions of these factors in causing variation in Drosophila longevity. We compared strains of flies carrying mtDNAs with varying levels of divergence: two strains from Zimbabwe (<20 bp substitutions between mtDNAs), strains from Crete and the United States (approximately 20-40 bp substitutions between mtDNAs), and introgression strains of Drosophila melanogaster carrying mtDNA from Drosophila simulans in a D. melanogaster Oregon-R chromosomal background (>500 silent and 80 amino acid substitutions between these mtDNAs). Longevity was studied in reciprocal cross genotypes between pairs of these strains to test for cytoplasmic (mtDNA) factors affecting aging. The intrapopulation crosses between Zimbabwe strains show no difference in longevity between mtDNAs; the interpopulation crosses between Crete and the United States show subtle but significant differences in longevity; and the interspecific introgression lines showed very significant differences between mtDNAs. However, the genotypes carrying the D. simulans mtDNA were not consistently short-lived, as might be predicted from the disruption of nuclear-mitochondrial coadaptation. Rather, the interspecific mtDNA strains showed a wide range of variation that flanked the longevities seen between intraspecific mtDNAs, resulting in very significant nuclear x mtDNA epistatic interaction effects. These results suggest that even "defective" mtDNA haplotypes could extend longevity in different nuclear allelic backgrounds, which could account for the variable effects attributable to mtDNA haplogroups in human aging.     

Interpretation of variability of mitochondrial genomes in the species Aspergillus carbonarius

For interpretation of intraspecific polymorphism and the considerable differences in the size of mtDNAs among three groups of A. carbonarius, restriction maps were constructed from several enzymes. Functional maps were also developed to compare genome organisations and gene content. The appearance of various mtDNAs of A. carbonarius strains are different in size, but their gene content is almost identical. The 1.1 kb size difference between two closely related subgroups (1a, 1b) can be attributed to the presence or absence of an intron in cox2 gene. This phenomenon demonstrates that the migration of introns is possibly responsible for the development of variable mitochondrial genomes in nature. The striking differences in size and restriction patterns between two main mtDNA groups might derive from both the intronal variations and the altered intergenic organisation.     

玉米幼苗地上部/根间氮的循环及其基因型差异

以两个玉米（ZeamaysL.）自交系原引1号（YY1）和综31（Z31）为研究材料,采用盆栽土培的培养方法,在正常供氮（HN,0.15gN/kg干土）和低氮量供应（LN,0.038gN/kg干土）培养条件下对玉米幼苗植株体内氮的循环量及其在地上部/根间的分配量进行了定量地测定、计算。结果表明,在玉米幼苗地上部/根间氮的循环量很高。低氮量供应使玉米幼苗植株吸氮量下降,根中氮的分配比例增加,同时地上部/根间氮的循环量也随之减少。与氮低效自交系Z31相比,氮高效自交系YY1幼苗中地上部/根间的氮循环量大、氮向根的分配量高,因而有利于其根系的生长,表现为根/地上部之比和总根长较高。这可能有利于其中后期对氮素的高效吸收与利用。